張德足
關(guān)系代詞是定語從句中不可忽視的組成部分,常用來指代先行詞,在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語等成分。掌握關(guān)系代詞的用法是學(xué)好定語從句至關(guān)重要的部分。對(duì)此,筆者就定語從句中三種關(guān)系代詞的用法進(jìn)行剖析,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。
一、關(guān)系代詞that 的用法
關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),其先行詞既可以是人,也可以是物,that通常在從句中用作主語、賓語(可省略)或表語(可省略)等。例如:
Do? you? see? the? building? that? stands? next? to? the shop?你看見那座矗立在商店旁邊的建筑了嗎?(that 在定語從句中作 stands的主語,指代先行詞the build- ing。)
This is the girl(that)they looked for yesterday.這是他們昨天在尋找的女孩。(that 在定語從句中作 looked for的賓語,指代先行詞the girl。)
My old? school is no longer the place(that)it used to be.我的母校已不是過去那樣的地方了。(that在定語從句中作be的表語,指代先行詞the place。)
此外,當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)、the on- ly、the very、just the 等詞修飾,或者先行詞是 all, much,some,little,few,something,nothing,anything 等詞時(shí),只能用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如:
The? second? place? that? they? visited? in? China? was Hangzhou.他們?cè)谥袊鴧⒂^的第二個(gè)地方是杭州。(先行詞place被second修飾,用關(guān)系代詞that。)
In a word,this is the best novel that she has ever written.總之,這是她寫過的最好的一部小說。(先行詞 novel被best修飾,用關(guān)系代詞that。)
This is the very thing that I want to buy? for my mother.這正是我要為我母親買的生日禮物.(先行詞 thing被the very修飾,用關(guān)系代詞that。)
There is nothing that the child is not interested in.
這個(gè)孩子對(duì)什么都感興趣。(先行詞為nothing,用關(guān)系代詞that。)
二、關(guān)系代詞which 的用法
關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí),先行詞通常為物,主要用作主語或賓語(可省略),一般可以與that互換。但是當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語,且置于介詞之后時(shí),只能用which,不用that 。例如:
The book which has a lot of picturess is Jack s.那本有許多插圖的書是杰克的。(which在定語從句中作 has的主語,指代先行詞the book。)
The book(which)I lost yesterday is Jack s.昨天我丟的那本書是杰克的。(which在定語從句中作 lost 的賓語,指代先行詞the book。)
He has the design for which he is admired by his colleague.他有著令同事贊賞的設(shè)計(jì)。(which在定語從句中作介詞for的賓語,指代先行詞the design,不可以用 that 替代。)= He has the design which he is admired for by his colleague.
此外,關(guān)系代詞which還可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,用于指代主句的某個(gè)部分或整個(gè)句子,常用作主語、賓語或表語。例如:
They? were? late? for? class? again,which? made? the teacher very angry.他們上課又遲到了,這讓老師非常生氣。(which指代They were late for class again整個(gè)主句,在定語從句中作made的主語。)
The car,which I saw yesterday,is too expensive.我昨天看到的那輛車太貴了.(which在非限制性定語從句中作saw 的賓語,指代the car。)
He was disappointed,which I was not.他是失望的,而我不是。(which 在非限制性定語從句中作was 的表語,指代disappointed。)
三、關(guān)系代詞who 的用法
關(guān)系代詞 who 引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),先行詞通常為人,常在定語從句中用作主語或賓語,通??梢耘cthat 互換。例如:
I don t know anything about the man who wrote the article.我一點(diǎn)兒也不了解這篇文章的作者。(who 在定語從句中作wrote的主語,指代先行詞the man。)
The boy who you talked to just now is Tom s brother.剛才和你說話的那個(gè)男孩是湯姆的弟弟。(who在定語從句中用作talked to的賓語,指代先行詞the boy。)
此外,當(dāng)先行詞是人,關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時(shí),還可以用whom;當(dāng)先行詞為人或物,關(guān)系代詞在從句中用作定語時(shí),則用whose 。例如:
The boy whom you talked to just now is Tom s? brother.剛才和你說話的那個(gè)男孩是湯姆的弟弟。(whom在定語從句中作talked to的賓語,指代先行詞the boy。)
She lives in the room whose window faces south.她住在那間窗戶朝南的房間。(whose在定語從句中用作window的定語,指代the room s。)
The girl whose name is Lily is in my class.那個(gè)叫莉莉的女孩在我班上。(whose 在定語從句中用作 name 的定語,指代the girl s。)
總之,希望同學(xué)們都能掌握這三種關(guān)系代詞的用法,攻克定語從句難關(guān)。
(作者單位:江蘇省鹽城市實(shí)驗(yàn)高級(jí)中學(xué))