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      保留關(guān)節(jié)的瘤段切除酒精滅活再植術(shù)治療股骨遠端骨肉瘤的臨床療效

      2014-02-13 08:27:20于秀淳許宋鋒徐明袁冶蘇情
      中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志 2014年2期
      關(guān)鍵詞:線片遠端股骨

      于秀淳 許宋鋒 徐明 袁冶 蘇情

      保留關(guān)節(jié)的瘤段切除酒精滅活再植術(shù)治療股骨遠端骨肉瘤的臨床療效

      于秀淳 許宋鋒 徐明 袁冶 蘇情

      目的探討保留關(guān)節(jié)的瘤段切除酒精滅活骨再植術(shù)治療股骨遠端骨肉瘤的臨床療效,分析常見并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生原因并提出治療策略。方法2004 年 1 月至 2011 年 5 月,采用保留關(guān)節(jié)的瘤段切除酒精滅活再植術(shù)治療股骨遠端骨肉瘤 10 例。男 7 例,女 3 例;年齡 15~24 歲,平均 20.1 歲,中位年齡 21 歲;左股骨下段 6 例,右股骨下段 4 例;Enneking 分期 II B 期 9 例,III 期 1 例;術(shù)后療效評價采用 MSTS 功能評分和 ISOLS 復(fù)合移植物影像評分。結(jié)果10 例術(shù)后切口均 I 期愈合。隨訪 12~110 個月,平均隨訪 34 個月,1 例 13 個月局部復(fù)發(fā)并全身多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移而死亡。3 例分別于術(shù)后 9、12、24 個月因全身多處轉(zhuǎn)移而死亡。3 例患者 ( 30% ) 于術(shù)后 2~9 個月因滅活骨骨折而行切開復(fù)位、植骨、環(huán)抱器內(nèi)固定術(shù),1 例于術(shù)后半年死亡;1 例術(shù)后 4 個月骨折處愈合,再次術(shù)后 48 個月無異常。另 1 例再次術(shù)后 13 個月再次出現(xiàn)骨折而行切開復(fù)位、植骨、鋼板內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)后半年骨愈合良好,隨訪 12 個月出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)及膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲受限。ISOLS 影像評分28~34 分,平均 31 分 ( 87% );MSTS 肢體功能評分 19~28 分,平均 23 分 ( 77% )。結(jié)論在嚴格掌握適應(yīng)證的前提下,應(yīng)用保留關(guān)節(jié)的酒精滅活再植術(shù)治療股骨遠端干骺端骨肉瘤是一種可行的手術(shù)方式,具有保留關(guān)節(jié)的重要結(jié)構(gòu)、瘤段骨與宿主骨匹配良好、無排異反應(yīng)等優(yōu)點。滅活骨骨折是該手術(shù)最常見的并發(fā)癥,滅活骨自身骨質(zhì)改變和內(nèi)固定方式選擇不當(dāng)是導(dǎo)致骨折發(fā)生的主要原因。應(yīng)用鋼板內(nèi)固定及延長外固定時間是降低滅活骨骨折的有效措施。

      骨肉瘤;股骨;骨腫瘤;再植術(shù);干垢端

      在膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨肉瘤保肢治療中,因腫瘤性假體置換術(shù)具有切除腫瘤徹底、術(shù)后肢體功能恢復(fù)期短、近期療效滿意等優(yōu)點而被臨床廣泛應(yīng)用,但是隨著患者生存期的不斷延長,與腫瘤假體相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥如感染、松動、斷裂等[1-3]會逐步增加,尤其是年輕的成年患者,因肢體活動強度大,假體失敗率會更高。在臨床工作中,許多學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)部分骨肉瘤患者的病變位于干骺端,由此提出了保留骨骺的保肢術(shù)或保留關(guān)節(jié)的保肢術(shù),通過臨床應(yīng)用和長期隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)該手術(shù)設(shè)計不僅僅是保留肢體,更重要的是保留了自身的關(guān)節(jié)與功能,克服了腫瘤假體修復(fù)骨缺損的缺點,達到了腫瘤性骨缺損生物學(xué)重建的目的。我們在總結(jié)兒童保留骨骺滅活再植經(jīng)驗[4]的基礎(chǔ)上,2004 年 1 月至 2012 年 5 月,采用保留關(guān)節(jié)的瘤段切除酒精滅活再植術(shù)治療 10 例股骨遠端骨肉瘤患者,術(shù)后平均隨訪 3 年,現(xiàn)就該手術(shù)方法的適應(yīng)證、手術(shù)過程中的注意事項,并發(fā)癥、肢體功能報告如下。

