馬增文 張斌
[摘要] 各種原因所引起的心臟驟停是嚴(yán)重的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題,提高心臟驟?;颊叩拇婊盥适乾F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)面臨的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)之一。盡管近年來(lái)關(guān)于心肺復(fù)蘇的研究取得很大進(jìn)展,但患者在恢復(fù)自主循環(huán)后的預(yù)后并沒(méi)有明顯改善。心臟驟??芍履δ芪蓙y,引起一系列生理病理改變,嚴(yán)重影響患者預(yù)后,目前已有一些針對(duì)該病理變化的臨床研究,通過(guò)常規(guī)及新型凝血功能監(jiān)測(cè)手段探究其發(fā)生發(fā)展規(guī)律,且還有一些基礎(chǔ)研究不斷推理、驗(yàn)證此病理變化的分子層面機(jī)制。然而不同原因引起的心臟驟停,其凝血功能改變是存在差異的,在特殊環(huán)境下,如高原地區(qū),具有低氣壓、低氧相對(duì)于平原地區(qū)具有特殊外部環(huán)境,使得高原地區(qū)機(jī)體凝血機(jī)制異常,其心肺復(fù)蘇后凝血功能變化存在一定特異性,仍需大量研究去進(jìn)一步探明其中變化影響,為心肺復(fù)蘇的個(gè)體化治療提供理論依據(jù)。本文就心肺復(fù)蘇后患者凝血功能改變這一臨床研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 心跳驟停;自主循環(huán)恢復(fù);心跳驟停后綜合征;凝血功能
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R365? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2022)14-0194-03
Advances in the study on the alterations of coagulation function after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
MA Zengwen ZHANG Bin
1.Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining 810016,China; 2.Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Qinghai Provincial People′s Hospital, Xining 810007, China
[Abstract] Cardiac arrest resulted from various causes is a serious public health problem. Improving the survival rate of patients with cardiac arrest has become one of the serious challenges in modern medicine.Despite the great advances in the study on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in recent years, the prognosis of patients after the resumption of autonomic circulation has not improved significantly. Cardiac arrest can lead to coagulation disorders and a series of physiological and pathological alterations,which can seriously affect the prognosis of patients. Currently, some clinical studies have been conducted to investigate the development of these pathological alterations by means of conventional and novel coagulation function monitoring, and some basic studies have been conducted to deduce and verify the molecular-level mechanisms of these pathological alterations. However, there are differences in the alterations of coagulation function in cardiac arrest of different causes. For example, in special environments such as plateau areas, the coagulation mechanism of the body tends to be abnormal since air pressure and oxygen there are relatively lower than in plain areas. Besides, there will be certain specificity in the alterations of coagulation function after CPR, and a lot of studies are still required to further investigate the impact of these alterations, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of individualized CPR. This paper intends to review the advances in the clinical study on the alterations of coagulation function in patients after CPR.
