孫娜,李揮,孫漢文
(1.河北大學(xué)化學(xué)與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,河北省分析科學(xué)技術(shù)重點實驗室,河北保定 071002;2.河北省食品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗研究院,河北石家莊 050091)
超高效液相色譜測定肉制品中的羅丹明B、孔雀石綠和結(jié)晶紫及其代謝物殘留
孫娜1,李揮2,孫漢文1
(1.河北大學(xué)化學(xué)與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,河北省分析科學(xué)技術(shù)重點實驗室,河北保定 071002;2.河北省食品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗研究院,河北石家莊 050091)
提出了一種以超高效液相色譜同時檢測肉制品中5種違禁合成色素的新方法.以甲醇-水(V(甲醇)∶V(水)=95∶5)作為提取劑,樣品在80℃經(jīng)微波輔助萃取5min,繼以C18固相萃取柱凈化,使用ACQUITY BEH C18分析柱,以乙腈-20mmol/L乙酸銨緩沖溶液(V(乙腈)∶V(乙酸銨)=80∶20,pH=5)作流動相,實現(xiàn)了5種色素的有效分離.在0.1~5.0μg/mL內(nèi),校準曲線呈良好的線性,相關(guān)系數(shù)r為0.994 5~0.999 5.該方法測定肉制品中羅丹明B、孔雀石綠、結(jié)晶紫、隱性孔雀石綠和隱性結(jié)晶紫的定量限分別為4.23,1.83,1.61,1.96,1.95μg/kg.對加標50μg/kg的牛肉香腸日內(nèi)測定6次,5種分析物的精密度(以RSD表示)優(yōu)于9.2%.在25μg/kg和75μg/kg添加水平,平均回收率為78.01%~109.2%,相對標準偏差小于10%.實驗結(jié)果表明:該方法具有快速、靈敏和準確等優(yōu)點,可用于肉制品中5種違禁色素的常規(guī)分析.
違禁色素;肉制品;微波輔助提??;固相萃?。怀咝б合嗌V
食用色素可以改善食品的色澤,增加人們的食欲,曾一度有100余種色素在食品生產(chǎn)加工領(lǐng)域使用.隨著對色素安全性評估的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)許多色素在生物體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化為有害的衍生物,許多合成色素已被禁止作為食品色素[1].我國《食品添加劑衛(wèi)生標準》規(guī)定:魚、蝦、蟹等水產(chǎn)制品中杜絕添加任何合成色素[2].因此,必須加強動物性食品中色素的監(jiān)管.
目前,色譜法常用來檢測食品中的色素[3].高效液相色譜熒光檢測法已作為測定水產(chǎn)品中孔雀石綠和結(jié)晶紫殘留量的標準方法(GB/T 20361-2006),其定量限為2μg/kg.最近,高效色譜法已用于養(yǎng)殖水產(chǎn)品中的羅丹明B和羅丹明6G[4-5]、孔雀石綠和隱形孔雀石綠[6],蝦肉中孔雀石綠和結(jié)晶紫殘留[7],水產(chǎn)品中的孔雀石綠、結(jié)晶紫及其代謝物[8],調(diào)味品中羅丹明B[9].高效色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用法已用于魚中的孔雀石綠[10]、水產(chǎn)品中的孔雀石綠和隱形孔雀石綠[11-12]、魚中孔雀石綠和結(jié)晶紫[13-14]和水產(chǎn)品中孔雀石綠、隱形孔雀石綠、結(jié)晶紫和隱形結(jié)晶紫[15-17].雖然高效色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用法具有高的靈敏度,但是儀器昂貴,運行成本高而難于在一般實驗室普及.樣品處理關(guān)系到方法的特效性和檢測靈敏度.固相萃?。?,8-10]、濁點萃?。?]、加速溶劑萃?。?6,1]已用于食品中色素的提取.本工作旨在將微波輔助提取和固相萃取凈化相結(jié)合繼以超快速高效液相色譜分離分析,首次實現(xiàn)同時檢測肉制品中羅丹明B、孔雀石綠、隱性孔雀石綠、結(jié)晶紫和隱性結(jié)晶紫等5種違禁食品色素.
