方帥軍 陳夢婕 舒可人 岳心茹
摘要: 為了建立甲基丙烯酰胺接枝蠶絲(polyMAA-SF)的定量分析模型,本文通過自由基引發(fā)方式將甲基丙烯酰胺單體(MAA)與蠶絲接枝聚合,得到梯度接枝率的蠶絲組樣,使用DSC技術(shù)對其進行表征分析。接枝后的蠶絲在DSC曲線中出現(xiàn)新的吸熱峰,新峰面積隨著接枝率的增加而增加。根據(jù)DSC分析方法作基線,建立新峰熱焓比值與接枝率(稱重法)的線性關(guān)系函數(shù)模型,并采用已知接枝率polyMAA-SF樣品進行驗證。結(jié)果表明,DSC定量分析得到的蠶絲接枝率相對誤差均小于5%,該函數(shù)模型適用于蠶絲接枝率的檢測。
關(guān)鍵詞: DSC;MAA;蠶絲;接枝率;定量分析
中圖分類號: TS141.8 ? ?文獻標志碼: A ? ?文章編號: 1001-7003(2022)01-0020-05
引用頁碼: 011103DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2022.01.003
蠶絲具有輕柔、滑爽、優(yōu)良光澤和懸垂性等優(yōu)點,屬于天然纖維材料,普遍應(yīng)用于服飾和家紡等領(lǐng)域,深受消費者喜愛。隨著技術(shù)革新,傳統(tǒng)的錫增重、單寧增重和絲膠固著增重[1]逐漸向接枝增重[2-3]轉(zhuǎn)變,以彌補因脫膠而引起的蠶絲重量損失。近年來,研究者用單烯類和環(huán)氧化合物類進行了大量對蠶絲的改性研究[4]。自由基引發(fā)接枝乙烯基單體[5]得到的乙烯基接枝蠶絲存在疏水性高,靜電大,纖維硬度高和可染性下降等缺點。甲基丙烯酰胺單體與蠶絲接枝共聚不僅保留了蠶絲織物良好的手感、光澤,還提高了其接枝率[6-7]、含潮率、懸垂性[8]、拒油性[9]和耐堿性[10],是當前廣泛應(yīng)用的蠶絲接枝增重技術(shù)。
研究者對蠶絲接枝前后的內(nèi)在性能進行了深入探究,包括采用近紅外光譜[11-12]、XRD、SEM、NMR和DSC[13]等手段。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接枝后的蠶絲在光譜吸收、熱性能及表面形貌等方面均有變化。Paola等[10]通過紅外和拉曼表征發(fā)現(xiàn)MAA接枝蠶絲出現(xiàn)了新的吸收峰,同時在5%氫氧化鈉溶液中的穩(wěn)定性測試,表明了接枝蠶絲具有更好的分解穩(wěn)定性。Tsunenori等[13]通過DSC測試發(fā)現(xiàn)MAA接枝蠶絲出現(xiàn)了新的吸熱峰,新峰熱焓與MAA接枝率存在一定關(guān)系。Franco等[14]也證實了上述結(jié)果,但實驗數(shù)據(jù)離散性較大,系統(tǒng)性不足,沒能建立熱焓關(guān)于接枝率的數(shù)學(xué)模型。本文采用DSC對不同接枝率蠶絲進行表征,基于此建立吸熱峰的熱焓比值與接枝率之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系,開發(fā)一種蠶絲接枝率的定量分析方法。
1 實 驗
1.1 材料、試劑及儀器
材料:脫膠桑蠶絲(浙江雅士林集團有限公司),甲基丙烯酰胺接枝蠶絲(浙江巴貝領(lǐng)帶有限公司)。
試劑:甲基丙烯酰胺(阿拉丁化學(xué)試劑有限公司)、過硫酸鉀(國藥集團化學(xué)試劑有限公司)、甲酸(無錫市純陽化工有限公司),均為分析純。
儀器:L-12C型振蕩染色機(廈門瑞比精密機械有限公司),UF75烘箱(德國美墨爾特有限公司),DSC差示掃描量熱儀(瑞士梅特勒—托利多集團有限公司)。
1.2 接枝蠶絲樣的制備
稱取已脫膠的蠶絲0.5 g,在140 ℃條件下烘60 min至恒重W1。甲基丙烯酰胺投入量為0.6~3.0 g,甲酸為3%,以3%過硫酸鉀作為引發(fā)劑。在85 ℃,浴比為1 ︰ 30(蠶絲 ︰ 處理液體積)條件下采用吸盡法處理40 min,通過浸潤和多次熱水洗滌去除未反應(yīng)的MAA和物理黏附的均聚物,得到不同接枝率的甲基丙烯酰胺接枝蠶絲(polyMAA-SF)組樣。上述百分含量均表示相對原蠶絲的質(zhì)量。將接枝蠶絲樣品在140 ℃條件下烘至恒重為W2,按下式分別計算接枝率和接枝效率:
接枝率/%=W2-W1W1×100(1)
接枝效率/%=W2-W1Wm×100(2)
式中:W1為接枝前蠶絲的質(zhì)量,g;W2為接枝后蠶絲的質(zhì)量,g;Wm為投入的MAA單體質(zhì)量,g。
1.3 DSC表征與分析
將未接枝蠶絲和不同接枝率的polyMAA-SF樣品剪碎,稱取5 mg左右,在DSC差示掃描量熱儀中進行測定:測試溫度由25 ℃開始,升溫速率為10 ℃/min,在30 mL/min氮氣流量下升至400 ℃,獲得DSC曲線。每個樣品分別測試3次,通過對系列樣品曲線作基線得到相應(yīng)熱焓值和溫度等數(shù)據(jù),優(yōu)選出最接近接枝率平均值的數(shù)據(jù)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 單體MAA含量對蠶絲接枝率及單體接枝效率的影響 ?甲基丙烯酰胺單體在接枝聚合過程中受各條件的影響,其中浴比影響很大,為了讓MAA單體在蠶絲織物上最大化接枝聚合,需要盡量控制接枝反應(yīng)浴比。文獻[7]提出當浴比在1 ︰ 20~1 ︰ 40時,接枝率和接枝效率均會隨著單體含量的增加而快速增大,因此本文采用了1 ︰ 30的浴比。由圖1可知,蠶絲接枝率隨著MAA單體投入量的增加而不斷增大。從接枝效率變化可以看出,在MAA單體投入量為1.6 g之前接枝效率快速攀升,隨后逐漸放緩,保持在25%左右且有下降趨勢,說明在該浴比條件下接枝聚合反應(yīng),MAA單體不斷反應(yīng)接枝,接枝率明顯提升;而接枝效率在蠶絲接枝率60%后,不再隨著MAA單體濃度增加而增加,說明接枝共聚的反應(yīng)能力降低,已逐漸達到了蠶絲的固有接枝量。
2.2 接枝率對DSC分析圖的影響
將不同接枝率的甲基丙烯酰胺接枝蠶絲(polyMAA-SF)樣品在25~400 ℃下進行DSC測試,結(jié)果如圖2所示。相比未接枝蠶絲,接枝蠶絲在266~288 ℃出現(xiàn)新的吸熱峰,很明顯該吸熱峰是由已接枝上的甲基丙烯酰胺聚合物引起的。隨著接枝率的增加,新吸熱峰面積逐漸增大,其峰位也逐漸向高溫方向移動,而位于317~327 ℃內(nèi)蠶絲本身固有結(jié)構(gòu)的吸熱峰面積呈現(xiàn)減小趨勢,表明新吸熱峰面積與蠶絲接枝率之間存在一定關(guān)系。
2.3 DSC測試結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)分析
