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      論中醫(yī)典籍中“虛實”的英譯——以《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》譯文為例?

      2021-03-28 23:53:49沈曉華
      關(guān)鍵詞:六腑太虛譯作

      沈曉華, 劉 昕

      (中南民族大學(xué)外語學(xué)院, 武漢 430074)

      世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)關(guān)于“虛實”的標準化譯名deficiency and excess契合與病證相關(guān)的“虛實”表述,并不具有普遍適用性。而中醫(yī)典籍英譯中的“虛實”就涉及包括病證在內(nèi)的多個層面的涵義。

      1 與空間相關(guān)之“虛實”

      從“虛實”的詞源可知,古人對于兩詞的認知基于物體在一定范圍內(nèi)有無的空間概念。具象的空間畫面是“虛實”在描述物體時獲得的首個衍生義項,而中醫(yī)典籍關(guān)于五臟六腑運化功能的論述就涉及“虛實”的空間概念。

      例1 :六腑者,傳化物而不藏,故實而不能滿也。所以然者,水谷入口,則胃實而腸虛;食下,則腸實而胃虛(《素問·五臟別論篇》)。

      譯文1: The so-called Six Fu-Organs only transport and transform food and will not store it up. That is why they are always Shi (to be filled up) but not Man (full). This is due to the fact that when food is taken into the stomach, the stomach is full, but the intestines are empty. When the food is transported downwards, the intestines are full but the stomach is empty[1]150.

      譯文2: The six fu organs receive the food and digest, absorb, and transport it, passing it on. They are often full, but still do not store. Food enters the mouth and proceeds to the stomach. The stomach is now full, but the intestines are empty. The foodstuff passes down, filling the intestines. Now the stomach is empty[2]46.

      分析:此句是《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》關(guān)于六腑傳化功能的論述。六腑的特點即文中所說:實而不能滿,這與六腑均為中空腔體的構(gòu)造有關(guān)。因內(nèi)質(zhì)中空,六腑在消化過程中“傳化物而不藏”,即六腑雖會被水谷精微所填充,但不會長時間使其貯藏于腔內(nèi),因而不會因水谷精微累積而維持“滿”的狀態(tài)。譯文1用拼音加文內(nèi)注釋譯“實”為Shi (to be filled up),體現(xiàn)“被填充”的動態(tài)過程,而“滿”則譯為full,即靜態(tài)的充滿之意。但譯文1在其后的“胃實而腸虛”及“腸實而胃虛”中卻選擇表靜態(tài)的full來譯“實”,與filled up不相一致,且與之前“滿”的譯詞相同:既然“實”和“滿”在此句中各有分別,均用full來譯二者實為不妥。從原文“實”與“虛”并立而論的情況看,譯者大概是想用full體現(xiàn)出與empty的相對關(guān)系,但卻疏忽了前后譯文矛盾的問題。譯文2的“實”也選用了full和fill兩個詞,但卻不譯“滿”字,轉(zhuǎn)而改變原文結(jié)構(gòu),將“不藏”(do not store)置于句末,與“實”相對。如此處理之后,前后文雖然通達但卻是明顯的漏譯。此句中,水谷精微因六腑的通降而處于動態(tài)運行之中,胃實或腸實也都是動態(tài)變化的,因而“實”的譯文不妨統(tǒng)一為表動態(tài)的filled,以區(qū)別于表靜態(tài)的full(滿);同時,該詞亦能與empty(虛)構(gòu)成空間狀態(tài)上的對立關(guān)系。

      2 與哲學(xué)相關(guān)之“虛實”

      “虛實”空間被抽象化后旋即進入哲學(xué)體系,以詮釋自然界的運行規(guī)律。中醫(yī)典籍關(guān)于自然、宇宙及養(yǎng)心調(diào)神的許多認識便源于此,其中的“虛”字就時常帶有一定的哲學(xué)觀。

      例2:太虛寥廓,肇基化元,萬物資始(《素問·天元紀大論篇》)。

      譯文1: It says that the borderless heavens is the primary source of transformation of all things and the beginning of everything[1]733.

      譯文2: It states that in the vast void of the universe exists the primordial origin of life[2]236.