      資料與方法

      一、一般資料

      對本組 10 例股骨遠端骨肉瘤患者在新輔助化療支持下,行保留關(guān)節(jié)的瘤段切除酒精滅活再植術(shù)。年齡 15~24 歲,平均 20.1 歲,中位年齡 21 歲;男 7 例,女 3 例;左股骨下段 6 例,右股骨下段4 例;Enneking 分期 II B 期 9 例,III 期 1 例;所有患者均經(jīng)術(shù)前穿刺活檢診斷為骨肉瘤。明確診斷后應(yīng)用 DIA 方案化療,具體的應(yīng)用時間與劑量同以前文獻報道?;熐昂缶ㄟ^ MRI 檢查確定腫瘤邊界(表1 )。

      為便于手術(shù)適應(yīng)證的選擇,參照以前所提出的骨肉瘤與骨骺相關(guān)性的影像學(xué)分型標(biāo)準(zhǔn),依據(jù)化療前 MRI 腫瘤與股骨髁最高點連線 ( Insall 線 ) 的距離分為三種類型 (圖1 ):I 型為腫瘤下界位于 Insall線上方至少 1 cm,II 型為腫瘤臨近 Insall 線,III 型為腫瘤已穿破 Insall 線侵至股骨髁部。本組患者均為 I 型。

      二、手術(shù)方法

      在硬膜外麻醉或全麻下手術(shù)?;颊卟捎闷脚P位,大腿根部扎氣囊止血帶。取膝前內(nèi)側(cè)縱弧形切口,逐層切開皮膚、皮下組織及筋膜,沿股直肌與股內(nèi)側(cè)肌之間切開并向兩側(cè)牽開。切開膝內(nèi)側(cè)支持帶及關(guān)節(jié)囊,將股直肌、髕骨、臏韌帶牽向外側(cè),骨內(nèi)側(cè)肌牽向內(nèi)側(cè),在骨膜外及腫瘤外正常組織中顯露股骨下段。將股骨牽開器插入股骨兩側(cè),以保護周圍軟組織。在病變近端距腫瘤邊界 2~3 cm 處切開骨膜,向近端作骨膜下剝離 ( 遠端勿剝離 )。用線鋸截斷股骨,仔細分離后切斷股骨后側(cè)的骨膜,鈍性分離股后側(cè)的血管神經(jīng)至窩,結(jié)扎至腫瘤內(nèi)的血管。向前提起股骨遠側(cè)斷端,將附著于股骨下段的肌肉切斷,切斷腓腸肌內(nèi)外側(cè)頭在股骨后髁處的附著點。確定股骨遠端內(nèi)外股骨髁最高點連線并在術(shù)中應(yīng)用 C 型臂 X 線機予以證實。依據(jù)術(shù)前MRI 在距腫瘤下界 1 cm 處確定股骨遠端截骨平面并截斷股骨,應(yīng)用無菌玻片作涂片,以細胞學(xué)證實無腫瘤細胞存在。松解止血帶,徹底止血。瘤床以42 ℃ 蒸餾水浸泡 30 min,以消滅可能引起的腫瘤細胞種植。將切下的瘤段骨瘤殼較薄處開窗,刮除腫瘤組織、骨髓組織及骨外的軟組織,并在瘤骨上按照設(shè)定螺釘部位與方向預(yù)先鉆孔道備用。用 99%酒精浸泡 30 min 后,生理鹽水反復(fù)沖洗。將滅活瘤段骨殼回植,應(yīng)用髓內(nèi)釘固定,以螺釘交叉固定保留的股骨髁;或應(yīng)用股骨遠端鋼板固定。骨缺損處以含有阿霉素 ( adriamycin,ADM ) 的骨水泥填充,20 g 骨水泥 / 10 mg ADM。徹底沖洗切口后,逐層關(guān)閉,放置引流管 1 根。以長腿石膏托或下肢支具固定。

      三、術(shù)后處理

      常規(guī)應(yīng)用抗生素預(yù)防感染。引流管拔除的時間以引流量<50 ml / 24 h 來確定。石膏托固定期間指導(dǎo)患者行下肢功能鍛煉。術(shù)后 12~14 天拆線并開始術(shù)后化療,劑量與藥物以術(shù)后腫瘤細胞壞死率確定。術(shù)后 8 周拆除外固定,開始膝關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉,并扶雙拐下地,需要扶拐 4 個月左右。

      表1 一般資料及隨訪結(jié)果Tab.1 The general data of the patients and the follow-up results

      圖1 MRI 分型 I、II、III 型 ( 從左至右 ),I 型為腫瘤下界位于Insall 線上方至少 1 cm,II 型為腫瘤臨近 Insall 線,III 型為腫瘤已穿破 Insall 線至軟骨下骨Fig.1 Type I, II and III according to the MRI classifcation ( from left to right ). Type I: The lowest boarding of tumor was located at least 1cm over the Insall line. Type II: The tumor was located near the Insall line. Type III: The tumor had grown across the Insall line to the subchondral bone

