林曉研
一、引言
詞典對(duì)語法的定義是:“Rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences, or the study or use of these rules.”正如語言學(xué)家喬姆斯基曾經(jīng)說過的:“語言不僅是一套習(xí)慣的體系,更是受規(guī)則支配的體系?!?/p>
《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》指出,學(xué)生應(yīng)“在語境中學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用語法知識(shí)”,“運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語法知識(shí),理解所學(xué)語篇的基本意義和深層意義”,并且能“有效地表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)、意圖和情感態(tài)度”。高考語法填空題旨在考查學(xué)生的語法知識(shí)、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯拼寫等語言能力和語篇分析能力。《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱的說明》指出:“該部分共10小題,每小題15分。在每一篇200詞左右的短文中留出10個(gè)空白,部分空白的后面給出單詞的基本形式,要求考生根據(jù)上下文在空白處填寫1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或所給單詞的正確形式?!北疚脑嚪治?022年新高考I英語試卷的語法填空題與往年比較的相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn),總結(jié)該題型對(duì)考生的語法能力的具體要求,并通過選取教材語篇中相應(yīng)的長難句,整合設(shè)計(jì)出與高考考點(diǎn)一致的練習(xí),以期對(duì)教學(xué)和備考有參考意義。
二、語法填空題考點(diǎn)層次
2022新高考Ⅰ卷英語語法填空題目如下:
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP). ①?56??(cover) an area about three times?57??size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. ②The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ?58??(be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority ?59??(increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. ③The GPNP ?60?(design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, ??61 ?leaving behind precious natural assets (資產(chǎn)) for future generations”. ④ The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate?62?(population)and homes of giant pandas, and ?63??(eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
⑤Giant pandas also serve ?64??an umbrella species (物種), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. ⑥The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ?65 ??live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
[分析] 根據(jù)學(xué)者李筱菊對(duì)語言測(cè)試考點(diǎn)的分類,語法填空部分可以按照“單詞層次、詞組層次、句子層次和篇章層次”?錯(cuò)誤!未找到引用源。?來展開討論。其中,單詞層次是最低層次,不需要語境就可做題,不會(huì)在高考試卷中出現(xiàn),故不列出。
(一)詞組層次指所填的詞和前后詞匯有一定的搭配關(guān)系:4道題。
57. three times the size of sth. ;64. serve as;62. populations and homes ;63. eventually achieve
(二)句子層次指所填的詞需要依據(jù)句內(nèi)關(guān)系判斷,不用分析其它句子:5道題。
56. covering…the GPNP;58. a number of…were previously;59. to increase;61. preserving, protecting and leaving;65. all the species that live…
(三)篇章層次指所填詞匯要通過上下文決定,通常是系動(dòng)詞或謂語動(dòng)詞:1道題。
60. GPNP is designed…The GPNP's main goal is to improve…
三、相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)
(一)相同點(diǎn)
1. 從2019年起,該題的體裁一直是說明文。
2. 語篇主題屬于人與自然的語境,選材依然來自外語刊物。此篇選自Global Ecology and Conservation。
3. 該題型仍然是要求根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和設(shè)空處所作成分確定所填的詞??疾榈脑~有:謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂一致;非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語、狀語等;名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、形容詞的詞形轉(zhuǎn)換和級(jí)別、副詞的修飾作用;代詞、冠詞、介詞和連詞(并列連詞和復(fù)合句引導(dǎo)詞)。
(二)不同點(diǎn)
1. 有提示詞與無提示詞的比例有變化
2019-2021年是7:3,今年是6:4。其中,每年考查的無提示內(nèi)容如下:
(1)2019年無提示詞:冠詞(the)、介詞(of/for)、連詞(that)
(2)2020年無提示詞:介詞(then, its)、連詞(where)、代詞結(jié)構(gòu)(how much)
(3)2021年無提示詞:冠詞(a)、兩個(gè)連詞(what, and )
(4)2022年無提示詞:冠詞(the)、介詞(as)、兩個(gè)連詞( and, that )
2. 篇幅與句子長度有變化
文章總字?jǐn)?shù)223個(gè),是近四年之最。全文共8個(gè)句子,考點(diǎn)集中出現(xiàn)在6個(gè)長句中。除了句子⑤⑥外,其它長句均分布兩個(gè)考點(diǎn)。經(jīng)分析,6個(gè)長句中,①③④⑥是“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu),②⑤是“主+謂+賓”結(jié)構(gòu)。其中,有同一語法知識(shí)多次出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象,如:
(1) ②⑥句都包含定語從句。其中②是非考點(diǎn),⑥要求能準(zhǔn)確判斷該從句的關(guān)系代詞;
(2)①②③⑤句都包含“現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語”,其中①③是考點(diǎn);
(3)③④⑥句都包含and作并列連詞,其中③是考點(diǎn)。
四、考點(diǎn)解題思路與習(xí)題
以下從句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)、所含語法知識(shí)以及句子意思這三個(gè)方面,分析6個(gè)長句的解題思路。再列舉往年同一考點(diǎn)的真題進(jìn)行類比,搭配教材長難句改編后的練習(xí)題進(jìn)行鞏固。練習(xí)題的句子均選自新外研版教材必修1-3的課文,設(shè)置的考點(diǎn)與高考試卷保持一致。
(一)【試題長句①】
Covering (cover) an area about three times ?the ?size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
[析] 句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)為:現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語+主句(主系表)。本句設(shè)兩空,第一空考非謂語的現(xiàn)在分詞形式,邏輯主語為主句的“the GPNP”。第二空考冠詞,倍數(shù)的名詞表達(dá):“倍數(shù)+the+名詞+of”,如“twice the length of…”。
[譯] 大熊貓國家公園占地面積約為黃石國家公園的三倍,將是中國首批國家公園之一。
[2019真題] Scientists have responded by?noting?(note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(錯(cuò)覺) that populations are higher than they actually are.
