司馬勤
你偶爾會(huì)在抽屜里發(fā)現(xiàn)一些東西??赡苣阄丛⒁膺^(guò)它就在那里,也可能你知道它的存在,但以前從未真正在乎過(guò)它。眾所周知,這樣的發(fā)現(xiàn)也許會(huì)改變世界,雖然通常這種可能性微乎其微。問(wèn)題是,因?yàn)閭€(gè)別幸運(yùn)兒曾經(jīng)從牡蠣中取出“蒙塵遺珠”,這種幸運(yùn)驅(qū)使著其余的人滿(mǎn)懷希望,堅(jiān)持做著大浪淘沙的工作。
音樂(lè)傳奇人物娜迪亞·布朗熱(Nadia Boulanger,1887—1979)創(chuàng)作的唯一一部歌劇《死亡之城》(La ville morte),在很大程度上正是上文描述中的那只“裝在沙盒里的牡蠣”。但一直以來(lái),它的存在不算是什么秘密。大多數(shù)關(guān)于布朗熱的傳記中都突出地提到了這部作品,有些人甚至認(rèn)為這出歌劇是她作曲生涯的巔峰??紤]到《死亡之城》在作曲家的有生之年從未上演過(guò),能收獲這種評(píng)價(jià)確實(shí)很了不起。她留下來(lái)的完成配器的總譜不到作品的百分之五十,完整的版本只存在于鋼琴縮譜中。
《死亡之城》是布朗熱與她的導(dǎo)師兼鋼琴搭檔斯特凡-拉烏爾·普格諾(Stéphane-Raoul Pugno)共同創(chuàng)作的,原定于1914年在巴黎喜歌劇院首演,但由于第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)而中斷計(jì)劃,并且再也沒(méi)能執(zhí)行下去。這首作品最終于2005年在意大利錫耶納的奇吉亞納音樂(lè)學(xué)院(Accademia Musicale Chigiana)進(jìn)行了姍姍來(lái)遲的首演,該制作由作曲家毛羅·博尼法西奧(Mauro Bonifacio)完成配器,盧卡·普法夫(Luca Pfaff)執(zhí)導(dǎo)。15年后,這部歌劇再次出現(xiàn)在瑞典哥德堡歌劇院,這一次是由安娜-瑪麗亞·赫爾辛(Anna-Maria Helsing)執(zhí)棒演出,是為國(guó)際婦女節(jié)策劃的半舞臺(tái)劇版本。
今年1月,《死亡之城》第三次有機(jī)會(huì)與觀眾見(jiàn)面。不同以往的是,這場(chǎng)在希臘國(guó)家歌劇院上演的制作,是希臘國(guó)家歌劇院與紐約新興的歌劇團(tuán)體之一彈射歌劇團(tuán)(Catapult Opera)的聯(lián)合制作。彈射歌劇團(tuán)的創(chuàng)始人尼爾·戈倫(Neal Goren)將這部作品基本上歸納為新冠疫情期間的項(xiàng)目之一。由羅賓·瓜里諾(Robin Guarino)導(dǎo)演的這部室內(nèi)歌劇也將于今年4月在紐約市上演。這個(gè)版本的配器編制(只用上11件樂(lè)器)由約瑟夫·史迪威(Joseph Stilwell)和斯特凡·克維克(Stefan Cwik)負(fù)責(zé),他們的導(dǎo)師大衛(wèi)·孔特(David Conte)正是布朗熱生前的愛(ài)徒。我可以預(yù)見(jiàn)的是,紐約市的反響肯定會(huì)有所不同。畢竟在美國(guó),娜迪亞·布朗熱的名字仍然擲地有聲。
***
我已經(jīng)能夠猜到有人會(huì)問(wèn):“那我們?yōu)槭裁匆P(guān)注這個(gè)演出呢?”其實(shí),與其說(shuō)是關(guān)注這部作品,不如說(shuō)是聚焦作曲家本身。布朗熱到了晚年被尊稱(chēng)為“女先生”(Mademoiselle,英語(yǔ)中有法國(guó)女教師之意)——從某些方面來(lái)說(shuō),她的出現(xiàn)無(wú)疑改變了20世紀(jì)音樂(lè)的面貌。另一方面,布朗熱也是第一位指揮波士頓交響樂(lè)團(tuán)和紐約愛(ài)樂(lè)樂(lè)團(tuán)以及倫敦愛(ài)樂(lè)樂(lè)團(tuán)的女性。她對(duì)巴赫和蒙特威爾第的演繹開(kāi)創(chuàng)了對(duì)早期音樂(lè)研究的全新方向,同時(shí)還激發(fā)了約翰·艾略特·加德納(John Eliot Gardiner)和羅伯特·萊文(Robert Levin)等得意門(mén)生探索方向的靈感。