1.1 儀器與試劑
超高效液相色譜:ACQUITY超高效液相色譜儀(Waters公司);Explorer sp 48全自動微波合成儀(美國培安公司);SPE-30四通道全自動固相萃取儀(中國 天津博納艾杰爾科技有限公司),C18固相萃取柱(500mg,6mL,美國Waters公司).標準品孔雀石綠(質(zhì)量分數(shù)98.0%)、隱性孔雀石綠(質(zhì)量分數(shù)97.0%)、結(jié)晶紫(質(zhì)量分數(shù)80%)、隱性結(jié)晶紫(質(zhì)量分數(shù)99%)、羅丹明B(質(zhì)量分數(shù)99.0%)均購自Sigma公司.乙腈、甲醇、冰乙酸為色譜純,實驗用水均為超純水,其他試劑為分析純.
標準儲備液:分別準確稱取適量各色素的標準品,均用甲醇配成1.0mg/mL的標準儲備溶液,置于冰箱中冷藏保存.用超純水稀釋標準儲備溶液配制混合標準工作液.
1.2 樣品前處理
購自當(dāng)?shù)爻械臉悠酚梅鬯闄C粉碎均勻后,置于冰箱(-20℃)中冷藏備用.準確稱取約10g(精確至0.05mg)樣品,加入15mL甲醇-水溶液(V(甲醇)∶V(水)=95∶5),混勻后,在壓力0.63MPa、功率50W、溫度80℃的條件下進行微波輔助萃取5min.冷卻至室溫,然后在15 000r/min和4℃條件下離心3min,上清液以預(yù)先經(jīng)過6mL甲醇和6mL水活化的C18固相萃取柱凈化.以4mL甲醇-乙酸(V(甲醇)∶V(水)=95∶5)洗脫,其流速為1mL/min.抽干柱中殘留的液體,收集全部的流出液和洗脫液,在50℃下氮氣吹干,用0.5mL的甲醇溶解殘渣,經(jīng)0.22μm濾膜過濾后,濾液上機測定.
1.3 色譜條件
色譜柱:ACQUITY BEH C18(2.1mm×50mm,1.7μm);流動相:乙腈-20mmol/L乙酸銨緩沖溶液(V(乙腈)∶V(乙酸銨)=80∶20,pH 5),流速0.3mL/min;柱溫30℃;進樣2μL.在254nm波長處檢測羅丹明B,隱性孔雀石綠和隱性結(jié)晶紫,在600nm波長處檢測孔雀石綠和結(jié)晶紫.
2.1 微波輔助萃取條件的優(yōu)化
2.1.1 溶劑的選擇
溶劑的選擇首先應(yīng)考慮目標分析物的溶解度、溶劑與基質(zhì)之間作用能力以及溶劑對微波的吸收特性.孔雀石綠、隱性孔雀石綠、結(jié)晶紫、隱性結(jié)晶紫和羅丹明B是弱極性和極性化合物,在甲醇中的溶解度高于乙腈,甲醇的極性高于乙腈,因此選擇甲醇作微波萃取溶劑為宜.本實驗進一步考察不同比例的甲醇-水溶液對萃取效率的影響,結(jié)果如圖1所示.與單純使用甲醇相比,以甲醇-水溶液(V(甲醇)∶V(水)=95∶5)為萃取溶劑,羅丹明B、孔雀石綠和隱性結(jié)晶紫的回收率有所提高,而隱性孔雀石綠和結(jié)晶紫的回收率有所降低.但是,隨著水量的增加,5種分析物的回收率反而明顯降低.本實驗選用甲醇-水作為萃取溶劑,5種分析物可獲得84%~105%的回收率.