[析] 設(shè)空處雖考查的是非謂語的doing形式,但本空屬于詞組層次,只需要掌握“by doing(通過做某事)”,即可解題。而逗號(hào)后的單詞“l(fā)eading”雖然不是考點(diǎn),但也是現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語。
[2021真題] While youre in China, Mount Huangshan is??a??must to visit!
[析] 本空屬于詞組層次,考查“must”做名詞的意思?!癮 must”表必須做的事,不可缺少的東西。
[練] ______(live) in open air, we became breakfast, lunch and dinner for mosquitoes. (B3U6)
Keys:Living (主句謂語為“became”, 可知“l(fā)ive”是非謂語;邏輯主語“we”與“l(fā)ive”是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。)
[練]_______(turn) around, I saw a white-haired man. (B1U1)
Keys:Turning (主句謂語為“saw”, 可知“turn”是非謂語;邏輯主語“I”與“turn”是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。)
[練] Over time, this could make her_______danger to people __________(live) in the area.
Keys:a, living(“danger”抽象名詞具體化“一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的人”;“l(fā)ive”的邏輯主語是“people”,是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語,表“住在這個(gè)地區(qū)的人”。)
(二)【試題長句②】
The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
[析] 句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)為:主句(主謂賓+that引導(dǎo)定語從句)+現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語。
本句設(shè)兩個(gè)空。第一空考謂語be動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和單復(fù)數(shù)。雖然沒有時(shí)間狀語,且主句用了一般將來時(shí)“will extend”,但本空提示詞后有一個(gè)副詞“previously(之前地)”,可以判斷語境意思為“以前沒有被保護(hù)的地區(qū)”,因此為一般過去時(shí);再根據(jù)主謂一致原則,“that”在從句當(dāng)主語,指代先行詞“a number of areas(許多地區(qū))”,可判斷為復(fù)數(shù),因此得第一個(gè)答案were。第二空根據(jù)“bring…under one authority(納入統(tǒng)一管理系統(tǒng))”,可知這么做的“目的”是…,因此填“to do ”非謂語表目的。
[譯] 該計(jì)劃將保護(hù)范圍擴(kuò)大到許多以前未受保護(hù)的地區(qū),把許多現(xiàn)有的大熊貓保護(hù)區(qū)納入一個(gè)管理機(jī)構(gòu),以此來提高效率,減少管理上的不一致。
[2019真題] Of?the?nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
[析] 此句中,出現(xiàn)“A, B, C and D”的并列結(jié)構(gòu),因此和并列句子的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致即可。
[2021真題] What comes next is the endless series of steps. You cant help wondering how hard it was (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
[析] 此句的出題方式,和2022年的一致。句內(nèi)有指向過去時(shí)間的詞 “then”。因此be動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是一般過去時(shí),主語it是單數(shù),因此為was。
[練] The history of the game goes back over two thousand years to Ancient China. It __________?(be) then known as cuju (kick ball), a game using a ball of animal skins with hair inside.(B2U3)
Keys: was(主語“it”,故為單數(shù);“then”那時(shí),因此用一般過去時(shí)。)
[練] There __________(be) water everywhere, but we couldnt drink any of it otherwise wed get sick.(B3U6)
Keys: was(water是不可數(shù)名詞,故為單數(shù);but并列句中用了couldnt, would,因此要保持一致時(shí)態(tài)。)
[練] This is a programme run by The Gorilla Organization_______ ?(raise) money to save the worlds last remaining gorillas from dying out.(B2U3)
Keys: to raise(“run by The Gorilla Organization”是過去分詞作后置定語。主句“This is a programme to raise money?…?”用不定式作定語,解釋項(xiàng)目的內(nèi)容。)
(三)【試題長句③】
The GPNP is designed (design) to reflect the guiding principle of "protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets (資產(chǎn)) for future generations". The GPNP's main goal is to improve?…?.
