章俏雷 江錦紅 劉永華 王曉麗 江妤 葉琇錦 方炳木
[摘要] 目的 分析伴有CEBPA雙位點(diǎn)突變的急性髓系白血?。ˋML)的臨床特征及預(yù)后。 方法 回顧性分析2013年1月至2019年5月浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院及麗水市人民醫(yī)院血液科連續(xù)收治的AML(非M3)患者1030例,其中CEBPA雙位點(diǎn)突變AML共75例為試驗(yàn)組,非CEBPA雙位點(diǎn)突變AML共955例為對照組。比較兩組患者的臨床特征及預(yù)后差異。 結(jié)果 試驗(yàn)組AML患者FAB分型中M4比例明顯高于對照組(P=0.004);試驗(yàn)組初診PLT水平低于對照組(P=0.041);試驗(yàn)組預(yù)后中等染色體核型比例明顯高于對照組(P=0.001);試驗(yàn)組CD7抗原陽性比例明顯高于對照組(P<0.001);試驗(yàn)組患者早期死亡率為4.00%,低于對照組患者的13.10%(P=0.022),其預(yù)計(jì)5年總生存(OS)率明顯高于對照組(57.33% vs. 30.99%,P<0.001);試驗(yàn)組中多因素分析顯示,年齡≥60歲、HGB<88.75 g/L和不良染色體核型是預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。 結(jié)論 試驗(yàn)組AML患者因有較低的早期死亡率,其預(yù)后明顯優(yōu)于對照組患者;年齡≥60歲、HGB<88.75 g/L和不良染色體核型是CEBPA雙位點(diǎn)突變AML患者預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
[關(guān)鍵詞] CEBPA雙位點(diǎn)突變;急性髓系白血病;臨床特征;預(yù)后
[中圖分類號(hào)] R733.7 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2021)04-0042-04
Clinical features and prognostic analysis of acute myeloid leukemia with double CEBPA mutations
ZHANG Qiaolei1 ? JIANG Jinhong1 ? LIU Yonghua1 ? WANG Xiaoli1 ? JIANG Yu1 ? YE Xiujin2 ? FANG Bingmu1
1.The Sixth Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal People′s Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Lishui ? 323000, China; 2.The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou ? 310003,China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical features and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia(AML) with double CEBPA mutations. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on 1030 consecutive AML(non-M3) patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and the hematology department of Lishui Municipal People′s Hospital from January 2013 to May 2019, of which CEBPA double-site mutant AML(n=75) were the experimental group and non-CEBPA double-site mutant AML(n=955) were the control group. The clinical features and prognostic analysis of the two groups were compared. Results The proportion of M4 in FAB typing of AML patients in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P=0.004). The PLT level in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(P=0.041). The proportion of moderate chromosome karyotype in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P=0.001). The positive rate of CD7 antigen in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.001). The early mortality rate of the patients in the experimental group was 4.00%, which was lower than that of the control group (13.10%) (P=0.022), and its estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was significantly higher than that of the control group (57.33% vs 30.99%, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis in the experimental group showed that age ≥60 years old, HGB<88.75 g/L and poor karyotype were independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Conclusion The prognosis of AML patients in the experimental group is obviously better than that in the control group due to their lower early mortality rate. Age≥60 years old, HGB<88.75 g/L and poor chromosome karyotype are independent risk factors for poor prognosis of CEBPA double site mutant AML patients.