[Key words] Cardiac arrest; Resumption of autonomic circulation; Post-cardiac arrest syndrome; Coagulation function
心臟驟停是世界上很多地區(qū)第一位的死亡原因,調(diào)查顯示美國(guó)的心臟驟停病例總數(shù)超過(guò)35萬(wàn)例/年[1],而我國(guó)則超過(guò)54萬(wàn)例/年[2],早期復(fù)蘇成功的患者入院死亡率可高達(dá)60%~80%[3],最終30 d存活率不到10%[4]。復(fù)蘇后綜合征(post-cardiac arrest syndrome, PCAS),是復(fù)蘇患者自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)(return of spontaneous circulation,ROSC)主要的死亡原因[3,5]。凝血機(jī)制異常是PCAS產(chǎn)生的重要原因之一[6],在ROSC患者中,持續(xù)存在凝血被激活,抗凝因子減少,纖溶增加等全身凝血障礙的證據(jù)。心肺復(fù)蘇(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)在近十幾年的研究中已取得較大進(jìn)展,凝血功能改變?cè)谛呐K驟停、CPR過(guò)程中、對(duì)患者治療及預(yù)后影響的相關(guān)研究也不斷深入,本文綜述相關(guān)的研究進(jìn)展如下。
1 凝血功能產(chǎn)生的原因及機(jī)制
凝血機(jī)制被復(fù)雜生理及病理過(guò)程調(diào)控,正常情況下凝血系統(tǒng)與抗凝系統(tǒng)保持動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,在出現(xiàn)心臟驟停等應(yīng)激事件時(shí)被打破,心跳驟停產(chǎn)生的血流停滯、組織缺氧、酸中毒、血小板和白細(xì)胞黏附、炎癥因子和組織因子釋放等多種機(jī)制啟動(dòng)凝血過(guò)程,導(dǎo)致凝血功能紊亂,在心前驟停前缺氧時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、無(wú)流速和低流速時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的患者、無(wú)ROSC患者及非幸存者中,這些變化的程度更為嚴(yán)重[7]。除此之外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ROSC患者蛋白C相關(guān)的抗凝途徑受損及組織因子抗凝途徑的抑制等,同樣是導(dǎo)致凝血功能紊亂的重要原因[8]。并且在CPR過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的缺血組織再灌注及所使用的低溫、腎上腺素及體外膜肺等治療方案,將進(jìn)一步干擾凝血系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致凝血功能障礙的進(jìn)一步加重[9]。引起心臟驟停的原因包括心源性因素及非心源性因素如缺氧、電解質(zhì)紊亂、體溫異常、過(guò)敏等[10],主要以心肌梗死、心力衰竭及惡性心率失常等心源性心臟驟停最為常見(jiàn),其次為呼吸功能不全所引起的心臟驟停[11]。一項(xiàng)初步研究提示[12],不同原因引起的心臟驟停其凝血功能改變存在一定差異,如由于缺氧而發(fā)生心臟驟停的PCAS患者更容易患上嚴(yán)重的凝血障礙,與心臟驟停并伴有心源性事件的患者相比,他們的病情與預(yù)后更差。其機(jī)制可能為低氧性心臟驟停既受循環(huán)驟停引起的缺氧的影響,又受心臟驟停前缺氧的影響,隨后產(chǎn)生更嚴(yán)重的內(nèi)皮損傷和凝血纖溶變化,導(dǎo)致其預(yù)后不良。
2 凝血功能監(jiān)測(cè)方法
目前凝血功能的常規(guī)檢測(cè)仍是:凝血酶原時(shí)間、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間、血小板、D-二聚體、國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值、纖維蛋白原等,這些指標(biāo)早已用于ROSC患者凝血功能監(jiān)測(cè),并認(rèn)為其改變與患者神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后相關(guān)[13]。然而,凝血是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,涉及各種因素的相互作用,如凝血因子、纖維蛋白、激活劑、抑制劑和其他相關(guān)細(xì)胞蛋白,進(jìn)行常規(guī)凝血測(cè)試僅能讓臨床醫(yī)生了解當(dāng)時(shí)凝血過(guò)程的某個(gè)階段,不能完整及時(shí)地反映出心臟驟?;颊呒捌湓趶?fù)蘇的過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的凝血功能變化[14]。