張 坤 綜述 韓勁松 審校
(北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,北京 100191)
女性盆底功能障礙性疾病(pelvic floor dysfunction,PFD),又稱為盆底缺陷(pelvic floor defects)或盆底支持組織松弛(relaxation of pelvic supports),嚴(yán)重影響中老年女性的生活質(zhì)量。采用手術(shù)治療女性盆底功能障礙疾病已相當(dāng)普遍[1],大約有11%的女性在一生中需要經(jīng)歷脫垂手術(shù)治療,其中大約有30%的患者在首次手術(shù)后4年中需要再次手術(shù)治療[2]。PFD不是一種威脅生命的疾病,但由于疾病導(dǎo)致的解剖異常,進(jìn)而發(fā)生功能障礙,引起例如子宮脫垂、陰道前后壁膨出、尿失禁、排尿困難、大便失禁等癥狀,會降低患者的生活質(zhì)量[3]。在人口的老齡化和人們對生活質(zhì)量要求提高的情況下,PFD的發(fā)病率和就診率逐年增高。中重度盆腔器官脫垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)的治療主要依靠手術(shù)來緩解癥狀,盡可能在解剖和功能上恢復(fù)正常。在盆底組織損傷后,肌肉及筋膜組織薄弱或斷裂,如果在原來的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行修補(bǔ),很難建立一個強(qiáng)健和穩(wěn)固的支托結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)借助肌肉筋膜替代品加強(qiáng)。傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的陰道前壁修補(bǔ)的復(fù)發(fā)率為40% ~64%,約有30%的復(fù)發(fā)患者有脫垂癥狀,并需要再次手術(shù)治療[2]。本文就網(wǎng)片添加手術(shù)的必要性和存在的主要風(fēng)險做一綜述。
Parker等[4]1993年首次在泌尿婦科手術(shù)中使用合成補(bǔ)片,從而提出了一種新的手術(shù)方法。在泌尿婦科的盆底重建中,聚丙烯補(bǔ)片是應(yīng)用最廣泛的合成材料[5]。采用無張力合成聚丙烯補(bǔ)片治療盆腔器官脫垂定量(pelvicorganprolapse quantification,POP-Q)Ⅱ期以上的膀胱膨出獲得很好的治療效果,術(shù)后3年隨訪的解剖恢復(fù)率可達(dá)75.5%[6]。Novara等[7]回顧總結(jié)了 2004 年發(fā)表的有關(guān)Mesh文獻(xiàn)共815篇,對于陰道壁膨出,傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)有效率約為50%,添加網(wǎng)片成功率在75%以上,人工合成補(bǔ)片應(yīng)用于陰道壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)要好于傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)。合成材料的廣泛應(yīng)用,在治療壓力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence,SUI)和POP方面獲得較好的效果,術(shù)后客觀治愈率可達(dá)85% ~100%[8]。
應(yīng)用補(bǔ)片治療,在獲得明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)方式療效的同時,不可回避地面臨著感染和暴露的問題。Gilbert等[9]報道1834例補(bǔ)片法修補(bǔ)外科疝術(shù)后14例(0.8%)發(fā)生感染。Fox等[10]報道添加補(bǔ)片治療女性POP的感染發(fā)生率約為1.7%,明顯高于疝修補(bǔ)中感染的發(fā)生率。較高的感染發(fā)生率原因:①外科疝修補(bǔ)的手術(shù)切口為Ⅰ類切口[11],而POP治療中添加補(bǔ)片的手術(shù),多數(shù)采用經(jīng)陰道手術(shù)切口,陰道有正常菌群存在,并鄰近肛門,為Ⅱ類切口。由于切口清潔類型的不同,其術(shù)后感染的發(fā)病率有差別。②疝修補(bǔ)切口在腹壁,而POP手術(shù)切口在陰道內(nèi),術(shù)后無法密切觀察切口的愈合情況。③外科疝的患者多相對年輕,而POP的患者多為老年女性,在機(jī)體損傷后修復(fù)存在差別。另外,微生物可定植在補(bǔ)片表面并可導(dǎo)致感染,定植的初期階段是物理附著,并且是可逆的,在這一階段,通過機(jī)體的正常炎癥反應(yīng),清除微生物后可避免感染發(fā)生。若未清除微生物,就有可能會發(fā)展到不可逆階段,最終導(dǎo)致感染。