      例3:地為人之下,太虛之中者也(《素問·五運行大論篇》)。

      譯文1: The earth is located below human beings and in the universe[1]753.

      譯文2: The earth is below man and within the Great Void[3]49.

      分析:“太虛”出自道家學(xué)說。例2中的譯文1和譯文2在譯“太虛寥廓”時均采用轉(zhuǎn)譯法:譯文1轉(zhuǎn)表語“寥廓”為定語borderless,譯文2則轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語vast,而“太虛”的譯文卻大為不同:譯文1理解為heavens(天空),譯文2理解為void of the universe(宇宙的空無)。譯文1所采用的heavens是否就是“太虛”在文中的含義呢?相較譯文1,譯文2選擇更為直譯的void(虛空),但特指宇宙之虛空,譯者將直譯與意譯相結(jié)合點出觀察的客體“宇宙”(universe),但又不予之以中心詞地位,轉(zhuǎn)而使其修飾“虛空”,試圖達到形意兼顧的效果。其實,例2中的原文出自古代最早研究天文的書籍《太始天元冊》,可見“太虛寥廓”應(yīng)指古人抬頭仰望到的星空宇宙遼闊無邊。例3中岐伯曰:“地為人之下,太虛之中者也”,其后文是:“帝曰:憑乎?岐伯曰:大氣舉之也”,在文本內(nèi)印證了《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》中的“太虛”就是今天“宇宙”的概念:地球因大氣托舉而懸浮于宇宙之中[4]707,因而“太虛”即為宇宙本體,當直接譯為universe。例3中的譯文2則按字對譯為Great Void,保留了古漢語的形式。

      3 與身體狀態(tài)相關(guān)之“虛實”

      在日常話語中,“虛實”往往作為概略性詞匯描述人的身體狀態(tài);而在中醫(yī)領(lǐng)域,其關(guān)于身體狀態(tài)的描述又往往與氣血精津液相關(guān)。

      例4:以身之虛,而逢天之虛,兩虛相感,其氣至骨,入則傷五臟(《素問·八正神明論篇》)。

      譯文1: If a weak body is attacked by the Xu (Deficiency) of the heavens, the pathogenic factors will deepen into the bones and damage the Five Zang-Oragns[1]343.

      譯文2: If a patient is already deficient, and is then invaded by the pathogens of the natural world, the condition will be compounded and the patient will suffer tremendous injury[2]104.

      分析:此句論及虛邪致病對身體的危害。身之虛,即為身體的虛弱狀態(tài),譯文1譯作weak body,契合原文;譯文2譯作a patient is already deficient,顯然是取“不足”之意,但“不足”之虛是指人體中氣血精津液的不足狀態(tài),而非人的“不足”或“欠缺”,因而以deficient直接描述人是不妥當?shù)?;同理,常見的“腎虛”一詞若翻譯成deficiency of kidney豈不是說“腎有缺陷”?正確譯法應(yīng)當是deficiency of kidney Qi,即腎氣不足。天之虛是指自然界的虛邪,是由于人體正氣不足而侵入人體引致疾病的邪氣,譯文1的Xu(Deficiency)并未譯出外界之邪,譯文2則采用釋義法直接點出外邪“自然界治病因素”(the pathogens of the natural world);結(jié)合兩則譯文,“天之虛”不妨譯為Deficiency-Evil (pathogenic factors) from the natural world。兩虛相感,是指“身之虛”與“天之虛”相互接觸、相互影響。由于前面已提到“身之虛”受“天之虛”侵犯,則“兩虛相感”是相同意思的另一種表述,因而譯文1和譯文2均省略不譯。但“相感”是古代樸素哲學(xué)中的重要概念,亦反映了中醫(yī)“同氣相求”的理論,故而譯出為好?;诖?,“以身之虛而逢天之虛,兩虛相感”可完整譯為:If a weak body is invaded by the Deficiency-Evil (pathogenic factors) from the natural world, that is to say, the weakness of the body is in contact and interaction with the Deficiency-Evil。

      例5:月郭滿,則血氣實,肌肉堅;月郭空,則肌肉減,經(jīng)絡(luò)虛,衛(wèi)氣去,形獨居(《素問·八正神明論篇》)。

      譯文1: When the moon is full, blood and Qi [in the body] are superabundant and the muscles are strong; When the moon shines no light, the muscles become weak, the Jingluo (Channels and Collaterals) are empty, Weiqi is deficient and only the physical form of the body alone exists[1]341.

