盧冬林 熊靜 劉恒健 陳百強 周漢 豐育功
[摘要] 目的 探討眼動脈段動脈瘤(OA)夾閉術(shù)后視力下降的危險因素。方法 回顧性分析開顱夾閉術(shù)治療OA病人62例的臨床資料。單因素方差分析動脈瘤形態(tài)、病人的臨床特征與視力下降的關(guān)系,多因素Logistic回歸分析與眼動脈瘤視力下降的危險因素。結(jié)果 62例OA病人中4例術(shù)后視力下降,其中3例為瘤體直徑≥25 mm的OA病人。以術(shù)后視力下降作為因變量、將單因素分析后P<0.1的因素作為自變量,通過后退法進行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示動脈瘤直徑≥25 mm為OA病人夾閉術(shù)后視力下降的獨立危險因素(OR=14.642,95%CI=1.995~53.124,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 瘤體直徑是OA夾閉術(shù)后視力下降的危險因素。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 顱內(nèi)動脈瘤;眼動脈段動脈瘤;開顱夾閉術(shù);視力下降;危險因素
[中圖分類號] R651 ?[文獻標志碼] A ?[文章編號] 2096-5532(2020)06-0649-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.169 [開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡出版] https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200728.1426.011.html;
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the risk factors for impaired vision after clipping of ophthalmic artery aneurysm. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 62 patients with ophthalmic artery aneurysm who underwent craniotomy and clipping. A one-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the association of aneurysm morphology and clinical features with impaired vision, and a multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for impaired vision in patients with ophthalmic artery aneurysm. ?Results Among the 62 patients with ophthalmic artery aneurysm, 4 expe-rienced impaired vision after surgery, among whom 3 had a diameter of aneurysm of ≥25 mm. The backward multivariate regression analysis was performed with impaired vision after surgery as the dependent variable and the factors with P<0.1 determined by the univariate analysis as the independent variables, and the results showed that diameter of aneurysm ≥25 mm (OR=14.642,95%CI=1.995-53.124,P<0.05) was an independent risk factor for impaired vision after clipping in patients with ophthalmic artery aneurysm. ?Conclusion Diameter of aneurysm is a risk factor for impaired vision after clipping of ophthalmic artery aneurysm.
[KEY WORDS] intracranial aneurysm; ophthalmic segment aneurysm; neurosurgical clipping; hypopsia; risk factors