由DSC曲線原理可知,流到樣品的熱流量對時間的積分等于轉(zhuǎn)化的熱焓(ΔH/J),對溫度表示的DSC曲線也總是對時間的積分,積分得到的結(jié)果即為DSC曲線與基線之間的面積,考慮測試樣品的質(zhì)量,即可得到單位熱焓值,其與相關(guān)吸熱峰面積對應(yīng)。以41.60%接枝率蠶絲的DSC曲線分析為例,在220 ℃~370 ℃作兩端切線為總基線,得到兩峰的積分面積。由圖3可知,兩峰具有部分重疊效應(yīng),根據(jù)DSC分析對于疊峰采用樣條基線的方式內(nèi)插得到S形基線,從而得到紅色區(qū)域,記Q1,為MAA接枝聚合物的吸熱峰面積。將黑色區(qū)域記Q2,為蠶絲本身結(jié)構(gòu)吸熱峰面積,具體數(shù)值列于表1。兩者比值Q1 ︰ Q2為43.07%,與稱重法測得的樣品接枝率41.60%很接近。
2.4 DSC分析方法的數(shù)學(xué)建模
根據(jù)41.60%接枝率蠶絲DSC分析方法,以同樣的方式分別對不同接枝率蠶絲的DSC曲線作基線,得到在266~288 ℃和317~327 ℃溫度內(nèi)的單位熱焓值,標記為Q1和Q2。從表2可知,Q1熱焓值隨著接枝率的增大而增大,而Q2熱焓值呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢,兩者比值與接枝率都很接近。將接枝率和吸熱峰的熱焓比值Q1 ︰ Q2作圖,如圖4所示,優(yōu)選的熱焓比值Q1 ︰ Q2與接枝率之間存在良好的線性關(guān)系,如下式所示,其擬合系數(shù)R2為0.994 9。
y=1.024x-0.071(3)
式中:y為Q1 ︰ Q2;x為接枝率(稱重法)。
結(jié)果表明,通過上述線性函數(shù)能夠精確計算出未知polyMAA-SF的接枝率。
2.5 DSC數(shù)學(xué)模型的驗證
將已知接枝率(F)的增重蠶絲在不同部位取4個點,分別進行DSC測試、作總基線和樣條基線、計算新吸熱峰面積比值(Q1 ︰ Q2),并以m表示,得到m1、m2、m3、m4。通過下式對其平均計算得到峰面積比平均值m:
m/%=m1+m2+m3+m44×100(4)
再將平均值 ?m代入線性函數(shù)關(guān)系式(3)中,計算得到接枝率 ?M,驗證結(jié)果如表3所示。
由線性函數(shù)關(guān)系式(3)計算得到的接枝率分別為2356%和67.10%,與已知接枝率之間的誤差分別為4.52%和0.85%,兩者均小于5.0%。結(jié)果表明,通過DSC法定量分析可以較為準確地得到甲基丙烯酰胺接枝蠶絲的接枝率。
3 結(jié) 論
本文采用差示掃描量熱儀對不同接枝率的甲基丙烯酰胺接枝蠶絲進行測試,由DSC曲線可知,接枝后的蠶絲在266~288 ℃出現(xiàn)新的吸熱峰,該吸熱峰面積隨著接枝率的增加而增大,說明該峰是由接枝的MAA聚合物引起。而位于317~327 ℃吸熱峰逐漸減小,該峰為蠶絲固有結(jié)構(gòu)的吸熱峰。將新吸熱峰與蠶絲固有吸熱峰的單位熱焓比值和蠶絲接枝率(稱重法)作圖擬合,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者之間存在良好的線性關(guān)系,并得到了相應(yīng)的函數(shù)關(guān)系式。通過企業(yè)蠶絲樣驗證發(fā)現(xiàn),數(shù)學(xué)模型計算得到的蠶絲接枝率與實際接枝率均非常接近,且兩者相對誤差小于5.0%。說明DSC定量分析技術(shù)對蠶絲接枝率的測定不僅有效且準確度較高,這對蠶絲接枝應(yīng)用與檢驗檢測帶來積極的推動作用。
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Abstract: Silk is a kind of high-quality natural fiber loved by people for its softness, smoothness, excellent luster and drape properties. In actual applications, it is necessary to remove the sericin part of silk through degumming, resulting in the quality loss of nearly 25% during silk pretreatment and causing huge losses for silk production enterprises. With the development of silk technology, silk weighting process has developed from traditional methods such as tin weighting, tannin weighting and sericin-fixed weighting to silk graft weighting, among which methacrylamide graft weighting is one of the most widely used silk graft weighting technologies. This method can not only solve the problem of silk quality loss, but also retain the hand-feel and luster of silk fabric, and improve the drapability of silk and other properties. However, different grafting rates with different effects on the quality of silk also affect the price of silk. The grafting rate of silk after weighting is often decided by the producer, while the next-step-processing enterprises and silk consumers are often unable to accurately judge the specific silk grafting rate. Despite different signal peaks found in grafted silk by silk researchers through characterization and analysis of the grafted silk by infrared spectroscopy, XRD, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, few researchers have carried out accurate analysis and research on silk with unknown grafting rate.