[析] 句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)為:主句(主謂+目的狀語)。“principle(原則)”的內(nèi)容是A,B,C and D的并列結(jié)構(gòu) “protecting?…?, preserving?…?,protecting?…???and leaving?…?”。句子雖長,但結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。再觀察句子,可以判斷“design”為謂語,與主語GPNP是被動(dòng)關(guān)系:“被設(shè)計(jì)來……”。然而,此句內(nèi)無法判斷出時(shí)態(tài),需要從上下文去尋找線索。下一句: “The GPNP's main goal is to improve?…?”是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),為保持同語境上下文時(shí)態(tài)一致,故答案為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)。
[譯] GPNP旨在體現(xiàn)“保護(hù)自然生態(tài)的真實(shí)性和完整性,保護(hù)生物多樣性,保護(hù)生態(tài)緩沖區(qū),為子孫后代留下寶貴的自然資產(chǎn)”的指導(dǎo)原則。
[2020真題]Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed (construct).”
[析] 從人物說話的內(nèi)容開始,“we have the chance to…”是賓語從句(主謂賓)?!癶ow”引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句作為成分要用陳述語序:“我們有機(jī)會(huì)獲取關(guān)于月球的結(jié)構(gòu)的信息。“construct”和“moon”是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。再看主句謂語“means”和賓語從句謂語“have”,因此用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)。
[練] Every Christmas, an envelope with a North Pole stamp arrived. It __________ ?(address) to Tolkiens children.(B2U2)
Keys: was addressed(“it”指代“envelope”;“address” 作動(dòng)詞,表“寫姓名地址”。這封信是寫給Tolkien的孩子們的。)
[練] An eagle flew over the snow-capped mountains, which ???(reflect) in the still lake below. (B1U5)
Keys: were reflected (“which”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,充當(dāng)主語,先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞“mountains”,“reflect”指反射,倒映,與主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系;再根據(jù)主句的謂語“flew”,可以判斷要用一般過去時(shí)。)
[練] Although the region has plenty of rain, the mountains are steep ???the soil is shallow.
Keys: and(although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,主句在后。橫空前后都是主系表的完整句子,意思上并列,因此需要并列連詞“and”。)
(四)【試題長句④】
The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ?populations (population) and homes of giant pandas, and ?eventually (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
[析] 句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)為:主句(主系表)。從第二個(gè)“and”可以看出,“to improve” 和 “(to)achieve”是并列表語。因此,achieve需要副詞來修飾,得eventually; 而根據(jù)第一個(gè)“and”, 可知?jiǎng)澗€詞要和“homes”保持一致形態(tài),因此得populations.
[譯] GPNP的主要目標(biāo)是改善不同種群和大熊貓家園的關(guān)聯(lián),并最終達(dá)到理想的野生大熊貓數(shù)量水平。
[2021真題] It will undoubtedly (undoubted) help you get refreshed!
[析] 此句同樣考察“副詞修飾動(dòng)詞(help)”。
[2021真題] The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans (human) are.
[析] 在本句中,“you see once you are at the top”是定語從句省略關(guān)系代詞“that/which”, “once”引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。“how tiny we humans are”是主句的賓補(bǔ)成分。其中,“humans”是“we”的同位語,同時(shí)“are”也在提示,應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。
[練] New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement_______?(heart) and bone parts.(B3U3)
Keys: hearts(A and B結(jié)構(gòu),因此要和“parts”保持一致。)
[練] We got lost a few times even with the help of GPS, but ______(eventual) we managed to cross the Rocky Mountains. (B2U5)
Keys: eventually(副詞修飾動(dòng)詞“manage”)
[練] It reminded me of blue cheese, a __________(similar) strong smelling type of food you either love or hate.(B2U1)
Keys: similarly(副詞修飾形容詞“strong”)
(五)【試題長句⑤】
Giant pandas also serve?as?an umbrella species (物種), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.
[析] 句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)為:主句(主謂)+現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語。此句只設(shè)一空,考查介詞“as(作為)”,“serve as”表充當(dāng)(擔(dān)任,起…作用)。此外,as作介詞的意思有:“作為、如同”,作連詞意思有:“因?yàn)椋S著,雖然,當(dāng)…時(shí)”。
[譯] 大熊貓還扮演著保護(hù)傘的角色,為中國西南和西北地區(qū)的許多動(dòng)植物帶來保護(hù)。
[2019真題] Modern methods ?of/for?tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s.
