貴州省遵義市道真中學英語組 石祿瓊
在新教材高一英語中 BOOK4中的 UNIT1中講到了主謂一致,這不僅是是高中英語語法中的難點也是重點,筆者結合自身多年的實踐教學經驗,并根據這一語法要點和滿足學生的需求,通過本文的分析,以期提高學生對這語法的掌握。為了能夠給實踐教學提供充足的理論支持,在文章構思前,對主謂一致用法進行了專項研究,同時還查閱了大量的文獻資料,也針對該語法在高考中的出現(xiàn)的比例和以如何形式出現(xiàn)在考題中,把自己在教學中所得的體會和總結都概括在我以下的觀點中。
語法一致、語義一致與鄰近一致是英語主謂一致中應當遵循在三大基本原則。下文分別對此三大原則進行分析:
1.1 所謂語法一致原則,就是指謂語動詞的單、復數運用形式要依主語而定,即與主語的單產、復數形式保持一致,也就是說,如果主語是單數,那么謂語也應該用單數形式;如果主語是復數,則謂語動詞亦然。不定代詞 (nobody,anybody,everything,anything等)作主語謂語用單數,例如:
①My mother is cooking in the kitchen.
②To study English is no very hard.
③What she said is very significant for us.
④Nobody is here.
▼注意:動詞不定式作主語謂語用單數,動名詞作主語謂語用單數,但是倆個并列的動名詞作主語謂語可要用復數。由What引導的從句作主語時,謂語用單數,但是如果它的表語是復數,那么謂語則應該用復數形式,此外,當從句是一個帶有復數意義的并列結構時英語的謂語也應當用復數形式。例如:
①What I need is money.
②What I want to buy are books.
③What I wear and use arehere with me.
④Seeing is believing.(眼見為實)
⑤Reading books and playing table tennis aremy pleasures.
1.2 如果是由連接詞 and或both...and連接起來的合成主語,那么在主語的后面,其謂語動詞應當用復數形式。此處,應當注意以下兩個問題:
1.2.1 如果and所連接的兩個主語是同一個人或物時,其后面所跟的謂語動詞應當用單數的形式。例如:The artist and writer is going to the library.
1.2.2 如果由and連接的并列單數主語前面,有no,each,every,more than a(an),many a(an)(許多)等詞修飾時,那么它們后面的謂語應當用單數形式。例如:
Every doctor and every nurse was in the hospital.
No man and no woman likes this cat.
1.2.3 當主語為單數名詞或代詞時,若其后面跟著由以下連接詞引起的短語,則謂語動詞仍用單數形式;若主語為復數,則用復數形式。這些連接詞包括:為單數名詞或代詞,盡管后面跟有 with,together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than,no less than,besides,including等。 例如:
① Mr.Tom,together with his wife and three children,has come to China for a long time.
②Nobody but Tome and Jack is going to China.
③He,like you and Lily,is very beautiful.
1.2.4 當that,who,which等作主語時,在其引起的定語從句中,謂語的單、復數形式應當與先行詞保持一致。
1.2.5 如果集體名詞出現(xiàn),則視其具體指代而確定謂語的單、復數形式。當集體名詞指代整個整體,則謂語為單數形式;若其指定的是集體中的成員,即多個對象,那么其為主則應當用復數形式。集體名詞比較多,常見的有:family,class等。例如:
①Class Five is on the five floor.
②Class Four are play on the palyground.
此處需要注意,有一些集體名詞都用作復數形式,如 people,police,cattle,sheep 等。
1.2.6 由 “a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of,the majority of+名詞”構成的短語以及由“分數或百分數+名詞”構成的短語作主語,其謂語動詞的單、復數形式根據后行名詞的單、復數形式而定。例如:
There are a lot of books in the library.
The rest of the lecture is very wonderful.
Only 30%of the students in Class 5 are girls.
此處需要注意a number of與 the number of的區(qū)別,前者表示“許多”,謂語用復數形式;后者則指示“數量”,謂語應該用單數形式。 A large quantity of,quantities of,a large amount of,amounts of后接名詞作主語,謂語動詞的書與quantity和amount保持一致。
例如:Large quantities of land are wasted in the area.
A large quantity of money was gone in the compa-ny today.
所謂語義一致,是指不依語法形式而側重于實際意義來處理主謂關系,根據主語所表達的實際意義處理主謂關系。這種原則有幾個方面來處理和掌握。
2.1 一些以 -s結尾的學科名(如 maths,physics,politics)、書名、報名(如 Washington Times)、國名(the United States)等等。
例如:The United States is a developed country.
I don’t think physics is very hard for us to study.
2.2 trousers, glasses, clothes,shoes等詞作主語時,謂語用復數形式,但同樣是這些名字,若前面有a(the)pair of等量詞修飾時,則其為謂語動詞應當用單數形式。例如:
My glasses are on the desk.
The pair of trousers in on the bed.
2.3 “定冠詞 the+形容詞或分詞”,表示某一類人時,動詞用復數。
例如:The injured were well looked after by the doctors and nurses.
2.4 表示“時間、重量、長度、價值”等的名詞的復數作主語時,將其視為一個整體,謂語動詞通常用單數形式。例如:
Thirty minutes is not enough for the writing.
Twenty years is a long time.
2.5 表數量的短語“one and a half”后接復數名詞作主語時,其謂語動詞可用單數形式 (也可用復數。例如:
One and a half apples is taken by Lily.
或者:One and a half apples are taken by Lily.
2.6 算式中表示數目字)的主語通常視為單數,其謂語動詞亦相應地用單數形式。例如:
Three plus eight is eleven.
Sixty-six divided by nine is seven.
就近原則指的是謂語動詞的人稱和數與它最近的名詞和代詞保持一致。有下列英語連詞:either...or,neither...nor,whether...or, not only...but also,there be,not...but.例如:
Either Tom or his parents are our friends.
Neither they nor he is not wrong.
There is a book on the desk.
以上是筆者教學十多年來對該語法的總結和概括,它的命題點和高考中的考點都在講解中有所突破和知道側重點,這樣對我們教師的要求很高,而且對我們也是一種挑戰(zhàn)。希望對各位有所幫助,如有好的建議和見解,我們可相互學習。
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