      譯文2: At the height of full moon, the blood and qi are full and the muscles become strong. When the moon wanes, the channels and collaterals become empty of blood[2]103.

      分析:該句論及月相對人體氣血運行的影響,是身體在不同月相下的生理狀態(tài)。前后兩個分句分別包含兩組相對的形容詞:“滿、實、堅”及“空、減、虛”。譯文1分別用“full, superabundant, strong”及“shines no light, weak, empty”與之對應(yīng);譯文2則采用“full, full, strong”及“wanes, 省去不譯, empty of blood”。月相的滿與空即是月的圓缺狀態(tài),譯文2“full, wanes”準確地體現(xiàn)了月的形態(tài)變化。“血氣實”反映氣血在人體內(nèi)量的狀態(tài),即氣血的充足,譯文1的 superabundant和譯文2的full都能體現(xiàn)氣血在量上的充盈,但superabundant較full更能表達出氣血的富足和有余,且避免了譯詞full的重復(fù)使用?!凹∪鈭浴迸c“肌肉減”相對,譯文1分別用strong和weak體現(xiàn)這層關(guān)系。在譯“經(jīng)絡(luò)虛”時,兩則譯文均擇取“虛”字的空間概念empty,符合經(jīng)絡(luò)作為氣血精津液循行通道的特點,譯文2明確指出其中運行的是blood,從而將“虛”具體化為empty of blood(血的缺失)。此譯法不免有些偏頗:因為除血之外,氣的運行也受到月缺的影響,尤其是循行于經(jīng)脈和絡(luò)脈中的營氣。

      4 與病證相關(guān)之“虛實”

      中醫(yī)認為疾病的狀態(tài)有虛實之分,虛就是正虛,實則為邪實。在病態(tài)層面,虛的引申義為不足,實的引申義為過剩,也即WHO標準術(shù)語中的deficiency和excess。關(guān)于這層理解,《素問·通評虛實論篇》有明確的表述:“邪氣盛則實,精氣奪則虛?!?/p>

      例6:陰陽上下交爭,虛實更作,陰陽相移也。陽并于陰,則陰實而陽虛,陽明虛則寒栗鼓頷也(《素問·瘧論篇》)。

      譯文1:This is due to combat between Yin and Yang in the upper and lower, alternate appearance of Xu (Deficiency) and Shi (Excess), and alternation of Yin and Yang. When Yang merges into Yin, Yin becomes Shi (Excess) and Yang becomes Xu (Deficiency). If Yangming Channel is Xu (Deficiency), the patients will feel chilly with bulging cheeks[1]433.

      譯文2:This is due to the pathogen and the body battling from bottom and top. There is also a great fluctuation between deficiency and excess. And as the body's yang is overcome by the pathogen, it creates an imbalance of excessive yin. When the yang qi is deficient in the yang-ming channel, there will be chills and shaking, even to the point where the lower jaw trembles[2]134.

      分析:此句以陰陽虛實的變化論及瘧病特點。“虛實更作”指虛實的交替出現(xiàn),是正氣不足與邪氣過剩的相對變化過程,譯文1和譯文2均擇取deficiency和excess,并無疑義?!瓣帉嶊柼摗笔侵干眢w內(nèi)部的陰邪過剩而陽氣不足的邪盛正虛之相。譯文1過分直譯,沒有根據(jù)語境將“陰邪”“陽氣”譯出,因而大大減損了“陰實陽虛”的醫(yī)學(xué)內(nèi)涵。譯文2則試圖通過解釋性翻譯點出其中的病機;譯者認為陽虛而有邪氣制陽,以致體內(nèi)陰氣過剩。然而原文中,陰實和陽虛是并列關(guān)系而非因果關(guān)系,導(dǎo)致“陰實而陽虛”的成因是陽氣并入陰分?;诖?,“陽并于陰,則陰實而陽虛”可改譯為The entry of Yang Qi into Yin phase results in a condition that Yin-Evil Qi (pathogenic factors) inside the body is excessive and Yang Qi is deficient?!瓣柮魈摗敝噶?jīng)之一的陽明經(jīng)氣虛,譯文1將陽明經(jīng)作為主語直譯顯然不妥,譯文2則符合醫(yī)學(xué)邏輯,言指陽明經(jīng)中氣的不足狀態(tài)。

