【摘要】冠狀動(dòng)脈光學(xué)相干斷層掃描的分辨率為10 μm,它可為術(shù)者提供支架貼壁不良、組織脫垂、支架內(nèi)血栓和支架邊緣夾層等支架術(shù)后即刻結(jié)果,但其對(duì)臨床預(yù)后的影響一直存在爭(zhēng)議。現(xiàn)總結(jié)既往研究,并就支架術(shù)后即刻冠狀動(dòng)脈光學(xué)相干斷層掃描結(jié)果的研究進(jìn)展及臨床影響進(jìn)行綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】支架術(shù)后;血管內(nèi)影像學(xué);冠狀動(dòng)脈光學(xué)相干斷層掃描;臨床影響
【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2024.07.002
The Clinical Influence of Poststent Optical Coherence Tomographic Findings of Coronary Artery
YU Chao,HAN Yueqing,BI Jingting,XING Lei
(Department of Cardiology,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia,Chinese Ministry of Education,Harbin 150081,Heilongjiang,China)
【Abstract】Although the distinguishability of optical coherence tomography has been reach 10 μm which can provides detailed information such as stent malapposition,tissue prolapse,stent thrombosis and stent edge dissection,the clinical influence of poststent optical coherence tomographic findings has been controversial.This article aims at summarize previous research findings and review the latest development and clinical influence of poststent optical coherence tomographic findings of coronary artery.
【Keywords】Poststent;Intravascular imaging;Coronary artery optical coherence tomography;Clinical influence
支架在經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)中已成為不可或缺的部分。光學(xué)相干斷層掃描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)作為一種有效的腔內(nèi)影像學(xué)技術(shù),其成像分辨率為10 μm,對(duì)單個(gè)支架支柱具有良好的可視化,相比其他影像學(xué)技術(shù),提供了更多研究支架部署細(xì)節(jié)的機(jī)會(huì),因此OCT在指導(dǎo)PCI方面的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛。臨床實(shí)踐表明,支架植入術(shù)后即刻O(píng)CT結(jié)果的發(fā)生頻率遠(yuǎn)高于早期設(shè)想,且這些結(jié)果與不良心血管事件之間是否存在關(guān)系以及對(duì)臨床預(yù)后的影響一直備受爭(zhēng)議??紤]到支架在PCI中的廣泛應(yīng)用,闡明支架術(shù)后即刻O(píng)CT結(jié)果的臨床影響,可避免不必要的操作,從而優(yōu)化支架治療效果。
1 急性支架貼壁不良
支架貼壁不良為支架支柱的內(nèi)表面與血管內(nèi)壁的分離,在沒(méi)有側(cè)支的部分,其距離大于OCT的軸向分辨率+聚合物涂層厚度+支架小梁厚度,按支架植入后觀(guān)察到的時(shí)間分為急性貼壁不良(即術(shù)后即刻)和晚期貼壁不良(即術(shù)后診斷和持續(xù)隨訪(fǎng)評(píng)估)。在臨床工作中急性支架貼壁不良(acute stent malapposition,ASM)是一種常見(jiàn)現(xiàn)象,常在支架近端邊緣被發(fā)現(xiàn)[1],并且藥物洗脫支架(drug eluting stent,DES)比裸金屬支架(bare mental stent,BMS)更容易發(fā)生[2]。DES植入后,通過(guò)OCT觀(guān)察到50%的支架可發(fā)生ASM,而血管內(nèi)超聲(intravascular ultrasound,IVUS)的檢出率為15%[3]。
