李恒 黃子通
胸外按壓(chest compression, CC)是醫(yī)院內(nèi)外心搏驟?;颊邞?yīng)該獲得的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)最基本急救措施。提高院外心搏驟?;颊邠尵瘸晒β赎P(guān)鍵在于盡早進(jìn)行心肺復(fù)蘇(Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR)。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的正確性毋庸置疑。但是,隨著對(duì)心肺復(fù)蘇方法學(xué)的不斷深入研究,越來越多的證據(jù)表明,心搏驟停的圍除顫期,為保證除顫成功乃至恢復(fù)自主循環(huán),不僅需要及時(shí)的胸外按壓,而且更需要有效的胸外按壓[1],也即所謂的“Good CPR”或“High-quality CPR”。如何進(jìn)行高質(zhì)量的胸外按壓仍然是復(fù)蘇領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn)和各家爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn),因此,現(xiàn)對(duì)CPR過程中胸外按壓質(zhì)量對(duì)復(fù)蘇效果的影響做一綜述。
1 按壓深度
1983年Babbs[2]對(duì)誘發(fā)室顫犬胸外按壓深度對(duì)心輸出量和平均動(dòng)脈壓的影響進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心輸出量、平均動(dòng)脈壓與按壓深度在2.3~ 6.0 cm的范圍內(nèi)呈線性相關(guān)。2006年Elderson等[1]通過一項(xiàng)多中心的研究對(duì)CPR質(zhì)量和CPR中斷時(shí)間對(duì)除顫效果影響進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),研究納入60位初始心律為室顫的心搏驟停患者,先給予3 min CPR之后再行電除顫,研究結(jié)果顯示,按壓深度超過5 cm的5位患者全部除顫成功,而按壓深度在4~5 cm之間的17位患者中有15人(88%)除顫成功,除顫成功率均明顯高于按壓深度不足4 cm人群(50%~60%)。該研究指出,每增加5 mm按壓深度,至少可使首次電除顫成功率提高2倍。Johansen等[3]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過實(shí)時(shí)CPR反饋系統(tǒng)可以糾正大約30%的按壓深度不足,同時(shí)伴隨著按壓深度的增加,心搏驟?;颊叩娜朐荷媛视?0%提高到約30%,因此他認(rèn)為CPR中按壓深度的增加可以提高心臟停搏患者的短期生存率,但卻并不改善出院生存率。
然而多個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),臨床醫(yī)務(wù)人員的CPR按壓深度往往達(dá)不到指南標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Wik[4]研究小組對(duì)阿克什胡斯、倫敦、斯德哥爾摩三大城市總計(jì)176名心搏驟?;颊叩男姆螐?fù)蘇質(zhì)量評(píng)估發(fā)現(xiàn),只有28%的患者獲得高質(zhì)量的CPR。即使是使用了CPR實(shí)時(shí)反饋系統(tǒng),依然有41%的患者得不到足夠深度的胸外按壓[3]。這可能是希望避免胸骨、胸壁和胸內(nèi)臟器損傷而表現(xiàn)出的按壓不充分的自然傾向。Mirza等[5]的研究結(jié)果顯示,操作者在嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行“Push down firmly 2 inches (5 cm)”的指令下出現(xiàn)實(shí)際胸廓下降深度變淺的情況,與“Push as hard as you can”相比,實(shí)際按壓深度減少了約6.7mm(29.7 mm vs. 36.4 mm, P<0.001)。
2 按壓速率
研究已經(jīng)證實(shí),當(dāng)按壓頻率增加到60次/min以上時(shí),心輸出量會(huì)隨之增加,當(dāng)頻率增加到100~120次/min時(shí),心輸出量達(dá)到平臺(tái)期[6]。Kern等[7]對(duì)23位心搏驟?;颊叻謩e采取80次/min和120次/min的按壓頻率時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),后者能夠顯著提高CPR過程中的呼氣末CO2水平,而呼氣末CO2與復(fù)蘇成功率顯著正相關(guān)。Abella[8]對(duì)97位院內(nèi)心搏驟?;颊咝赝獍磯侯l率觀察發(fā)現(xiàn):有58.6%的患者獲得的胸外按壓頻率不足80次/min,而且只有按壓頻率平均達(dá)到90次/min,患者初始復(fù)蘇的成功率才開始出現(xiàn)顯著提高(75%)。實(shí)際上,盡可能快速的按壓頻率已經(jīng)被Christenson等[9]認(rèn)為是心搏驟?;颊吣軌颢@得ROSC以及神經(jīng)功能完好出院的一個(gè)重要因素。
2010年復(fù)蘇指南推薦胸外按壓頻率至少為100次/min。但有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[8],進(jìn)一步增加按壓頻率反而會(huì)降低ROSC成功率,這可能與胸廓放松時(shí)間受限而導(dǎo)致心肌血流灌注降低有關(guān)[10]。Field[11]在模擬人(LaerdalR Resusci-AnneTM)上進(jìn)行的研究結(jié)果顯示:即使是接受過專業(yè)訓(xùn)練的急救人員,進(jìn)行>140次/min的2 min胸外按壓也會(huì)導(dǎo)致按壓深度變淺以及體能消耗、疲勞時(shí)間提前出現(xiàn)的情況。
