劉敏 朱勇
摘要:對于英語初學(xué)者來說,在學(xué)習(xí)到關(guān)系分句時往往會碰到一些很模糊的概念,尤其是如何恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂藐P(guān)系詞連接句子。本文即從如何甄別使用關(guān)系詞入手,幫助初學(xué)者從句法功能入手明確定語從句中關(guān)系詞的選用。
關(guān)鍵詞:定語從句;關(guān)系詞;選用
在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose和as,關(guān)系副詞有when, where和why。如何才能恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂煤眠@些關(guān)系詞?以下便從它們在使用過程中的一些難點入手,以便能更好地解釋它們在不同情況下的用法:
一、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在SVC結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語補足語或在there be(存在句)結(jié)構(gòu)中作“實義主語”時,通常用that指人或指物,而且通常可以省略。如:
Dr Fordham still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.
The 9:15 is the fastest train (that) there has ever been.
二、在限制性定語從句中,為了明確所指的對象,有時必須用who(m)指人,用which指物,但如果先行詞是個既指人又指物的并列名詞詞組,則最好選用that來引導(dǎo)關(guān)系分句。如:
There were some students at the party who(m) I must shun.
He talked brilliantly of the man and the books that interested him.
三、先行詞為all, anything, nothing或被all, any, only等詞修飾時,關(guān)系代詞多用that, 特別是關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時用that或省略,而用that作關(guān)系代詞多表示對先行詞的強調(diào)。如:
All that glitters is not gold.
Is this the only place that can be used to hold the meeting?
四、當(dāng)先行詞指人并帶有only, all, any等限定詞或最高級形容詞所修飾的先行詞是人時,那么關(guān)系代詞既可用that也可用who。如:
Bach was the greatest composer thats ( or whos ) ever lived.
I was the only person in my office who ( or that ) was invited.
但如果先行詞本身是指人的all或any, 關(guān)系代詞就只能用who而不用that。如:
All who wish to go picnicking please wait at the school gate at 8:00 tomorrow morning.
如果被the only或all, any以及最高級形容詞所修飾的先行詞是物時,定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般多用that。如:
The only thing that can be done has been done.
All that remains for me is to say goodbye.
在上述幾個例子中的that皆不宜換用which。
五、在非限制性定語從句中,which的先行詞可以是上文的整個分句,同時,which還能指前面句子的一部分。如:
He tried to stand on his hands for five minutes, which — as you know — is rather a difficult thing to do.
I have known men far more able than Bowles, but not half so interesting, which is quite a different thing.
在此類句型中,as也可作為關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,但它們在使用過程中是有區(qū)別的,它們的區(qū)別有以下幾個方面:
(一) as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句與主句之間有著較為密切的上下文關(guān)系,as本身有“正如……那樣”的含義,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句與主句之間在邏輯意義上近似于并列關(guān)系,which本身表示“這”或“這一點”之意。除此而外,as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句習(xí)慣上常與表示感知的動詞或形容詞連用,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句則無此慣例。如:
The elephant is like a snake, as everybody can see. 如同任何人都可以看得出來那樣,這頭象像條蛇。
The elephant is like a snake, which everybody can see. 任何人都可以看得出來,這頭象像條蛇。
(二) as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的位置比較靈活,它可以在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,還可以插在主句的中間,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能跟在主句之后。 如:
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
(三) which除了指代主句整個概念之外,還可以指代單個先行詞,而as只能指代主句整個概念,不能指代單個先行詞。如:
He lives in Zhongshan Road, which is only twenty-minute walk from here.
(四) 如果從句里的內(nèi)容對主句起消極作用,則只能用which引導(dǎo),而不可用as。如:
The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful.
She married again, which was unexpected.
(五) as在引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時要和the same或such連用,而此種情況下卻不能用which。如:
Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.
This is not such a book as I expected.
以上兩個例子中的as都不可改用which。
六、在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞主要是which(指物)和whom(指人),有時也可能是關(guān)系限定詞whose, 而且在此類句子中介詞和關(guān)系代詞都不能省略。如:
The earth on which we live is a big round ball.
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.
此外,還有幾點要向?qū)W習(xí)者們介紹,在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,有以下幾個原則是值得大家注意的:
(一) 該介詞是定語從句中短語動詞的固定搭配。如:
The worker for whom you are waiting has gone to factory.
要注意的是,有些短語動詞中的介詞是不能和動詞分開的。如:
The patient whom the nurse takes care of is his brother.
此句中的介詞of 就不能和動詞take care分開,不能說成:
The patient of whom the nurse takes care is his brother.
另外,在口語中一般把介詞放在從句末尾,特別是屬于同一個意群的短語動詞和形容詞更不宜分開,此時可用that作賓語,而且that??梢允÷浴H纾?/p>
Have you met the person ( that ) he was referring to?
(二) 該介詞是先行詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配或要表達的某個意思。如:
Ill never forget the day on which I joined the party.( on which = when)
(三) 該介詞要根據(jù)句子所表達的意思選用。如:
This is the train in which my uncle works.( in which = where )
除了以上介紹的幾點需注意外,“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)還有三種常見形式:
(四) 介詞of表示“整體中的一部分”或“所有關(guān)系”,這種非限制性定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)通常為“名詞(或代詞)+ of + 關(guān)系代詞which(或whom)”,此時的介詞不能放在從句末尾,在此結(jié)構(gòu)中可用關(guān)系代詞whose代替。如:
They had a son and two daughters, all of whom taught at the same school.
In the garden there are a lot of flowers, the colors of which ( =whose colors或of which the colors ) are bright and nice.
(五) 代詞(數(shù)詞或含有數(shù)詞意義的名詞或形容詞的最高級)+ of which(指物)或+ of whom(指人)+ 謂語。如:
He has two children, both of whom are doctors.
There are many rivers in China, the longest of which is the Changjiang River.
(六) 有時“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which(或whom)”引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以簡化成一個不定式短語。如:
The farmer uses wood to build a house in which he stores grains.
= The farmer uses wood to build a house to store grains.
另外,“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which”在一定情況下可以代替關(guān)系副詞when或where,這時介詞的選用應(yīng)根據(jù)先行詞的正確搭配而定。如:
I still remember the night on which she left the house alone. (此句中的on which可用when替換)
This is the theatre in which well visit a well-known pianist. (此句中的in which可用where替換)
除了以上介紹的“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的幾種常見形式外,與關(guān)系代詞搭配的介詞還可以是復(fù)雜介詞。如:
I will now introduce the candidate in support of whom I wish to speak.
總而言之,在定語從句中,如何才能使用好關(guān)系詞是需要不斷地從實際問題中去探索的,本文只是針對目前出現(xiàn)的一些常見的問題入手,希望能讓對此部分問題仍有疑問的學(xué)習(xí)者有所借鑒。
參考文獻
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[4] 章振邦,《新編英語語法教程》[M],上海外語教育出版社,2000;
[5] 李洪濤,《中學(xué)生英語語法大全》[M],中國致公出版社,2003。
作者簡介:
劉敏(1976- ),女,漢族,重慶市巴南區(qū)人,大學(xué)本科學(xué)歷,講師,主要從事英語課教學(xué)和研究工作。
朱勇(1981- ),男,漢族,云南省曲靖市,大學(xué)本科學(xué)歷,助教,主要從事英語課教學(xué)和研究工作。