頸內(nèi)動脈眼動脈段動脈瘤(OA)是指頸內(nèi)動脈眼動脈與后交通動脈之間發(fā)生的動脈瘤,發(fā)病率為0.5%~8.0%[1]。由于其鄰近視神經(jīng)血管、硬腦膜和前床突等復雜的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),操作空間小,寬頸的動脈瘤多,夾閉難度較大[2-3];同時,由于OA體積較大易導致視功能損傷,33%的病人會出現(xiàn)視力減退、視野缺損和視神經(jīng)損傷等癥狀[4-5]。長期以來對于OA的研究多集中于不同手術(shù)術(shù)式與視野缺損、并發(fā)癥等,很少有研究關(guān)注OA病人視力下降的有關(guān)因素。本文探討夾閉術(shù)治療OA后病人視力下降的危險因素,旨在為防止術(shù)后發(fā)生視力下降提供精準治療。現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對象
對我院神經(jīng)外科1996年6月—2019年6月期間收治的62例OA病人臨床資料進行回顧性分析。病人男11例,女51例;年齡29~73歲,平均(54.9±9.3)歲。納入標準:①經(jīng)CTA或DSA檢查確診為OA;②術(shù)前進行視力或視野檢查;③行OA開顱夾閉術(shù)治療。排除標準:①合并有可能對預后造成影響的原發(fā)性臟器功能障礙;②多發(fā)性動脈瘤、顱內(nèi)腫瘤、血管狹窄和血管造影畸形等病人。本文研究得到了我院倫理評審委員會的批準。
1.2 圍術(shù)期處理及手術(shù)干預
所有OA病人均由同一經(jīng)驗豐富的神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生施行開顱夾閉術(shù)。手術(shù)開始時,使用甘露醇降低顱內(nèi)壓;開顱夾閉手術(shù)均采用Yasargils翼點入路。所有病人術(shù)中視神經(jīng)管開放充分,并且保證視神經(jīng)的血供良好,術(shù)后CT顯示動脈瘤夾未壓迫視神經(jīng)。術(shù)后3個月隨訪行眼科檢查(視力檢查)。
1.3 資料收集
收集病人的一般資料,包括病人年齡、性別、蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙出血(SAH)次數(shù)、SAH與手術(shù)之間的時間、Hunt-Hess分級、改良Fisher評分、術(shù)前的眼部癥狀等;影像學資料,包括動脈瘤部位、側(cè)別、大小、指向等。隨訪時行眼科檢查判定是否視力下降。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學分析
應用SPSS 23.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗;應用二元Logistic回歸法分析OA術(shù)后視力下降的危險因素。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié) ?果
2.1 視力障礙一般情況
本文62例OA病人中58例視力未下降(A組),4例(6.5%)術(shù)后經(jīng)過治療仍出現(xiàn)視力下降癥狀(B組),其中1例失明,瞳孔檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)患眼直接對光反射消失。瘤體直徑≥25 mm的OA病人6例,其中3例(50.0%)出現(xiàn)視力下降癥狀。術(shù)前有視力癥狀者19例(30.6%),其中16例(25.8%)視力下降,10例(16.1%)視野缺損。術(shù)后11例(57.9%)視力好轉(zhuǎn),5例(26.3%)無變化,3例(15.7%)視力繼續(xù)下降;同時術(shù)后新增視力下降1例,視野缺損1例。與視力未下降組(A組)相比較,視力下降組OA病人瘤體直徑≥25 mm的比例增高,差異有顯著性(P=0.001)。兩組間其余指標比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 術(shù)后視力下降的影響因素
以病人術(shù)后視力下降作為因變量,將單因素分析后P<0.1的因素作為自變量,即動脈瘤直徑(≥25 mm)作為自變量,將結(jié)局為視力下降者賦值為1、視力未下降者賦值為0,應用后退法進行Logistic回歸分析,研究結(jié)果顯示動脈瘤直徑(≥25 mm)為OA病人夾閉術(shù)后視力下降的獨立危險因素(OR=14.642,95%CI=1.995~53.124,P<0.05),巨大型OA病人視力下降的危險性是非巨大型動脈瘤者的14.6倍。