Iglesia等[12]研究表明植入補(bǔ)片早期,大量急性炎性細(xì)胞浸潤補(bǔ)片周圍組織,導(dǎo)致其周圍積液形成血清腫,隨后在補(bǔ)片的孔隙中逐漸被纖維母細(xì)胞和巨細(xì)胞代替。機(jī)體組織對異物的生物反應(yīng)主要和補(bǔ)片的材料和結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)[13],Debodinance 等[14]研究顯示,單纖維的大孔型聚丙烯補(bǔ)片(Ⅰ型,孔徑>75 μm)并發(fā)癥較少,明顯低于Ⅱ型(多纖維微孔型,孔徑<10 μm)和Ⅲ型(多纖維大孔、微孔復(fù)合)補(bǔ)片,在Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型補(bǔ)片中,細(xì)菌(<1 μm)可以定植在補(bǔ)片間隙內(nèi),而機(jī)體巨噬細(xì)胞(16~20 μm)和白細(xì)胞(9~15 μm)無法進(jìn)入多纖維補(bǔ)片間隙內(nèi)。由于補(bǔ)片纖維間隙、細(xì)菌的直徑、機(jī)體巨噬細(xì)胞和白細(xì)胞的直徑大小不同,可以解釋上述現(xiàn)象。
補(bǔ)片應(yīng)用過程中還有一個最為常見的,也相對難以處理的問題,就是暴露(exposure)。任何在陰道檢查、膀胱鏡或直腸鏡檢查時見到補(bǔ)片,均稱為暴露,且癥狀與受累器官有關(guān)[15]。陰道暴露由多種因素引起,包括補(bǔ)片放置不當(dāng)、切口感染、切口愈合不良、異物反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重等[16]。韓勁松等[17]報道應(yīng)用補(bǔ)片治療POP的暴露發(fā)生率為8.3% ~30.3%,陰道暴露發(fā)生率可達(dá)9.1% ~12%[18],有少數(shù)膀胱及直腸侵蝕的報道[19~22]。暴露出現(xiàn)的時間各異,最早在術(shù)后6周發(fā)生,最晚為術(shù)后7年[23,24]。許多因素與術(shù)后暴露有關(guān),包括手術(shù)技巧、補(bǔ)片大小、補(bǔ)片性質(zhì)(孔徑大小、硬度、彈性、組織容受性),吸煙會增加術(shù)后切口感染、皮瓣壞死的風(fēng)險,增加補(bǔ)片暴露的發(fā)生率[25]。Vardy 等[26]認(rèn)為陰道黏膜切口縫合后的張力變化可能與補(bǔ)片侵蝕排除有關(guān)。Renaud等[27]報道陰道侵蝕的發(fā)生率為12%,分別發(fā)生在術(shù)后6周和11、13個月,而且所有侵蝕均發(fā)生在陰道瘢痕處。在手術(shù)操作中,確切止血,并避免大面積的陰道壁的分離,可以減少術(shù)后血腫形成。補(bǔ)片無張力放置,可保證陰道皮膚的血供,從而減少侵蝕的發(fā)生[28,29]。
添加補(bǔ)片治療PFD術(shù)后需要定期檢查,觀察陰道有無脫垂復(fù)發(fā)、陰道黏膜愈合情況、有無感染或暴露存在,爭取做到早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療,盡量將感染、暴露導(dǎo)致的不良反應(yīng)降低到最小。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)補(bǔ)片暴露,首先可考慮保守治療。Kobashi等[30]報道聚丙烯吊帶陰道暴露保守治療成功,保守治療過程中,需要定期復(fù)查,若療效不理想,需要及時采用其他治療方法。多數(shù)學(xué)者更推薦將補(bǔ)片去除以及手術(shù)修補(bǔ)來治療補(bǔ)片暴露[31,32]。通過適合的治療措施,一般均能獲得較好的預(yù)后。取出補(bǔ)片的主要指征是嚴(yán)重的疼痛,尤其是排便和性交痛。疼痛的確切病因不清楚,但與補(bǔ)片缺乏彈性及顯著的纖維化有關(guān)[22]。
由于需要治療的盆底臟器脫垂性疾病逐漸增多,選擇手術(shù)治療的需求也越來越大,術(shù)中采用補(bǔ)片添加可明顯減少術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)。采用補(bǔ)片治療后會發(fā)生感染、侵蝕等并發(fā)癥,手術(shù)主要適用于POP-QⅢ度以上以及治療后陰道穹隆膨出復(fù)發(fā)的患者,需要掌握嚴(yán)格的適應(yīng)證。另外,由于網(wǎng)片不能跟隨患者身體的生長而生長,故網(wǎng)片禁用于生長發(fā)育、擬妊娠或妊娠期婦女,對性生活的影響尚不明了,對年輕患者應(yīng)慎重選用[33]。對于添加網(wǎng)片的手術(shù),需要做相應(yīng)的預(yù)防措施,對于并發(fā)癥要做到及時發(fā)現(xiàn),及早治療,將補(bǔ)片添加的并發(fā)癥及其不良影響降低。
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