3 按壓中斷
毫無疑問,只有胸外按壓能夠在無心跳狀態(tài)下維持心臟和大腦等重要臟器的基本血流,因此中斷按壓非常不利于器官的循環(huán)灌注。通過觀察比較室顫家豬CPR過程中冠脈灌注壓和心肌血流量的變化,Berg等[12]認(rèn)為,即使在2次呼氣后立即恢復(fù)胸外按壓,冠脈灌注壓也不能立即恢復(fù)至呼氣前水平[(14±1)mm Hg vs. (21±2)mm Hg,P<0.01]同一研究小組又進(jìn)一步分別比較了持續(xù)性胸外按壓和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CPR對(duì)室顫家豬短期生存率的影響[13],他們以24 h神經(jīng)功能正常的生存率作為評(píng)判指標(biāo),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)持續(xù)胸外按壓組要顯著高于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)復(fù)蘇組(70% vs. 42%,P=0.025)。Wang等[14]也認(rèn)為,持續(xù)胸外按壓要比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CPR在維持室顫家豬相對(duì)好的冠脈灌注壓、動(dòng)脈氧分壓以及全肺通氣/血流比值上有優(yōu)勢(shì)以及可操作性。
臨床CPR過程中造成按壓中斷的原因很多[15]。Abella 發(fā)現(xiàn)[8]AED分析心律時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)是導(dǎo)致首次除顫失敗的原因之一,復(fù)蘇失敗組在首次除顫前會(huì)有約16s的“無按壓時(shí)間”,要比除顫成功組時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)1倍。此外,檢查脈搏、判斷患者是否ROSC也是增加“無按壓時(shí)間”的原因[16-17]。通過優(yōu)化CPR流程最大化地減少按壓中斷時(shí)間獲得的復(fù)蘇益處是顯而易見的。Edelson[18]證實(shí)在AED分析心律的過程中繼續(xù)胸外按壓可以將“總無按壓時(shí)間”縮短到10.3 s,在不增加錯(cuò)誤除顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的前提下獲得了較高的復(fù)蘇成功率。Sell等[19]研究結(jié)果顯示:如果將“無按壓時(shí)間”在除顫前后分別控制在3~6 s以內(nèi),那么患者除顫成功率會(huì)獲得顯著提高。進(jìn)一步Cheskes[20]對(duì)815名院外室顫/無脈性室速患者資料分析后認(rèn)為:圍除顫期的按壓中斷時(shí)間是預(yù)測(cè)心搏驟?;颊吣芊翊婊畛鲈旱囊粋€(gè)重要指標(biāo)。
為避免通氣對(duì)按壓的影響,減少按壓中斷,美國(guó)亞利桑那州的學(xué)者一直推薦采取單純按壓CPR(hand-only CPR)。已經(jīng)證實(shí),這種按壓方法可以改善實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和生存率[13,14,21]。包括SOS-KANTO在內(nèi)的大規(guī)模臨床研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)院外目擊的心搏驟停成人患者,單純按壓可能比傳統(tǒng)CPR能更好地保存神經(jīng)功能[22]。然而,日本學(xué)者Kitamura卻持不同的觀點(diǎn)[23-24],他通過對(duì)55 024名被目擊的心搏驟?;颊叩难芯堪l(fā)現(xiàn),只有在目擊時(shí)間不足15 min的心搏驟停采用持續(xù)單純胸外按壓才能觀察到相對(duì)較高的生存率和神經(jīng)功能狀態(tài)。另一學(xué)者Nishiyama[25]也認(rèn)為,單純胸外按壓會(huì)加速操作者疲勞,從而導(dǎo)致按壓深度不足。
4 胸廓不完全放松
“胸泵學(xué)說”認(rèn)為:按壓后的胸廓擴(kuò)張可以產(chǎn)生相對(duì)于大氣壓的負(fù)壓,同時(shí)促進(jìn)靜脈回流以及為按壓期的血流前向運(yùn)動(dòng)儲(chǔ)備足夠血液。業(yè)已證明,胸腔內(nèi)的負(fù)壓增大與心輸出量和前向血流增加密切相關(guān)[26]。Yannopoulos[27]和Yannopoulos[28]和Zuercher[29]通過動(dòng)物研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胸廓的不完全放松后繼發(fā)的胸內(nèi)壓增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致右房壓和顱內(nèi)壓增高,從而降低了冠脈灌注壓和腦灌注壓。實(shí)際上,院內(nèi)外心搏驟?;颊逤PR過程中胸廓得不到完全放松的情況普遍存在[30-31],F(xiàn)ried[32]分析了108名心搏驟?;颊叩?12 569次胸外按壓資料后亦得出類似結(jié)論,不論如何,這都可能在一定程度上削弱了按壓深度和頻率帶來的復(fù)蘇益處。