然而,布朗熱對(duì)當(dāng)代音樂(lè)的影響更大。以巴黎音樂(lè)學(xué)院為開(kāi)端,1921年后在楓丹白露的美國(guó)學(xué)校(在那里她盛名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)、享譽(yù)世界),她成為一名傳奇性的教師,輔導(dǎo)過(guò)一系列作曲家,他們的成就令人驚嘆。正如她的學(xué)生維吉爾·湯姆森(Virgil Thomson)曾經(jīng)打趣的那樣:“美國(guó)的每個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)都有藥店和娜迪亞·布朗熱的學(xué)生。”
不過(guò),這一說(shuō)法還是謙虛了一點(diǎn),湯姆森好像一反常態(tài)地克制了自己。布朗熱的確教過(guò)許多美國(guó)人——僅在20世紀(jì)20年代就有近100人。除了湯姆森之外,來(lái)自大洋彼岸的其他學(xué)生,比如阿隆·科普蘭(Aaron Copland)、倫納德·伯恩斯坦(Leonard Bernstein)、羅伊·哈里斯(Roy Harris)、沃爾特·辟斯頓(Walter Piston)、大衛(wèi)·戴蒙德(David Diamond),甚至是屬于后輩的菲利普·格拉斯(Philip Glass)。然而,布朗熱的影響力并不僅限于美國(guó);學(xué)生們從波蘭(格拉齊亞納·巴切維奇,Grazyana Bacewicz)、俄羅斯(伊戈?duì)枴ゑR克維奇,Igor Markevitch)、阿根廷(阿斯托爾·皮亞佐拉,Astor Piazzolla)甚至是中國(guó)(丁善德),來(lái)到她的工作室求教。布朗熱烘焙店出品的“小面包”(譯者注:布朗熱的姓氏Boulanger在法語(yǔ)中的意思是“面包”,所以作者把她的工作室戲稱(chēng)為“Boulangerie”,意為法語(yǔ)的“烘焙店”)也不僅限于古典音樂(lè)。她的學(xué)生名單中,格萊美獎(jiǎng)得主、流行偶像昆西·瓊斯(Quincy Jones)和伯特·巴卡拉克(Burt Bacharach)的名字也赫然在列。
美國(guó)作曲家內(nèi)德·羅雷姆(Ned Rorem)曾在《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》(New York Times)上發(fā)問(wèn):“難道我是唯一一個(gè)曾外出留學(xué)卻未曾師從娜迪亞·布朗熱的、在世的作曲家嗎?”不過(guò),羅雷姆在文中繼續(xù)提到了布朗熱在非教學(xué)方面給予他的支持(包括經(jīng)濟(jì)資助、請(qǐng)他吃飯以及他的演出);羅雷姆還提到了一個(gè)相當(dāng)敏感的事實(shí):除了像科普蘭或伯恩斯坦那樣在音樂(lè)界留下不可磨滅的印記的大腕外,其他數(shù)十名布朗熱學(xué)生的名字都消失在歷史長(zhǎng)河中,被湮沒(méi)得無(wú)影無(wú)蹤。
***
那么我們?nèi)绾味x娜迪亞·布朗熱先生自身呢?毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),她是天賦異稟的。她出生于一個(gè)音樂(lè)家庭,9歲時(shí)進(jìn)入巴黎音樂(lè)學(xué)院,她的老師包括加布里埃爾·福雷(Gabriel Fauré)。她的目標(biāo)是像她的父親、作曲家歐內(nèi)斯特·布朗熱(Ernest Boulanger)一樣贏得羅馬大獎(jiǎng),但她從未獲得過(guò)第二名以上的成績(jī)。這一榮譽(yù)最終授予了她的妹妹莉莉(Lili Boulanger),她在1913年成為第一位贏得羅馬大獎(jiǎng)的女性。
那時(shí),布朗熱已經(jīng)在與普格諾合作歌劇上花費(fèi)了數(shù)年的時(shí)間,但1913年普格諾的英年早逝是該項(xiàng)目遭遇的第一個(gè)不幸。次年,歐洲戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā)幾乎沒(méi)有給音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作留下任何時(shí)間。到了1918年的春天,布朗熱姐妹參加戰(zhàn)時(shí)慈善工作,工作的壓力也導(dǎo)致了莉莉的去世。不管出于什么原因——各種猜測(cè)皆而有之——姐姐基本上決定從音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作轉(zhuǎn)向了音樂(lè)教育,而且在這條路上一去不復(fù)返。