      例7:所謂重實者,言大熱病,氣熱脈滿……脈氣上虛尺虛,是為重虛(《素問·通評虛實論篇》)。

      譯文1:The so-called Double Excess refers to severe febrile disease marked by fever due to vigorous Qi and fullness of the pulse……The so-called Chongxu (Double-Deficiency) means the Deficiency of the pulse, Qi and Chi (Cubital Skin)[1] 371,375.

      譯文2:Superexcess points to conditions of high fever and fullness and excess of the pulse……superdeficiency includes deficiency of channels, deficiency of qi, and deficiency at the chi position[2]110,111.

      分析:此句是《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》對“重實”和“重虛”的定義。從字面來看,重實和重虛意為實上加實和虛上加虛,是說實或虛的狀態(tài)呈疊加效應(yīng)。譯文1用double excess和double deficiency直譯出“重”的本義,譯文2取實或虛的程度,意譯為super。相較而言,譯文1在語義上反映了實上加實和虛上加虛術(shù)語的構(gòu)成特點,形意兼顧,且后文所言“氣熱脈滿”正是2種并存的熱邪實證之相,正應(yīng)“重實”之說;“脈氣上虛尺虛”也是說氣虛和脈虛二者并存,并可切到尺部虛脈,正應(yīng)“重虛”。兩則譯文所言“大熱病”也有不同。譯文1為severe febrile disease marked by fever,譯文2為conditions of high fever。據(jù)《素問·熱論篇》:今夫熱病者,皆傷寒之類也,可見熱病屬傷寒。譯文1將傷寒病名譯出實得原文要義;譯文2只譯高熱病狀,未將其視為病名,更未點出傷寒,譯文留于淺層。

      5 與脈象相關(guān)之“虛實”

      自《難經(jīng)》始,歷代醫(yī)家大多遵循“獨取寸口”的脈診法,降至李時珍的《瀕湖脈學(xué)》,更將脈象分為27種,虛脈和實脈便是其中常見的2種。中醫(yī)典籍中的虛實脈象譯名繁多,虛脈譯名有deficient pulse, weak pulse, feeble pulse, hollow/vacuous pulse等,實脈譯名有excessive pulse, strong/forceful/powerful pulse, replete pulse等。

      例8:春脈者肝也,東方木也,萬物之所以始生也,故其氣來,軟弱輕虛而滑,端直以長,故曰弦,反此者病(《素問·玉機真臟論篇》)。

      譯文1:The pulse in spring is related to the liver which pertains to the east in the five directions and Wood in the Five-Elements. Since spring is period in which all things in nature begin to grow, the pulse in spring appears soft, weak, slippery, straight and long. That is why it is called Xian (taut or wiry). The state of the pulse contrary to it is morbid[1]241.

      譯文2:In spring the pulse should be slightly wiry. Its quality is soft, light, slightly hollow, and slippery, straight but long[2]76.

      分析:此句描述春季脈的特點,譯文1將脈之“輕虛”譯作weak,譯文2譯作slightly hollow,反映出譯者對虛脈的不同理解?!稙l湖脈學(xué)》云:虛脈浮大而遲,按之無力,芤脈浮大,按之中空[5]15。可見,取“虛”之“空”義將“虛脈”譯為hollow/vacuous pulse無法使之區(qū)別于芤脈。從后世對脈診的歸納可知“虛脈脈勢軟弱,三部久候皆無力,是一切無力脈的總稱”[6]111,因而“無力”是虛脈的最主要特征。作為“虛弱無力”這一類詞的統(tǒng)稱,weak指稱虛脈較為合適,而此類脈中的細脈、弱脈、微脈則可分別譯為thready pulse, feeble pulse, faint pulse。如前文所述,deficient指體內(nèi)氣血精津液等物質(zhì)的不足,但pulse并非這些基本物質(zhì),而是人體的生理活動現(xiàn)象,故“虛脈”不應(yīng)當譯作deficient pulse。

      例9:胃脈實則脹,虛則泄(《素問·脈要精微論篇》)。

      譯文1:Strong Stomach-Pulse indicates distension while weak Stomach-Pulse indicates diarrhea[1]211.