復(fù)蘇相關(guān)輔助器械可以帶來比僅被動(dòng)擴(kuò)張胸廓相對(duì)更高的胸腔負(fù)壓。主動(dòng)按壓-放松復(fù)蘇術(shù)(active compression-decompression CPR, ACD-CPR)是操作者在按壓放松期通過主動(dòng)提起患者胸廓進(jìn)一步降低胸腔內(nèi)負(fù)壓,由此促進(jìn)靜脈回流。Chang[33]已經(jīng)證實(shí),采取ACD-CPR的室顫犬左心室肌、大腦和腎血流量要較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CPR組明顯增高,而改善的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)可能預(yù)示良好的短期復(fù)蘇效果和神經(jīng)功能[34-35]。最近一項(xiàng)發(fā)表在Lancet的大規(guī)模多中心研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACD-CPR可能會(huì)比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CPR 更能改善心搏驟停患者的長(zhǎng)期生存預(yù)后[36]。但是也有不少研究者對(duì)此持懷疑態(tài)度,他們認(rèn)為ACD-CPR在提高患者ROSC和遠(yuǎn)期生存率方面,并不比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CPR更有優(yōu)勢(shì)[37-38]。
在ACD-CPR基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展出來的吸氣阻力閥(impedance threshold device, ITD)和胸腔壓力調(diào)節(jié)器(intrathoracic pressure regulator, ITPR)同樣已被證實(shí)能夠在增加和穩(wěn)定胸腔負(fù)壓基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步改善室顫時(shí)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和短期生存率[39-40],但是臨床應(yīng)用的價(jià)值仍有待大樣本研究印證。
5 操作者疲勞
CPR過程中前向血流的形成完全有賴于操作者按壓時(shí)提供的運(yùn)動(dòng)能,因此操作者疲勞后出現(xiàn)的技術(shù)動(dòng)作變形將對(duì)整個(gè)復(fù)蘇過程產(chǎn)生不利影響。Ochoa觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)[41],在復(fù)蘇的第1分鐘就開始出現(xiàn)按壓質(zhì)量下降:按壓深度變淺、頻率降低、胸廓放松不足,而且操作者本人往往不會(huì)意識(shí)到這些變化,從而高估了實(shí)際CPR質(zhì)量。Sugerman等[42]對(duì)院內(nèi)復(fù)蘇資料研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在CPR開始后約90 s出現(xiàn)按壓深度變淺,提示出現(xiàn)操作者疲勞。因此2010年復(fù)蘇指南建議雙人CPR在2 min進(jìn)行換位操作以避免體能下降。
單人CPR過程中如何延緩疲勞保證復(fù)蘇質(zhì)量始終是CPR研究和應(yīng)用的一個(gè)難題。Trowbridge等[43]對(duì)女性操作CPR的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然按壓深度、按壓力度隨時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)不可避免的出現(xiàn)衰減,但采取單純按壓CPR比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CPR的衰減趨勢(shì)更明顯,尤其對(duì)于年老女性而言。按壓器械的使用(如LUCAS等)可能是避免操作者疲勞、保證按壓質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要手段。應(yīng)用LUCAS后的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)效果要優(yōu)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CPR組[44],但在短期復(fù)蘇效果和長(zhǎng)期生存率方面存在不小爭(zhēng)議[37,44]。
6 總結(jié)
2010年心肺復(fù)蘇指南的公布進(jìn)一步地推動(dòng)了高質(zhì)量CPR基礎(chǔ)和臨床應(yīng)用研究。在按壓深度上,基本已經(jīng)確定至少5cm的國(guó)際共識(shí)(Class IIa, LOE B)。雖然在100~ 120次/min的按壓頻率獲得有益的按壓效果以及合理的體能消耗(Class IIa, LOE B),但是對(duì)高頻率下的徒手按壓以及器械按壓對(duì)復(fù)蘇效果的影響仍有待研究。胸廓的不完全回彈無疑會(huì)削弱器官血流灌注(Class IIa, LOE B),但ACD-CPR聯(lián)合ITD/ITPR在改善血流參數(shù)同時(shí)是否提高近遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)蘇預(yù)后,仍需要大樣本的研究證實(shí)。采用新型復(fù)蘇裝置可能是未來CPR質(zhì)量研究的熱點(diǎn),其有效性仍需謹(jǐn)慎評(píng)價(jià)。
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(收稿日期:2012-01-28)
(本文編輯:何小軍)
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2012.08.033
作者單位:510120 廣州,中山大學(xué)孫逸仙紀(jì)念醫(yī)院急診科
中華急診醫(yī)學(xué)雜志2012年8月第21卷第8期Chin J Emerg Med,August 2012,Vol.21,No.8
P923-926