[析] 此題屬于詞組層次。“……的方法”:the method of/for…。
[練] Benchley saw sharks being killed and this caused a deep change in him. He came to see people __________?a danger to sharks, rather than the other way round.(B2U6)
Keys : as(介詞:see…as 把…當(dāng)作)
[練] That is why Letter from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas __________?a special time of year.(B2U2)
Keys : as(介詞:regard…as 把…當(dāng)作)
[練] A shocked Winton watched __________?the majority of people rose to their feet.(B3U2)
Keys:as(連詞:當(dāng)…時(shí))
(六)【試題長句⑥】
The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species?that?live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
[析] 句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)為:主句(主系表+目的狀語1)+定語從句(that引導(dǎo))+主句(目的狀語2)。其中,從“and”可以判斷,“to provide” 和“(to) improve”是并列目的狀語。
此句只設(shè)一空。在定語從句中,live是謂語,設(shè)空處應(yīng)是從句的主語。先行詞是指物的species, 且被all修飾,因此答案為關(guān)系代詞that。
[譯] GPNP 旨在為生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物種提供更有力的保護(hù),并顯著改善該地區(qū)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康。
[2020真題] Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot?where ?it could send signals to the spacecraft.
[析] 此題同樣考查定語從句。“spot”做名詞表“地點(diǎn),場(chǎng)所”;橫空后的句子是主謂賓的完整結(jié)構(gòu),因此可以判斷缺少的是表地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞where。即,“中國首先必須將一顆衛(wèi)星送入月球上方的軌道,在那里它可以向航天器發(fā)送信號(hào)?!?/p>
[2019真題] While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence?that?they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
[析] 此題考查的是同位語從句。“evidence”做名詞表“證據(jù)”,之后的句子解釋了證據(jù)的內(nèi)容,因此用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。
[練] This insight grew from the determined attitude of a six-year-old boy _____ had the courage and perseverance to make his dream a reality.(B3U2)
Keys: who(boy是名詞指人,定語從句缺少主語,因此需要關(guān)系代詞who。)
[練] We were walking on fine, even sand, not wrinkled, as on a flat shore, __________?keeps the impression of the waves.(B3U5)
Keys:which(先行詞“shore海岸”是物;橫空缺少關(guān)系代詞作主語,因此需要which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,解釋平坦的沙灘通?!皶?huì)留下海浪的痕跡”。)
[練] Eventually, it manages to reach the places __________?it will spend the winter. (B1U5)
Keys: where(先行詞“place地方”,橫空后句子是主謂賓的完整結(jié)構(gòu),因此缺指代地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞。)
(七)仿真練習(xí)
【1】More than one generation of schoolchildren has been amazed by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth. Franklin, along with many other scientists, ?1?(inspire) us and taught us that scientific experiments are important in order to establish the truth and to contribute towards later scientific?2?(discovery) and inventions.(B3U3)
Keys:1. has inspired?2. discoveries
【2】Some have even questioned the story about the apple that fell on Newtons head and?3 ?(lead) him to come up with his theory of gravity. In fact, more than one account suggests that while Newton was?4?(certain) inspired by a falling apple, there is no proof?5?it hit him on?6 ?head.(B3U3)
Keys:?3. led?4. certainly?5.that??6.the
五、結(jié)語
(一)立足課標(biāo)教材。課標(biāo)是教學(xué)行為指南,而教材是英語課程資源的核心。要深入地研讀和挖掘教材,合理有效地利用教材。比如,語法備考階段,可以選取體裁合適的課文文段,設(shè)計(jì)改編成比例、長度、考點(diǎn)都與高考一致的高質(zhì)量的習(xí)題。在溫習(xí)單元詞匯語塊的同時(shí),又在語境中滲透語法知識(shí)。
(二)筑牢語法基礎(chǔ)。萬丈高樓平地起。要夯實(shí)語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的積累和落實(shí)語法基本功的訓(xùn)練,如詞的用法、固定搭配、長句分析。如果無法識(shí)別詞匯或沒有完全掌握提示詞的用法,就無法產(chǎn)出語言,拿到詞組層次的分?jǐn)?shù)。此外,還要特別注重錯(cuò)題的積累和正強(qiáng)化。不可盲目刷題、不求甚解。
(三)培養(yǎng)語篇意識(shí)。語法知識(shí)是“形式—意義—使用”的統(tǒng)一體,與語音、詞匯、語篇和語用知識(shí)緊密相連。因此,復(fù)習(xí)語法要依托語篇,在語境中去體會(huì)、學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用,培養(yǎng)聯(lián)系上下文,瞻前顧后的語篇意識(shí)。
(四)歸納做題技巧。要對(duì)語言現(xiàn)象保持敏感,并善于積累和歸檔同類型題目。對(duì)于句子層次和語篇層次的語法考點(diǎn)而言,要在積累夠多的感性訓(xùn)練后,適當(dāng)點(diǎn)撥做題技巧和解題步驟,從感性認(rèn)知提升到理性判斷。
責(zé)任編輯?吳昊雷