      譯文2:If the stomach pulse is excess or full, there is a stagnation and one will find distension in the epigastrium. If the stomach pulse is weak, there is a deficiency of stomach qi and one is unable to process the food. This will result in diarrhea[2] 67.

      分析:此句是關(guān)于診得胃脈的病理情況。譯文1將“胃實脈”譯作strong Stomach-Pulse,譯文2譯作the stomach pulse is excess or full?!稙l湖脈學(xué)》云:浮沉有力為實[5]15。后世總結(jié)實脈:脈勢滿實,三部九候皆有力,是一切有力脈的總稱[6]111??梢?,實脈的特點是“有力”。因而英譯“實脈”當從表“有力”的詞匯中擇取。forceful在《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》的釋義為of opinions, etc expressed firmly and clearly so that other people believe them[7]818,其表達的“有力”是指話語或觀點的說服力強;powerful的釋義為having great power or force; being able to control or influence people and events[7]1600,其“有力”是說力量的強大或影響力巨大;strong除具備forceful和powerful的上述語用含義外,也特指“of a natural or physical force having great power[7]2071”,即用以描述自然力或物理力的強勁。Pulse是一種人體脈搏的振動(vibration),屬于自然力或物理力,所以與pulse最佳的語用搭配詞應(yīng)為strong。

      6 與治法相關(guān)之“虛實”

      “虛實”常用于治法的表述,如“虛者實之,實者虛之”就是名詞活用作動詞表治法的情況。此類“虛實”的英譯當結(jié)合原文譯出具體的治法,以實現(xiàn)譯文的交際功能。

      例10:刺實者須其虛,刺虛者須其實(《素問·寶命全形論篇》)。

      譯文1:Reducing techniques are used to deal with Shi (Excess) and reinforcing techniques are used to deal with Xu (Deficiency)[1]337.

      譯文2:When treating deficient conditions, use the tonification method. When treating excess conditions, use the sedation method[2]102.

      分析:此句論及針刺治療虛證和實證的方法。“刺實者”中的“實”為實證,“刺虛者”中的“虛”為虛證,可分別譯為Excess-syndrome和Deficiency-syndrome。譯文1只譯“虛實”二詞,未根據(jù)語境譯出證候;譯文2譯出證候,但擇取conditions,雖易為讀者理解,但與中醫(yī)“證”的概念有所出入。從針刺手法使用的不同來看,“須其虛”和“須其實”中的“虛實”當指不同手法的針刺可以實現(xiàn)不同治法。《靈樞·小針解》云:“所謂虛則實之者,氣口虛而當補之;滿則泄之者,氣口盛而當瀉之也”[8]54;而《靈樞·通天》所言“實陰而虛陽”也是指補陰而瀉陽之法。由此可見,針刺治療時的“虛實”法就是八法中的“補法”和“瀉法”。譯文1將“虛”法譯為reducing techniques,“實”法譯為reinforcing techniques;譯文2分別譯為sedation method和tonification method。兩則譯文均采用“具體化”譯法,將“虛實”在語境中的“補瀉”二法譯出。《素問·刺志論篇》從針刺角度論虛實說:“夫?qū)嵳?,氣入也;虛者,氣出也”[8]594,所以針刺時的“虛實”法調(diào)節(jié)的是氣的流動和出入。譯文1所使用的reducing和reinforcing表達的正是對氣多少的調(diào)節(jié),在醫(yī)理上是非常準確的,而譯文2的sedation和tonification側(cè)重于本草治療中的補瀉法,不適合以調(diào)氣為主的針刺治療。

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