劉玲 楊晴 王京陽(yáng) 于旖婧
關(guān)鍵詞:博弈論;生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品;O2O模式;契約協(xié)調(diào)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):F326文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):2096-7934(2023)02-0005-12
生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品具有含水量高、貨架期短、易腐等特點(diǎn),隨著消費(fèi)者生活水平的提高,顧客們對(duì)生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的要求也逐漸提高,然而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,使得生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的購(gòu)買(mǎi)也不再局限于傳統(tǒng)的線下以農(nóng)產(chǎn)品批發(fā)市場(chǎng)或超市為主導(dǎo),O2O模式實(shí)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品購(gòu)買(mǎi)、銷(xiāo)售途徑的多樣化。
生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈已經(jīng)受到國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注。楊曉樓[1]指出要做好生鮮品O2O需要供應(yīng)鏈上的核心企業(yè)掌控全局,需要電商進(jìn)行全方位協(xié)調(diào)。何林等[2]建立供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)作績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系對(duì)生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈進(jìn)行了研究。Qiu,et al[3]以第三方物流服務(wù)提供商和零售商為主要目標(biāo),建立了鮮活農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈中兩階段定價(jià)、協(xié)調(diào)和減少數(shù)量損失的三個(gè)模型。為了減少新鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈中的浪費(fèi),Mohammadi,et al[4]開(kāi)發(fā)了一種基于保護(hù)技術(shù)投資的新協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。Zhao[5]研究了信息不對(duì)稱(chēng)條件下鮮活農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈中的價(jià)格補(bǔ)貼問(wèn)題,通過(guò)建立模型獲得零售商的最優(yōu)零售價(jià)格、零售量和利潤(rùn)。
而傳統(tǒng)的實(shí)體渠道已經(jīng)無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足這種不斷變化的消費(fèi)者需求[6],隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及,電子商務(wù)給傳統(tǒng)的新鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)帶來(lái)了劇變[7]。所以新鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品不再局限于線下渠道。
許多學(xué)者將O2O模型應(yīng)用于供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)調(diào)。為了緩解制造商O(píng)2O中的渠道競(jìng)爭(zhēng),Pei,et al[8]開(kāi)發(fā)了一種新機(jī)制,制造商向線下消費(fèi)者提供折扣,同時(shí)向零售商提供批量折扣,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這種新機(jī)制可以顯著增加整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈的利潤(rùn)。為了提高分銷(xiāo)效率和最大化市場(chǎng)份額,Wang,et al[9]研究了O2O新鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品體驗(yàn)店的選址和布局。根據(jù)盒馬鮮生的O2O平臺(tái),Yang and Peng[10]使用雙向風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分擔(dān)合同來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)二次鮮活農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的供應(yīng)鏈,并更新需求信息。Zhao[5]認(rèn)為,在存在信息不對(duì)稱(chēng)的情況下,當(dāng)在線銷(xiāo)售較低時(shí),新鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品O2O供應(yīng)鏈中的價(jià)格補(bǔ)貼有助于增加利潤(rùn),而修改后的批發(fā)價(jià)格合同,可以協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈中的分散決策。
根據(jù)以上文獻(xiàn)的分析可知,盡管已有學(xué)者對(duì)生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈進(jìn)行了不同程度的研究,但是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在O2O模式下對(duì)生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈進(jìn)行契約協(xié)調(diào)的研究相對(duì)較少。鑒于O2O供應(yīng)鏈需要同時(shí)結(jié)合線上與線下渠道的特點(diǎn)和新鮮度對(duì)于生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的重要性,本文結(jié)合當(dāng)前生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈數(shù)字化發(fā)展方向,從渠道合作和利潤(rùn)最大化的角度建立協(xié)調(diào)模型對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)優(yōu)化。
本文構(gòu)建了以O(shè)2O平臺(tái)為輔助的一個(gè)供應(yīng)商和一個(gè)零售商構(gòu)成的雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈模型,結(jié)合相關(guān)理論和數(shù)值分析得出以下結(jié)論:
①供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)中線上渠道與傳統(tǒng)渠道合作會(huì)使供應(yīng)鏈效益增加,且增加的總利潤(rùn)隨渠道合作程度的增加而增大,所以渠道合作很有必要。
②為緩解或消除供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)的雙重邊際效應(yīng),本文設(shè)計(jì)的收益共享契約在考慮了零售商憑借保鮮成本較低的優(yōu)勢(shì)激勵(lì)供應(yīng)商線上渠道與其合作及供應(yīng)商分享線上合作增加的部分利潤(rùn)對(duì)雙渠道系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)。結(jié)果表明在雙渠道合作情況下,存在φr使雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈各成員的利潤(rùn)比分散決策時(shí)有所增加,雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈得到有效協(xié)調(diào),實(shí)現(xiàn)生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈成員的共贏。
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Contract Coordination of Fresh Agri-Product Supply Chain
under O2O Model
LIU Ling, YANG Qing,WANG Jing-yang, YU Yi-jing
(School of Logistics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, Yunnan 650221)
Abstract:With the freshness and freshness preservation efforts of fresh produce as the main consideration, the operational model of fresh produce supply chain under O2O model is studied The analysis and comparison of the overall revenue of the supply chain and the optimal decision of the members under centralised and decentralised decision-making clarify the necessity of cooperation between online and offline channels of produce A revenue-sharing contract model is constructed to coordinate the supply chain from the perspective of channel cooperation and profit maximisation, and finally the relevant conclusions obtained from the model and the theoretical discussion are empirically demonstrated through the analysis of arithmetic examples
Keywords:game theory; fresh produce; O2O model;contract coordination
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金地區(qū)科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“基于時(shí)間成本優(yōu)化的面向訂單制造企業(yè)生產(chǎn)與運(yùn)輸協(xié)同調(diào)度問(wèn)題模型與算法研究”(71862034);云南省基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目“基于啟發(fā)式算法的易腐產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)同調(diào)度優(yōu)化研究”(202001AT070073);云南省省院省校教育合作項(xiàng)目“‘一帶一路倡議下云南跨境物流體系建設(shè)研究”(SYSX202007)