目前認(rèn)為ASM的發(fā)生是由于支架和血管管腔輪廓不匹配導(dǎo)致的,一方面是支架部署不理想,如支架尺寸過(guò)小或擴(kuò)張不足,另外一方面是繼發(fā)于血管結(jié)構(gòu)或病變本身特點(diǎn),如開(kāi)口病變、分叉病變、長(zhǎng)病變、成角病變和鈣化病變等[1,4]。ASM對(duì)支架失敗率(即支架內(nèi)再狹窄和支架內(nèi)血栓形成)的潛在影響一直是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題[5]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)[6]、小規(guī)模的IVUS和OCT研究[7]支持支架貼壁不良與支架內(nèi)血栓形成有理論聯(lián)系,即可能通過(guò)引起局部血流干擾和延遲愈合引起支架植入失敗。并且也有研究[8]在支架內(nèi)血栓形成患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)了ASM。幾項(xiàng)使用OCT的大型研究[1,9-10]顯示,ASM與DES植入后的早期、晚期或極晚期支架內(nèi)血栓形成無(wú)關(guān)。此外支架貼壁不良的嚴(yán)重程度與臨床預(yù)后的相關(guān)性目前尚不明確。最近的薈萃分析[11]顯示雖然急性和持續(xù)性支架貼壁不良與支架植入后的主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular event,MACE)無(wú)關(guān),但嚴(yán)重貼壁不良(錯(cuò)位距離≥400 μm或貼壁不良總體積≥7.0 mm3)會(huì)增加MACE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Yonsei OCT注冊(cè)研究(以貼壁不良總體積評(píng)估貼壁不良嚴(yán)重程度)也指出:顯著錯(cuò)位(錯(cuò)位距離≥400 μm且錯(cuò)位長(zhǎng)度≥1 mm)伴有貼壁不良總體積≥7.0 mm3與MACE具有顯著相關(guān)性[12]。但此項(xiàng)研究只有3例經(jīng)血管造影明確記錄了支架內(nèi)血栓形成,其余病例都是由研究者推測(cè)因支架內(nèi)血栓形成導(dǎo)致的MACE,所以未來(lái)還需更大規(guī)模、多中心的隨機(jī)觀(guān)察研究來(lái)核實(shí)這一結(jié)論。
支架貼壁良好為支架優(yōu)化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一,但既往OCT研究未顯示ASM與MACE的相關(guān)性,且大多數(shù)研究[1,13-14]認(rèn)為ASM可通過(guò)血管重建得到糾正,從而在隨訪(fǎng)期間實(shí)現(xiàn)新生內(nèi)膜完全整合。然而,ASM可能持續(xù)存在,并最終演變成晚期貼壁不良,引起支架內(nèi)血栓的形成。此外,支架近端貼壁不良還可能干擾導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入,導(dǎo)致器械進(jìn)出困難或支架變形。為此歐洲經(jīng)皮心血管介入?yún)f(xié)會(huì)建議,在血管解剖結(jié)構(gòu)可行的情況下,應(yīng)糾正最大錯(cuò)位距離≥400 μm且最大錯(cuò)位長(zhǎng)度≥1 mm的急性貼壁不良[15]。然而不同類(lèi)型的支架因其支架小梁和聚合物涂層厚度不同,其貼壁不良的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也不同[16]。對(duì)于DES支架,OCT顯示錯(cuò)位距離≤260 μm為可修復(fù)的支架貼壁不良的臨界點(diǎn),其敏感性為89.3%,特異性為83.7%。對(duì)親水聚合物涂層的佐他莫司藥物洗脫
支架(Resolute,美敦力,美國(guó))、含氟聚合物的
依維莫司藥物洗脫支架(XienceV,雅培,美國(guó))以及BMS術(shù)后OCT發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后即刻錯(cuò)位距離<270 μm的貼壁不良到隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)均可完全修復(fù),只有少數(shù)支架小梁一直未被覆蓋。對(duì)于生物可吸收支架,因其主體材料半晶態(tài)左旋聚乳酸較金屬柔軟,在后擴(kuò)張不充分的情況下更易出現(xiàn)ASM,建議其錯(cuò)位距離≤300 μm[17]。Foin等[18]對(duì)不同等級(jí)的支架貼壁不良進(jìn)行了流體動(dòng)力學(xué)及愈合效果的隨訪(fǎng)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)300 μm的錯(cuò)位距離是貼壁不良產(chǎn)生影響變化最為顯著的界值,提示術(shù)者錯(cuò)位距離≥300 μm時(shí)可進(jìn)行必要的后擴(kuò)張?zhí)幚怼R蚝髷U(kuò)張支架所需壓力與處理膨脹不良支架所需壓力不同,所以無(wú)需使用非順應(yīng)性球囊進(jìn)行高壓擴(kuò)張,而使用半順應(yīng)性球囊進(jìn)行低壓擴(kuò)張即可。