[Key words] Double CEBPA mutations; Acute myeloid leukemia; Clinical features; Prognosis
急性髓系白血病(Acute myeloid leukemia,AML)是一組高度異質(zhì)性血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤[1-5]。核型異常是AML—個(gè)重要的預(yù)后標(biāo)志。盡管如此,約有50%的AML患者缺少特征性的染色體標(biāo)志物,而這些患者對治療的反應(yīng)具有很大的差異[6]。AML患者伴CEBPA基因突變是AML中很大的一個(gè)亞型,占AML患者的10%~25%[7-9]。CEBPA基因定位于染色體19q13.1,cDNA全長2385 bp。CEBPA蛋白是維持造血系統(tǒng)粒系分化的重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖與分化的平衡中起著關(guān)鍵的作用。CEBPA基因突變可分為單突變和雙突變這兩大類型,CEBPA基因雙突變是AML患者預(yù)后良好的分子標(biāo)志[10-12]。國內(nèi)絕大多數(shù)有關(guān)AML患者CEBPA基因突變研究樣本量均較小且無長期預(yù)后數(shù)據(jù)[13-14]。為此,本研究回顧性分析了1030例初診AML(非APL)患者的臨床資料,以探討初診CEBPA基因雙突變AML患者的臨床特征及預(yù)后,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
2013年1月至2019年5月浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院及麗水市人民醫(yī)院血液科共收治1030例初診AML(非APL)患者。診斷均符合WHO(2001)MICM分型診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。CEBPA基因雙突變患者為試驗(yàn)組,CEBPA基因單突變或無突變患者為對照組。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 免疫表型、細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)及分子生物學(xué)檢查 ?采用美國貝克曼庫爾特公司EPICS-XL型流式細(xì)胞儀采集數(shù)據(jù)。采用直接法和(或)短期培養(yǎng)法常規(guī)制備染色體標(biāo)本,按照《人類細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)國際命名體制(ISCN 2009)》進(jìn)行染色體核型分析。采用聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(PCR)擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物片段長度分析及序列分析方法進(jìn)行相關(guān)基因突變檢測。
1.2.2 治療方案 ?誘導(dǎo)方案包括:大部分患者采用IA方案(去甲氧基柔紅霉素+阿糖胞苷)或HA方案(高三尖杉酯堿+阿糖胞苷),部分老年患者采用CAG方案(G-csf+阿糖胞苷+阿克拉霉素);獲得CR患者繼續(xù)原方案鞏固治療1療程,而后行大劑量或中劑量阿糖胞苷鞏固治療3~4 療程,少部分患者亦行DA或MA等方案鞏固治療。
1.2.3 誘導(dǎo)治療期間支持治療 ?每天檢測凝血功能、血常規(guī),每周檢查2次生化常規(guī)。酌情輸注成份血。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
所有病例根據(jù)FAB標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確診,對于是否緩解的評(píng)價(jià)在2個(gè)足量聯(lián)合化療療程后進(jìn)行;早期死亡為確診后2周內(nèi)經(jīng)化療或未經(jīng)化療的死亡;總生存(OS)時(shí)間為從疾病確診起至患者任何原因的死亡或隨訪截止日期[15]。隨訪時(shí)間截止于2019年5月。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。兩組間率的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)和Fisher確切概率檢驗(yàn),單因素分析P<0.05的因素納入Logistic模型進(jìn)行多因素分析。OS采用Kaplan-Meier法分析并進(jìn)行Log-rank檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者一般臨床特征及預(yù)后比較
試驗(yàn)組患者75例(7.28%),對照組患者955例,兩組性別比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。試驗(yàn)組FAB分型最多見的是M2(50.67%);與對照組患者比較,試驗(yàn)組患者初診時(shí)具有M4比例低(P=0.004)、PLT水平低(P=0.041)、CD7抗原表達(dá)比例高(P<0.001)、預(yù)后中等核型比例高(P=0.001)、c-kit陽性比例高(P=0.040)、DNMT3A陽性比例高(P=0.017);而兩組年齡、WBC、HGB指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 治療反應(yīng)
試驗(yàn)組完全緩解(CR)率與對照組CR率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.3 生存分析
1030例AML患者中位隨訪25(0~76)個(gè)月。至誘導(dǎo)治療結(jié)束共有128例發(fā)生早期死亡,試驗(yàn)組早期死亡率低于對照組[3(4.00) vs. 125(13.10),P=0.022];至隨訪截止,44例試驗(yàn)組患者存活,明顯高于對照組[44(58.67) vs. 344(36.00)],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示預(yù)計(jì)5年總生存(OS)率,試驗(yàn)組明顯高于對照組[43(57.33) vs. 296(30.99)],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見表1及圖1。
