時一星
判定謂語動詞的正確形式是英語考試的重點和難點,涉及眾多題型。由于此類題目靈活多變,全面考察語法、語義、語境的綜合分析能力,致使許多同學(xué)在做題過程中總是顧此失彼。本文介紹的“三步口訣法”為這類難題提供了省時高效的解題思路和技巧。
1. 分清謂語動詞和非謂語動詞
謂語動詞通常是指置于主語后面作謂語的動詞,受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。非謂語動詞是指充當(dāng)除謂語以外的其它句子成分的動詞,不受人稱和數(shù)的限制。
2. 謂語動詞形式的解題思路及技巧
第一步:看主謂定語態(tài)
由主語是謂語動詞的執(zhí)行者還是承受者確定是主動還是被動語態(tài)。請比較:
Peter invited me to the party last week.
Peter was invited to the party last week.
注意:連系動詞、不及物動詞只有主動語態(tài),及物動詞或不及物動詞+介詞構(gòu)成的短語,后面應(yīng)跟賓語卻缺少賓語時應(yīng)為被動語態(tài)。請改正:
The woolen sweater is felt very soft.
She heard to sing a song at the dance yesterday.
He kept silent when he spoke to.
第二步:判時態(tài)定結(jié)構(gòu)
語態(tài)和時態(tài)相結(jié)合可以確定句子結(jié)構(gòu),其中體現(xiàn)了謂語動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)的變化。
(1)簡單句的時態(tài)判斷:
主要由時間、頻度狀語、句意、語境來進(jìn)行綜合考慮。
1. 時態(tài)標(biāo)志詞法:
—Where were you at this time yesterday? —I was going over my lessons then.(劃線部分是過去進(jìn)行時的標(biāo)志詞)。
2. 分析句意法:
I heard that you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play it for me?
Sorry, I? ? ? ? ? ? (play) the piano for years. 我已經(jīng)好幾年(過去到現(xiàn)在)沒彈鋼琴了,所以應(yīng)填havent played。
3. 前后暗示法:
(1) 問句、答語暗示:
—Have you heard about the fire in the market?
—Yes, fortunately no one? ? ? ? ? ? (hurt).
問句為現(xiàn)在完成時,暗示“火災(zāi)發(fā)生在過去”, 談?wù)摦?dāng)時的細(xì)節(jié)時應(yīng)為一般過去時:was hurt.
(2)并列連詞暗示:可以根據(jù)相鄰的動詞時態(tài)來確定另一個動詞的時態(tài)。
I went to the supermarket and bought some vegetables.
Toms sister is cooking while he is watching cartoons.
注意:分析句意法是最準(zhǔn)確的方法,另外兩種僅作為輔助手段。如果脫離具體語境,僅死記硬背標(biāo)志詞而不做靈活地具體分析,很有可能走入誤區(qū)。如:
Jim? ? ? ? ? ? off for New York, I didnt see him yesterday.吉姆在昨天之前動身,屬于“過去的過去”,應(yīng)填had set。
(2)復(fù)合句的時態(tài)判斷方法:
1. 主將從現(xiàn):如果主句是一般將來時(或含有情態(tài)動詞、祈使句),時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時。如:
Ill tell her the good news when she comes back tomorrow.
You should keep quiet if you stay in the library.
2. 主現(xiàn)從任:主句的時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在時,從句的謂語動詞可選用任何適當(dāng)?shù)臅r態(tài)。如:
He is thinking about what he said at meeting.
3. 主過從過:尤其含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)主句為過去時,從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)為某種相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。如:
Miss Green said she had found her lost wallet.
但當(dāng)賓語從句表述的是客觀事實,科學(xué)真理,格言或現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣行為時,其謂語動詞的時態(tài)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。
My mother often told me that time and tide wait for no man.
第三步:看主語定形式
謂語動詞往往有有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,最后務(wù)必根據(jù)主語確定動詞的唯一正確形式。忽視這一步則導(dǎo)致功虧一簣。請比較:
The number of population in this country increases yearly.
A number of pupils are making things in the art room.
總之,要想提高做題準(zhǔn)確率,除了熟悉上述三步法解題思路和技巧外,還應(yīng)加強專項練習(xí),不斷總結(jié)經(jīng)驗,摸索規(guī)律,久而久之,就會做到熟能生巧,舉一反三。
(作者單位:山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)附屬學(xué)校)