3 討 ?論
有研究顯示,顱內(nèi)動脈瘤的部位、瘤頂?shù)闹赶?、大小與病人眼部癥狀有關(guān)[6-9]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,僅OA的大小與視力下降之間有關(guān)聯(lián),巨大型OA術(shù)后易發(fā)生視力下降。這可能與本文中只討論視力下降而非眼部癥狀(同時包括視力下降和視野缺損)有關(guān),還可能與本文病例數(shù)較少有關(guān)。
OA大型和巨大型多見[10],瘤體較大會壓迫視神經(jīng)影響到視覺傳導通路和瞳孔反射環(huán)路,引起眼底出血、眼球突出、視網(wǎng)膜混濁等病變,從而造成視力受損甚至視力下降[7,11]。本文研究中62例OA病人發(fā)生視力下降者共4例,其中直徑≥25 mm的巨大型OA的視力下降比例明顯高于其對照組,提示巨大型OA是夾閉術(shù)后視力下降的危險因素。其原因可能與OA的占位效應導致的高顱壓有關(guān)。還有研究表明,高顱壓可導致繼發(fā)性視神經(jīng)萎縮最終引起視力喪失[12-13]。
在過去的幾十年里OA手術(shù)治療一直以手術(shù)夾閉為主,同時以DSA檢查為診斷的金標準[14]。但近幾年隨著CTA技術(shù)發(fā)展,顱底重建能顯示出OA與前床突的位置關(guān)系,為術(shù)中是否顯露出瘤頸提供了影像學支持。關(guān)于OA開顱夾閉術(shù)研究認為,對于部分中小型動脈瘤通過詳細的閱片,切開鐮狀突、游離視神經(jīng)可顯露瘤頸前緣夾閉,不必磨除前床突即可完成夾閉手術(shù)[5,15];對于鄰近眼動脈或者瘤頸不能充分分離的病人,須硬膜內(nèi)磨除前床突和視神經(jīng)管的前壁增加瘤頸前緣的顯露,手術(shù)過程中一方面為防止視神經(jīng)熱損傷要給高速運轉(zhuǎn)的磨鉆滴水冷卻降溫,另一方面要防止由于過度牽拉使動眼神經(jīng)血供減少以及視神經(jīng)的損傷和視力視野障礙,這兩者都會影響病人的眼部癥狀[1,8]。對于大型或巨大型OA,尤其是有眼部癥狀的病人,要行動脈瘤部分切除以及頸內(nèi)動脈重建術(shù),通過切除部分瘤體,減輕巨大的瘤體對視神經(jīng)的壓迫,若眼動脈動脈瘤與視神經(jīng)粘連,則須保留瘤體以減輕視神經(jīng)的損傷,在整個操作過程中要防止機械損傷謹慎操作,如不慎誤夾垂體上動脈也可造成視交叉缺血而影響視力[16]。
隨著神經(jīng)介入技術(shù)的發(fā)展,近些年血管內(nèi)栓塞術(shù)逐漸成為治療顱內(nèi)動脈瘤的主要術(shù)式[17]。但是對于一些較為適用夾閉術(shù)或者是栓塞未成功的病人依舊選擇開顱夾閉術(shù)作為治療方案,目前較多的文獻認為夾閉術(shù)對眼部癥狀的緩解優(yōu)于血管內(nèi)栓塞術(shù)。其可能的原因有兩方面,一方面由于夾閉術(shù)通過切除部分瘤體從而使動脈瘤體積減小,另一方面夾閉術(shù)充分分離了眼動脈瘤周圍的組織結(jié)構(gòu)并清除了血腫,這兩者均在一定程度上起到對眼動脈、視神經(jīng)等視覺有關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的減壓作用,從而改善眼部癥狀[18-19]。但是,血管內(nèi)栓塞術(shù)后短期內(nèi)動脈瘤體積卻更大,所以血管內(nèi)栓塞術(shù)在治療OA方面較夾閉術(shù)效果差[20-21]。雖然夾閉術(shù)一定程度上會緩解視力障礙,但是開顱夾閉術(shù)也易損傷視神經(jīng),導致視力受損,重者視力下降[22-24]。究其原因,視神經(jīng)管鉆孔時造成溫度性視神經(jīng)受損、視神經(jīng)通路缺血、動脈瘤夾的直接壓迫以及眼動脈瘤緊鄰前床突等結(jié)構(gòu)使得手術(shù)空間狹小所致的操作損傷[24]。目前,血流導向裝置(FDS)治療作為一種新型的治療眼動脈瘤的手術(shù)方式正在進入人們的視野[25-26]。有研究顯示,針對部分OA,F(xiàn)DS與傳統(tǒng)的開顱夾閉術(shù)和近年有著較大發(fā)展的血管內(nèi)栓塞術(shù)相比,不僅在栓塞率、致殘率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和死亡率方面有著更好的結(jié)局[27-29],對視力受損、視力下降等眼部癥狀也有著更加優(yōu)異的治療效果,為OA的治療提供了新的思路[30]。
綜上所述,OA的瘤體直徑是開顱夾閉術(shù)后病人視力下降的危險因素,在巨大型眼動脈瘤病人手術(shù)中應更加仔細地操作,防止損傷視神經(jīng)導致病人視力下降。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))