2 支架組織脫垂和血栓
支架組織脫垂(instent tissue prolapse,ITP)即相鄰支架支板之間血管組織物向管腔突出,組織物脫垂位于支架小梁上方,有或沒(méi)有破壞管腔血管表面的連續(xù)性。根據(jù)形態(tài)特征,OCT可將ITP分為三類(lèi):平滑組織脫垂、非連續(xù)性纖維組織脫垂和不規(guī)則脫垂(irregular prolapse,IP)[19]。由于支板有時(shí)埋在內(nèi)膜內(nèi),大多數(shù)研究只能通過(guò)OCT識(shí)別最大高度≥100 μm的支架內(nèi)脫垂。冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血栓為直徑≥25 μm的腫塊附著于腔體表面、支架支撐或漂浮在體腔內(nèi)。OCT可區(qū)分紅色血栓和白色血栓,當(dāng)血栓與IP不能完全區(qū)分時(shí),大多數(shù)研究將其歸類(lèi)為IP[19-21]。研究[22]匯總發(fā)現(xiàn),OCT能夠檢測(cè)出58.1%~98.0%的ITP,相比于IVUS,具有更高的敏感性。
在PCI過(guò)程中,血管壁損傷是由于球囊或支架對(duì)血管壁的擠壓引起的。病理研究[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),平滑組織脫垂表現(xiàn)為輕微的血管損傷,非連續(xù)性纖維組織脫垂表現(xiàn)為輕中度的血管損傷,IP表現(xiàn)為重度血管損傷。既往研究[23]顯示脂質(zhì)斑塊負(fù)荷對(duì)病變處發(fā)生IP有著重大影響,可能是薄纖維帽覆蓋的富脂斑塊相比其他斑塊,其最大可承受應(yīng)力較低,因此在術(shù)中易受破壞,易發(fā)生組織脫垂。而急性冠脈綜合征患者病變多為易損斑塊,如脂質(zhì)弓較大、纖維帽較薄、薄纖維帽粥樣斑塊,這也與多項(xiàng)研究觀(guān)察到ACS患者ITP發(fā)生率高有關(guān)[23-24]。而且CLI-OPCI Ⅱ研究[3]和HORIZONS-AMI研究[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),與臨床表現(xiàn)較穩(wěn)定的患者相比,ACS患者的ITP多為IP,且更易導(dǎo)致不良臨床事件。目前大多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為IP是早期支架內(nèi)血栓形成的OCT預(yù)測(cè)因子,并且與PCI后不良臨床事件相關(guān),因?yàn)镮P的發(fā)生與支架植入過(guò)程中脂質(zhì)核心的滲透和血管深部損傷有關(guān),它可能引起動(dòng)脈炎癥和血栓形成,引起新生內(nèi)膜的增生,從而增加早期支架內(nèi)血栓的形成和支架內(nèi)再狹窄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一項(xiàng)結(jié)合OCT和血管鏡對(duì)組織突出的研究[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),IP與血管鏡觀(guān)察到的高級(jí)別黃色斑塊相關(guān),黃色斑塊作為富含脂質(zhì)的一種特征表現(xiàn),其亮度越高提示斑塊存在較大的脂核和較薄的纖維帽,預(yù)示著斑塊破裂的危險(xiǎn)性高,血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。并且該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IP組的血栓發(fā)生率明顯高于其他脫垂組。為進(jìn)一步研究不同形態(tài)的ITP所導(dǎo)致的臨床結(jié)局,Soeda等[19]將ITP細(xì)分為三類(lèi),發(fā)現(xiàn)OCT檢測(cè)到的IP是1年器械導(dǎo)向臨床終點(diǎn)和目標(biāo)病變血運(yùn)重建術(shù)的有力預(yù)測(cè)因子。Bryniarski等[21]也發(fā)現(xiàn)合并IP的患者的MACE發(fā)生率增加150%。