2.1.2 提取溫度與時間的選擇
準確稱取3份平行加標樣品,每種分析物的加標質(zhì)量分數(shù)為1.5mg/kg,分別在60,80,100℃下以甲醇-水(V(甲醇)∶V(水)=95∶5)萃取5min,結(jié)果表明:從60℃到80℃時,5種色素回收率可提高到85%以上.但是在100℃萃取,其回收率與80℃時的回收率基本一致.因此,萃取溫度選為80℃.在萃取溫度80℃的條件下,進一步考察了萃取時間對回收率的影響.圖2表明:萃取時間從1min到5min,回收率逐漸提高,但是萃取7min和5min,回收率基本一致,為95%~107%,因此,萃取5min為宜.
圖2 萃取時間對5種色素回收率的影響Fig.2 Effect of extraction time on the recoveries of five colorants
圖1 不同溶劑對5種色素回收率的影響Fig.1 Effect of different solvents on recovery of five colorants
2.2 固相萃取凈化條件的優(yōu)化
比較了3種常用固相萃取柱凈化色素萃取液的效果.以甲醇-乙酸作洗脫劑,其回收率列于表1中.MCX載體是陽離子交換反相吸附劑,HLB載體具有親脂和親水特性,其回收率分別為0~20.1%和19.8%~112%.C18固相萃取柱對色素具有高的回收率,因此選用C18固相萃取柱.進一步比較了以甲醇、甲醇-水(V(甲醇)∶V(水)=95∶5)、甲醇-乙酸(V(甲醇)∶V(乙酸)=95∶5)和甲醇-氨水(體積分數(shù)1%)對目標分析物的洗脫效果,結(jié)果如圖3所示.選用甲醇-氨水(體積分數(shù)1%)作洗脫劑,5種分析物的回收率在92%~109%內(nèi).通過考察洗脫劑體積(2,3,4,5mL)對回收率的影響,結(jié)果表明其用量以4mL為佳.
表1 使用不同固相萃取柱時5種色素的回收率Tab.1 Recoveries of 5colorants using different solid-phase extraction columns
圖3 不同淋洗劑對5種色素回收率的影響Fig.3 Recovery of five colorants using different eluents
2.3 色譜分離檢測條件的選擇
使用C18作固定相,流動相中需加入一種電解質(zhì)以實現(xiàn)反相色譜分離離子化的色素.本工作以乙腈作流動相,考察了乙酸銨的濃度(0.2,2,20,30mmol/L)對分離效果的影響.結(jié)果表明:隨著緩沖鹽濃度的增大,峰形越尖銳,峰寬越窄.但是,如果鹽的濃度太高則易導(dǎo)致堵塞色譜柱.以乙腈-20mmol/L乙酸銨(V(乙腈)∶V(乙酸氨)=80∶20)作流動相為宜.進一步考察了流動相pH(4,5,6,7)對色譜峰的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)在pH=5時,峰形良好,無拖尾現(xiàn)象,可在12min內(nèi)完成,實現(xiàn)了5種分析物的有效分離.
在200~800nm進行全波掃描,考察了5種色素的最大吸收波長.羅丹明、隱性孔雀石綠和隱性結(jié)晶紫在254nm波長處吸收較強,而孔雀石綠和結(jié)晶紫在600nm波長處吸收較強.色譜圖如圖4所示.
圖4 萃取時間對5種色素的回收率的影響Fig.4 Effect of extraction time on the recoveries of five colorants
2.4 方法的線性、檢出限和精密度
用水稀釋,配制不同質(zhì)量濃度的混合標準溶液,每種色素的質(zhì)量濃度為0.1,0.5,1,5,10μg/mL.以混合標準溶液的質(zhì)量濃度為橫坐標、色譜峰面積為縱坐標,繪制標準曲線,其線性方程列于表2中.
表2 線性方程、檢出限(LOD)及定量限(LOQ)Tab.2 Linear equations,limits of detection(LOD)and limits of quantification(LOQ)
依據(jù)色譜峰信噪比S/N=3計算檢出限,S/N=10計算定量限(見表2).5種分析物的儀器檢出限為9.6~25.4μg/L.本方法取樣量10g,最終試液0.5mL,則方法的檢出限為0.48~1.27μg/kg,測定肉制品中羅丹明B、孔雀石綠、隱性孔雀石綠、結(jié)晶紫和隱性結(jié)晶紫的定量限分別為4.23,1.83,1.96,1.61,1.95μg/kg.本方法的檢測靈敏度優(yōu)于標準方法(GB/T 20361 2006)和文獻報道的高效液相色譜法[4,7-9].