2.4 試驗(yàn)組相關(guān)預(yù)后因素
分析比較試驗(yàn)組患者診斷時(shí)的疾病特征(年齡、WBC、HGB、骨髓原始細(xì)胞數(shù)、CD7、FLT3-iTD、NPM1、染色體核型)與預(yù)后的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示,年齡≥60歲(OR=3.256,95%CI 1.419~7.471,P=0.005)、初診HGB<88.75 g/L(OR=5.416,95%CI 2.182~13.438,P=0.001)及不良染色體核型(OR=2.180,95%CI 1.142~4.164,P=0.018)為試驗(yàn)組患者預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。見表2。
3 討論
急性髓系白血病是一組異質(zhì)性的疾病,精細(xì)的分層對提高治療療效具有十分重要的作用。從分子學(xué)角度分析AML伴CEBPA雙位點(diǎn)突變被認(rèn)為是低危組[10-12]。關(guān)于CEBPA基因雙突變的AML患者的臨床特點(diǎn)及相關(guān)預(yù)后研究,目前國內(nèi)尚無大宗病例報(bào)道。本研究試圖探討伴CEBPA雙位點(diǎn)突變AML患者的臨床特征及預(yù)后因素,以探索臨床個(gè)體化治療策略,進(jìn)一步提高該類患者的長期生存率。
本研究中CEBPA基因雙突變陽性率為7.28%,與相關(guān)報(bào)道相近[9,16-18],低于其他報(bào)道的22.0%~25.6%[9,19]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CEBPA雙突變多集中在FAB的M1和M2型[20-21],患者年齡較年輕[20,22-23],血小板計(jì)數(shù)較低[17,22,24]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者多集中在M2、M5型,中位年齡低于對照組,血小板計(jì)數(shù)較低。
CEBPA基因突變患者有獨(dú)特的免疫表型,其CD7、CD15、CD34、CD65高表達(dá)[23-25]。在本研究中,試驗(yàn)組CD7抗原陽性比例明顯高于對照組(P<0.001)。CD7抗原為一單鏈糖蛋白,與AML不良的預(yù)后結(jié)果相關(guān)[26-28]。但在多因素分析中,發(fā)現(xiàn)CD7抗原表達(dá)并不是CEBPA雙突變AML患者的獨(dú)立預(yù)后危險(xiǎn)因素。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在CEBPA雙突變的患者中很少發(fā)生NPM1突變和FLT3-ITD突變[23]。國內(nèi)吳繼穎等[17]研究6例CEBPA基因突變AML患者,其中3例CEBPA雙突變的患者有1例合并FLT3-ITD突變。國外也有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)在CEBPA雙突變的患者中幾乎不發(fā)生FLT3-ITD突變[23]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者中僅2例合并NPM1突變,6例合并FLT3-ITD突變。本研究認(rèn)為國內(nèi)外的這種不同可能是人種差異造成的。
CEBPA的突變主要集中在正常核型及9q-的AML患者中[23-24,29-30]。本研究中,試驗(yàn)組預(yù)后中等核型比例明顯高于對照組(P=0.001),而預(yù)后中等核型中大部分是正常核型。值得注意的是,許多文獻(xiàn)證實(shí)CEBPA基因突變幾乎不發(fā)生在伴t(8;21)、inv(16)和t(15;17)這些預(yù)后相對較好的AML患者中[20-21]。另外,除正常核型和9q-患者外,CEBPA基因突變患者還可以出現(xiàn)inv(16)(p13;q22)、+13、+8、+21、11q23等染色體異常及復(fù)雜核型[14,28],本研究也證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。
國外研究報(bào)道,CEBPA雙突變AML患者CR率達(dá)到90%~92%[20,22]。本研究顯實(shí),試驗(yàn)組CR率為73.33%,與對照組相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。推測國內(nèi)AML患者CR率較國外報(bào)道低的現(xiàn)象可能與亞洲人種及就診延遲有關(guān)。大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CEBPA雙突變是AML患者獨(dú)立的預(yù)后良好因素[20,22-23]。本研究中,試驗(yàn)組5年OS達(dá)到57.33%,明顯高于對照組的30.99%。由此可見,CEBPA雙突變對AML患者CR率影響不大,但對OS影響明顯。進(jìn)一步對試驗(yàn)組的預(yù)后相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行分析,提示在CEBPA雙突變AML患者中,年齡≥60歲、初診HGB<88.75 g/L及不良染色體核型是預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。研究顯示,年齡≥60歲[31]、不良染色體核型[32]均是AML患者預(yù)后獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
綜上所述,伴CEBPA雙突變AML患者有較低的早期死亡率,預(yù)后明顯較非CEBPA雙突變AML患者好。對于年齡≥60歲、初診HGB<88.75 g/L及不良染色體核型的伴CEBPA雙突變AML患者,應(yīng)制定個(gè)體化的治療以提高患者的長期生存率。
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(收稿日期:2020-06-12)