為進(jìn)一步量化IP情況,一項(xiàng)評(píng)估ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者IP體積與臨床事件之間關(guān)系的研究[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),最大IP角≥180°是ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并IP患者臨床事件的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,但I(xiàn)P角測(cè)量受測(cè)量者主觀(guān)影響較大,可能影響數(shù)據(jù)的真實(shí)性,并且減少I(mǎi)P體積是否可預(yù)防未來(lái)的心血管事件還需進(jìn)一步研究。此外支架類(lèi)型對(duì)于IP的臨床預(yù)后影響也不同。最新研究[28]表明,雖然第二代DES與第三代DES 在支架植入后的IP發(fā)生率相似,但使用第三代DES后觀(guān)察到新生內(nèi)膜多為均質(zhì)型,這可能對(duì)血管愈合有積極的影響。
臨床中對(duì)于支架內(nèi)ITP的處理策略,首先應(yīng)考慮降低ITP的發(fā)生率,尤其是IP的發(fā)生率。目前認(rèn)為高水平的血清低密度脂蛋白與薄纖維帽粥樣斑塊和富含脂質(zhì)斑塊的發(fā)生之間存在明顯的關(guān)聯(lián)。高水平的低密度脂蛋白會(huì)促進(jìn)斑塊內(nèi)脂質(zhì)聚集,加速斑塊形成,并且影響纖維帽的穩(wěn)定性[29],而血清低密度脂蛋白水平的降低顯示脂質(zhì)核心纖維帽的厚度增加并穩(wěn)定內(nèi)膜斑塊[30],因此在支架植入前更積極地降低低密度脂蛋白水平,可能會(huì)降低IP的發(fā)生率。此外在斑塊負(fù)荷和脂質(zhì)含量大的病變中使用長(zhǎng)支架也可降低IP的發(fā)生率[21]。選擇合適的支架尺寸和成像方式對(duì)于避免IP的發(fā)生也至關(guān)重要。OPINION研究[31-32]比較了IVUS和OCT引導(dǎo)的PCI,結(jié)果顯示OCT引導(dǎo)的PCI支架面積更小以及IP發(fā)生率更低。其次,若出現(xiàn)了ITP,首先評(píng)估ITP的嚴(yán)重程度,對(duì)于重度組織脫垂(即支架內(nèi)組織脫垂最大厚度gt;200 μm,組織脫垂面積與支架面積比≥10%且最小支架內(nèi)血流面積<近端或遠(yuǎn)端參考面積的90%)或影響血流的組織脫垂,《光學(xué)相干斷層成像技術(shù)在冠心病介入診療中應(yīng)用的中國(guó)專(zhuān)家共識(shí)》[33]建議進(jìn)一步使用1:1球囊低壓力、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間擴(kuò)張,必要時(shí)可考慮再次植入BMS或DES。
3 支架邊緣夾層
支架邊緣夾層(stent edge dissection,SED)是指在支架近端和遠(yuǎn)端5 mm內(nèi),血管腔表面連續(xù)性中斷,可觀(guān)察到內(nèi)膜撕裂片或內(nèi)膜下血腫。OCT將SED分為內(nèi)膜撕裂與血管被拉伸、內(nèi)膜分離兩種類(lèi)型[34]。夾層的嚴(yán)重程度按夾層的長(zhǎng)度和角度來(lái)劃分,分為重度(夾層角度≥60°且長(zhǎng)度≥3 mm)和輕度(夾層角度<60°或長(zhǎng)度<3 mm),同時(shí)也可通過(guò)衡量血管損傷的深度進(jìn)一步評(píng)估,分為以下三種類(lèi)型:(1)內(nèi)膜型,撕裂局限在斑塊或內(nèi)膜層;(2)中膜型,撕裂延伸到中膜層;(3)外膜型,撕裂延伸通過(guò)外彈力膜[35]。OCT檢測(cè)到的SED的比例為19.0%~39.1%[35-37]。其中遠(yuǎn)端邊緣的發(fā)生率幾乎是近端邊緣的2倍[35,38-39]。
有研究[35,40]表明發(fā)生SED的決定因素是支架植入到纖維鈣化或脂質(zhì)斑塊等明顯處。此外,管腔偏心是SED的另一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,對(duì)于有較大管腔偏心率的病變,在支架擴(kuò)張時(shí),血管壁受力不均易損傷內(nèi)膜形成夾層[38]。既往只有少數(shù)研究[3,35,41-42]報(bào)道了支架植入后OCT檢測(cè)到的SED與不良臨床預(yù)后相關(guān),但可能因?yàn)榛颊邤?shù)量較少,未能顯示這種顯著的相關(guān)性。目前已有相關(guān)研究表明SED與支架內(nèi)血栓形成的高發(fā)生率和MACE有關(guān),其中CLI-OPCI注冊(cè)研究[43]表明遠(yuǎn)端厚度>200 μm的夾層片被認(rèn)為是主要夾層,在長(zhǎng)期隨訪(fǎng)中與較差的臨床預(yù)后相關(guān),并且使MACE發(fā)生率升高2.5倍。最新公布的ILUMIEN Ⅳ研究[44]表明OCT指導(dǎo)PCI雖然實(shí)現(xiàn)了更好的支架植入即刻效果,降低了嚴(yán)重SED的發(fā)生率,但可能因?yàn)樾鹿谝咔榈脑?,該研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)OCT指導(dǎo)組與血管造影組2年內(nèi)靶血管重建失敗率的差異。