這就又引出了幾個(gè)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題。首先,如果說(shuō)布朗熱的盛名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)是聽(tīng)《死亡之城》這部歌劇的主要原因,那么她到底寫(xiě)了什么(這個(gè)基于總譜的問(wèn)題早已浮出水面)?第二,她想要給我們展現(xiàn)的是什么?
第一個(gè)問(wèn)題很難得到明確的答案。這部作品似乎包含了兩種截然不同的聲音:一種主要適應(yīng)音樂(lè),另一種則是適應(yīng)戲劇。盡管此前有猜測(cè)說(shuō)普格諾寫(xiě)的是男性角色,布朗熱完成的是女性角色(這是她的先天性別優(yōu)勢(shì)),但我們可以確定的是,序曲完全是布朗熱的創(chuàng)作,因?yàn)樗窃谄崭裰Z死后完成的。
我們也不能言之鑿鑿,認(rèn)為這部作品就是布朗熱所構(gòu)思的歌劇。戈倫決定創(chuàng)作一個(gè)小型配器版本——這是根據(jù)布朗熱晚年的一名學(xué)生的建議——但他忽略了一個(gè)事實(shí),即布朗熱在年輕時(shí)曾為大型管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)的四個(gè)場(chǎng)景中的兩個(gè)場(chǎng)景配器。此外,為了讓這部作品在他的可控范圍內(nèi)上演,戈倫完全取消了合唱段落——這對(duì)希臘來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)特別諷刺的決定,畢竟合唱的起源正是在希臘。
那么我們到底聽(tīng)到了什么?首先,我們難得瞥見(jiàn)20世紀(jì)早期的法國(guó)歌劇——今天我們主要是通過(guò)德彪西的《佩利亞斯與梅里桑德》(Pelléas et Mélisande)來(lái)了解那個(gè)時(shí)代,這部歌劇無(wú)論是在故事上還是在聲音傳達(dá)上都與《死亡之城》頗為相似。加布里埃爾·鄧南遮(Gabriel DAnnunzio)的原創(chuàng)戲劇《死亡之城》(La città morte)可能是梅特林克的《佩萊亞斯》的象征主義表親。但與德彪西的歌劇不同的是——這是對(duì)瓦格納在當(dāng)時(shí)影響力的一種反應(yīng)——《死亡之城》揭示了一種更完整的綜合性,一邊灑上幾點(diǎn)福雷的影子,另一邊再灑上幾點(diǎn)理查·施特勞斯的特點(diǎn),為德彪西—瓦格納主線增添了色彩。它充其量仍然是一部合格的舞臺(tái)戲劇,但對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)相互沖突的音樂(lè)風(fēng)格進(jìn)行了巧妙的概括。
也許,對(duì)布朗熱來(lái)說(shuō),這才是最終的問(wèn)題。一些觀察人士質(zhì)疑,為什么布朗熱從不貶低自己的創(chuàng)作,也經(jīng)常捍衛(wèi)自己的藝術(shù)技巧,卻未曾積極推廣自己的作品演出。但也許,因?yàn)槎嗄陙?lái)不斷推動(dòng)那么多年輕作曲家去征服新世界之后,她越來(lái)越不愿透露自己在舊時(shí)代的作品上投入了多少抱負(fù)與精力。
Every so often you find something in a drawer. You might not have known it was there, or maybe you did but never really cared before. Discoveries like this have been known to change the world, but they usually dont. The problem is, those few times when someone really does pull the proverbial pearl from the oyster drive the rest of us to sift through a lot of sand.