本方法的精密度以日內(nèi)相對標準偏差來表示.對加標50μg/kg的牛肉香腸進行日內(nèi)6次檢測,相對標準偏差小于9.2%.
2.5 方法的應(yīng)用
應(yīng)用本方法對3份從當(dāng)?shù)爻匈徺I的魚肉腸和豬肉腸樣品進行測定,均未檢出5種目標分析物,其含量均低于方法的定量限.加標回收實驗表明,加標濃度為25μg/kg和75μg/kg時,檢測魚肉腸樣品中5種色素的回收率為78.01%~109.2%,相對標準偏差為2.04%~8.73%,檢測牛肉腸樣品中5種色素的回收率為78.24%~108.9%,相對標準偏差為2.13%~9.54%(見表3).
表3 魚肉腸和牛肉腸中5種色素的測定Tab.3 Determination of five colorants in beef sausage and fish sausage
將微波輔助提取和固相萃取凈化相結(jié)合有效地減少了基體成分的干擾,提高了方法的檢測靈敏度.以超快速高效液相色譜分離分析,在12min內(nèi)5種目標分析物可完全達到基線分離,實現(xiàn)了同時、快速、準確定量檢測肉制品中羅丹明B、孔雀石綠、隱性孔雀石綠、結(jié)晶紫和隱性結(jié)晶紫等5種違禁食品著色劑.該方法簡單快速,結(jié)果準確可靠,并可節(jié)約大量溶劑,適用于對肉制品中5種合成色素殘留的常規(guī)檢測.
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(責(zé)任編輯:梁俊紅)
Simultaneous development of rhodamine B,malachite green,crystal violet and their metabolites residues in meat by UPLC
SUN Na1,Ll Hui2,SUN Hanwen1
(1.College of Chemistry and Environmental Science,Key Laboratory of Analytical
Science and Technology of Hebei Province,Hebei University,Baoding 071002,China;2.Hebei Institute of Food Quality Supervision and Research,Shijiazhuang 050091,China)
A new ultra-h(huán)igh performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for analysis of five banned rhodamine B,malachite green,crystal violet and their metabolites residues in meat.The meat samples were extracted by microwave-assisted extraction with methanol-water(95∶5,V/V),followed by clean up with C18solid phase extraction column.The effective separation of five colorants in meat matrixes was achieved using ACQUITY BEH C18analytical column with acetonitrile-20mmol/L acetic ammonium buffer(80∶20,V/V,pH=5)and no interfering peaks could be detected at the retention time of the analytes.The calibration curves in the range of 0.1- 5.0μg/mL for each analyte showed good linearitywithcorrelation coefficients of 0.994 5 0.999 5.The method limits of quantification for rhodamine B,malachite green,crystal violet,leucomalachite green,and leucocrystal violet in meat samples were 4.23,1.83,1.61,1.96,1.95μg/kg.For beef sausage spiked with 50μg/kg for each analyte,the intra-day precision(as RSD)for five analytes was less than 9.2%for six determinations within a day.The average recovery of the five analytes from meat samples spiked with 25and 75μg/kg was 78.01%-109.2%with RSD<10%.This method has the advantages of being rapid,sensitivity,and accuracy,and can be applied for multiresidue analysis of five banned and Rhodamine B food colorant in meat samples.
banned colorants;meat;microwave-assisted extraction;solid phase extraction;ultra-h(huán)igh performance liquid chromatography
O 657.7
A
1000-1565(2013)02-0154-07
10.3969/j.issn.1000-1565.2013.02.009
2012-12-15
河北省自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(B2008000583);河北省應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究計劃重點基礎(chǔ)研究項目(10967126D)
孫娜(1989-),女,河北邢臺人,河北大學(xué)在讀碩士研究生
孫漢文(1945-),男,河北魏縣人,河北大學(xué)教授,主要從事農(nóng)獸藥殘留分析研究.E-mail:Hanwen@hbu.cn