血栓彈力圖(thrombelastography,TEG)則是在體外模擬人體凝血功能動(dòng)態(tài)變化,監(jiān)測(cè)纖維蛋白的形成速度、溶解狀態(tài)和凝塊的堅(jiān)固性、彈性等,其內(nèi)容涵蓋從血小板聚集、凝血到纖溶的整個(gè)凝血過(guò)程[15]。研究結(jié)果表明,凝血的常用值與TEG之間存在良好的相關(guān)性[16],目前市面上存在的TEG儀短時(shí)間即可出結(jié)果,且部分儀器已有自動(dòng)診斷功能,對(duì)ROSC患者凝血功能的改變可及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),急診室心臟復(fù)蘇期間,TEG所有重要的參數(shù)都在大約半小時(shí)內(nèi)得到,可幫助臨床醫(yī)生及時(shí)診斷并調(diào)整治療方案,特別是其參考值在對(duì)心臟驟?;颊叩膫€(gè)體化治療指導(dǎo)及預(yù)后的指導(dǎo)存在一定優(yōu)勢(shì)[17-18]。
3 監(jiān)測(cè)凝血功能意義
ROSC患者常發(fā)生凝血功能紊亂,且在復(fù)蘇后患者中凝血功能紊亂持續(xù)存在,并參與PCAS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,對(duì)患者病情轉(zhuǎn)歸具有及其重要的影響[19],據(jù)報(bào)道,有凝血障礙的心臟驟?;颊叩乃劳雎适菬o(wú)凝血障礙患者的3~4倍[20],因此凝血功能障礙是影響ROSC患者預(yù)后的原因之一。心臟驟停后患者凝血功能紊亂的主要改變?yōu)槟δ茉鰪?qiáng)[21],然而實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究并未證明抗凝劑對(duì)心臟驟停和復(fù)蘇患者是有益的[16]。Satosh等[22]認(rèn)為,心臟驟停后發(fā)生的凝血功能激活、抗凝途徑不足、血管內(nèi)纖維凝塊形成等,所引起的臟器功能障礙等一系列病理生理變化符合彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)的表現(xiàn)。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這種DIC表現(xiàn)是不良預(yù)后及早期死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子[7],甚至可預(yù)測(cè)ROSC患者的神經(jīng)預(yù)后[23-25]。在此觀點(diǎn)上認(rèn)為ROSC患者合并的DIC不是簡(jiǎn)單的凝血功能紊亂,針對(duì)PCAS合并DIC的患者制定相應(yīng)治療策略是極其必要的[7]。國(guó)內(nèi)已有學(xué)者使用連續(xù)性血液凈化聯(lián)合常規(guī)方法,對(duì)ROSC伴有凝血功能障礙的患者進(jìn)行治療并取得一定效果[26],然而該方法對(duì)患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后及神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)的影響仍需多中心大樣本量的臨床研究數(shù)據(jù)予以支持。
4 展望
綜上所述,凝血功能紊亂貫穿于心臟驟?;颊甙l(fā)生、發(fā)展、治療及轉(zhuǎn)歸的整個(gè)過(guò)程中,不同原因引起心臟驟停(心源性、窒息性、失血、休克等)凝血功能障礙生理病理改變過(guò)程是有差異的,影響深度也不一樣,目前仍需針對(duì)病因?qū)OSC患者的凝血功能改變做進(jìn)一步研究,為心臟驟停的個(gè)體化治療提供理論依據(jù)。在特殊條件下,如高原寒冷缺氧的環(huán)境對(duì)人凝血狀態(tài)是影響是明確的[27-28],因此高原地區(qū)心臟驟?;颊吣獱顟B(tài)的改變及其發(fā)展勢(shì)必有所不同,是否需要行特殊處理,相關(guān)研究較少。高原并沒(méi)有列入心肺復(fù)蘇指南的特殊環(huán)境,高原特殊環(huán)境下的心肺復(fù)蘇在凝血變化方面是否與平原一致,是否應(yīng)將高原環(huán)境列入心肺復(fù)蘇特殊環(huán)境需要進(jìn)一步研究。TEG與傳統(tǒng)凝血監(jiān)測(cè)良好的的相關(guān)性,及其所有重要的參數(shù)都可以在大約半小時(shí)內(nèi)得到,能夠及時(shí)準(zhǔn)備的識(shí)別凝血功能改變,可為臨床診治甚至預(yù)后提供迅速且可靠的參考指標(biāo)。CPR患者凝血功能障礙的治療尚無(wú)單一的臨床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或共識(shí),而在心臟驟停合并DIC診斷的患者中,積極糾正凝血功能紊亂可能是一個(gè)合適的治療目標(biāo)。
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(收稿日期:2021-11-19)