This pretty much describes the sandbox of an oyster that is La ville morte, the only opera written by the musical legend Nadia Boulanger (1887–1979). Its exis- tence was hardly a secret. Most biographical accounts of Boulanger prominently mention it; some even claim it as the high point of her compositional career, which is truly remarkable considering that the opera was never performed in her lifetime. A full orchestration existed for less than half of the piece, the complete version extant only in a piano reduction.
“Am I the only living expatriate composer who never studied with Nadia Boulanger,” Ned Rorem once asked in the New York Times. Rorem, though, went on to mention her non-pedagogical support (including money, meals, and a few performances of his music); he also mentioned a rather touchy truth: For every Copland or Bernstein who would make an indelible mark in the music world, dozens of other Boulanger students disappeared into history without a trace.
***
So where on that spectrum do we place Mademoiselle herself? She was without doubt prodigiously gifted. Born into a musical family, by age 9 she had entered the Paris Conservatory, where her teachers included Gabriel Fauré. Her goal was to win the Prix de Rome just like her father, the composer Ernest Boulanger, but she never got higher than second place. That honor would eventually go to her younger sister Lili, who became the first woman to win the Prix de Rome in 1913.
By that time, Boulanger had spent many years working on her opera with Pugno, whose untimely death in 1913 was the first of the projects misfortunes. The war in Europe the next year left little time for music, and by the spring of 1918 the stress of the Boulanger sisterswartime charity work would also result in Lilis death. For whatever reason—and speculations have covered much ground—the elder sister essentially turned to pedagogy and never looked back.
Which brings us back to a couple of pertinent questions. First, if Boulangers reputation is the main reason to listen to this opera, what exactly did she write (this question had already surfaced based on the score alone)? And second, what does she have to show us today?
The first question was hardly settled definitively. The piece did seem to have two distinct voices involved: one attuned primarily to the music, the other attuned to the drama. Despite earlier speculation that Pugno wrote the male roles and Boulanger the female roles(which would give her the advantage), all we can tell for sure is that the prelude was entirely her creation, as it was completed after Pugno had died.
Nor can we say with any authority that this production was the opera as Boulanger had conceived it. Gorens decision to create a small orchestration—based on advice from a Boulenger student at the end of her life—disregards the fact that in her youth she herself had orchestrated two of the four scenes for large orchestra. Also, to get the piece staged within his limitations, Goren removed the chorus entirely—a particular irony in Greece, where the idea of the chorus was invented.
So what do we actually hear? Well, for one thing, we get a rare glimpse of early 20th century French opera—an era we know today primarily through Debussys Pelléas et Mélisande, which in both story and sound world La ville morte rather resembles. (Gabriel DAnnunzios original drama La città morte could be a symbolist cousin to Maeterlincks Pelléas.) But where Debussys opera stands out as an anomaly—a reaction to Wagners influence at the time—La ville morte reveals a more complete synthesis, seasoning the Debussy-Wagner axis with sprinkles of Fauré on one side and Richard Strauss on the other. It remains at best a competent piece of drama, but a masterful overview of conflicting musical styles of its time.
And perhaps that, for Boulanger, was the ultimate problem. Several observers have questioned why Boulanger, while never disparaging her own composition—and often defending her own sense of craft—never actively promoted it. But perhaps after challenging so many younger composers in later eras to conquer new worlds, she grew increasingly reticent to reveal how much shed been personally invested in the old one.