In order to figure out the thermal properties of methacrylamide grafted silk and calculate the grafting rate of unknown grafted silk, potassium persulfate was used as initiator for graft polymerization of different concentrations of methyl acrylamide monomer and the degummed silk, to get a series of grafted silk with different grafting rates, and the accurate grafting rate was obtained by weighing method. Subsequently, grafted silk samples of this batch were tested three times by differential scanning calorimeters, and corresponding DSC curves were obtained. Compared with the ungrafted silk, the grafted silk showed a new endothermic peak in the range of 266-288 ℃, which was obviously caused by the grafted methacrylamide polymer in the grafted silk. With the increase of grafting rate, the area of new endothermic peak gradually increased, and its peak position gradually moved towards high temperature direction, while the endothermic peak area of the intrinsic structure of silk in the range of 317-327 ℃ showed a decreasing trend, indicating that there is a certain relationship between the area of new endothermic peak and grafting rate of silk. Then, the baseline and integral of DSC curves were calculated to obtain the enthalpy value and the peak position, and the data closest to the average value of grafting rate was optimized. The mathematical relation between unit enthalpy ratio and grafting rate was found and established by using Origin data processing software. Finally, through DSC characterization of grafted silk samples with known grafting rate and the calculation of the unit enthalpy ratio, the linear function was used for verification. In this paper, the intrinsic relationship between the thermal property of methacrylamide grafted silk and silk grafting rate was found by means of DSC characterization data. The study shows that there exists a linear function between the ratio of unit enthalpy of grafted silk and the grafting rate, with a relative error of less than 5.0% by verification, indicating that the grafting rate of unknown methacrylamide grafted silk can be calculated accurately by DSC quantitative analysis.
With the combination of DSC characterization technology and calculation software, the accurate grafting rate for the unknown grafted silk can be obtained, which effectively solves the problems on grafting rate quality control and testing appraisal for silk production enterprises, providing a good reference for the applications of the grafted silk testing appraisal, and greatly promoting the development of the silk weighting field.
Key words: DSC; MAA; silk; grafting rate; quantitative analysis