對(duì)SED的評(píng)估主要關(guān)注夾層深度、位置、長(zhǎng)度、角度、對(duì)血流的影響、剩余有效管腔面積等幾個(gè)指標(biāo)[45],一般來(lái)說(shuō),局限于內(nèi)膜、角度<45°且長(zhǎng)度<2 mm的夾層可不做處理[42]。而夾層累及中膜/外膜、殘余斑塊負(fù)荷明顯、位于支架遠(yuǎn)端、角度>60°或長(zhǎng)度>2 mm的夾層需要進(jìn)一步處理[15,40,42],包括植入新的支架以覆蓋夾層全長(zhǎng),或行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)。此外正確的支架著陸位置、支架尺寸及擴(kuò)張壓力可減少SED的發(fā)生。在選擇支架著陸位置時(shí),應(yīng)避開(kāi)進(jìn)行性動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊和管腔偏心率較大的病變。在確定支架長(zhǎng)度時(shí),應(yīng)考慮到支架可能在非計(jì)劃區(qū)域著陸的情況而選擇稍長(zhǎng)支架。對(duì)于最小支架面積較小的血管,建議行支架擴(kuò)張,以降低靶血管血運(yùn)重建和MACE的發(fā)生率,但積極的支架擴(kuò)張會(huì)增加發(fā)生SED的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),所以應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇擴(kuò)張位置及壓力。
4 總結(jié)與展望
支架術(shù)后即刻O(píng)CT結(jié)果是常見(jiàn)且具有重要意義的。通過(guò)使用OCT技術(shù)進(jìn)行支架術(shù)后即刻檢查,可提供關(guān)鍵信息,評(píng)估支架植入后的效果,能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)支架貼壁不良、ITP及SED等問(wèn)題,為術(shù)后優(yōu)化提供清晰的影像學(xué)支持,同時(shí)幫助術(shù)者預(yù)測(cè)PCI后臨床不良事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
ILUMIEN系列研究肯定了OCT在評(píng)估冠狀動(dòng)脈病變、指導(dǎo)介入治療、評(píng)價(jià)治療效果等方面具有重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,目前中國(guó)對(duì)于OCT指導(dǎo)的支架置入優(yōu)化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)支架膨脹率>80%,在非左主干病變中,最小支架內(nèi)面積>4.5 mm2;(2)無(wú)重度邊緣夾層,夾層局限于內(nèi)膜且無(wú)明顯血腫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn);(3)無(wú)嚴(yán)重貼壁不良(軸向距離<400 μm,長(zhǎng)度<1 mm);(4)無(wú)重度組織脫垂,且組織脫垂不影響血流;(5)支架邊緣不存在富含脂質(zhì)區(qū)域。相信隨著支架的迭代發(fā)展,相應(yīng)的OCT指導(dǎo)的支架置入優(yōu)化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也會(huì)與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。未來(lái)研究支架術(shù)后即刻O(píng)CT結(jié)果與支架失敗的直接關(guān)系,需要考慮支架類(lèi)型、納入更多的人群、更規(guī)范的操作和評(píng)估方法。相信將來(lái)隨著OCT技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)展及臨床數(shù)據(jù)的積累,OCT在冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療的應(yīng)用會(huì)越來(lái)越廣泛。
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收稿日期:2023-10-20