      四、隨訪與療效評價

      參照 NCCN 骨腫瘤治療指南進行門診隨訪,第1~2 年內(nèi)每 3 個月 1 次,第 3 年每 4 個月 1 次,第4~5 年每 6 個月 1 次,后每年 1 次。包括體檢、胸片、手術(shù)部位 X 線片、肢體功能評價等。

      應(yīng)用 MSTS 肢體功能評分[5]評估患者術(shù)后肢體功能,評估指標(biāo)分疼痛、功能、心理承受、支持物、行走、步態(tài) 6 項,每項 5 分。攝 X 線片以ISOLS 影像評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]評估滅活骨體內(nèi)情況,評估指標(biāo)包括骨重建、界面、錨定、植入體、融合、吸收、骨折、短縮、內(nèi)固定 9 項,每項 4 分。

      結(jié) 果

      一、一般情況與腫瘤學(xué)隨訪結(jié)果

      本組 10 例術(shù)后切口均 I 期愈合,未出現(xiàn)感染、切口滲出、皮膚壞死等手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。隨訪 12~110個月,平均隨訪 34 個月。1 例 III 期患者化療后肺部結(jié)節(jié)無變化,術(shù)后 13 個月局部復(fù)發(fā)并全身多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移而死亡。3 例 II B 期患者分別于術(shù)后 9、12、24 個月出現(xiàn)全身多處轉(zhuǎn)移而死亡。其余 6 例至最近隨訪時均無瘤生存 (圖2 )。

      二、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥與肢體功能

      3 例患者 ( 30% ) 于術(shù)后 2~9 個月因滅活骨骨折、髓內(nèi)釘彎曲或斷裂而再次行切開復(fù)位、植骨、環(huán)抱器內(nèi)固定術(shù),1 例于術(shù)后半年因出現(xiàn)肺轉(zhuǎn)移而死亡;1 例術(shù)后 4 個月骨折處愈合,再次術(shù)后 48 個月,無異常 (圖3 )。另 1 例再次術(shù)后 13 個月再次出現(xiàn)原骨折處遠端骨折而行切開復(fù)位、植骨、鋼板內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)后半年骨愈合良好。再次隨訪 12 個月出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)及膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲受限。本組未出現(xiàn)感染、脫位、肢體短縮等并發(fā)癥。末次隨訪 ISOLS 影像評分 28~34 分,平均 31 分 ( 87% );MSTS 肢體功能評分 19~28 分,平均 23 分 ( 77% )。

      討 論

      股骨遠端是骨肉瘤最好發(fā)的部位。目前,對于該部位腫瘤切除后的骨缺損的修復(fù)與重建的方法異體骨、人工假體置換、復(fù)合假體重建等多種方式,但均存在不同的優(yōu)缺點,如異體骨的吸收、腫瘤假體的松動、晚期深部感染等,上述并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生明顯影響長期生存患者的肢體功能與生活質(zhì)量。鑒于上述原因,我們對于位于股骨干骺端的兒童骨肉瘤患者應(yīng)用保留骨骺的滅活再植術(shù)予以保肢治療,通過長期隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)該方法具有手術(shù)操作簡單、保留自身關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)與功能等優(yōu)點。在此基礎(chǔ)上我們對于位于股骨遠端干骺端的骨肉瘤應(yīng)用保留關(guān)節(jié)的滅活再植術(shù)予以治療,該手術(shù)是指對于位于股骨遠端內(nèi)外側(cè)髁連線以近的骨肉瘤在可以保留 Insall 線以遠股骨關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及軟骨下骨的前提下,將擴大切除的腫瘤骨段,徹底去除腫瘤組織并經(jīng)過 99% 無水酒精浸泡滅活后 30 min,原位回植并借助各種內(nèi)固定方式恢復(fù)膝關(guān)節(jié)的連續(xù)性和完整性。其殺滅腫瘤的原理在于酒精使瘤殼變性壞死,待周圍血管長入時,腫瘤細胞已發(fā)生壞死[7]。目的在于不影響保肢腫瘤學(xué)治療結(jié)果的前提下,盡量保留自身關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)以利于肢體功能的恢復(fù),達到股骨遠端腫瘤性骨缺損生物學(xué)重建的目的。本組 10 例,術(shù)后隨訪平均 34 個月,僅 1 例復(fù)發(fā),復(fù)發(fā)率為 10%,與文獻報道的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率無明顯差異,證實了該手術(shù)方法的臨床應(yīng)用可行性與安全性。

      圖2 例 7 患者,女,15 歲。股骨遠端骨肉瘤行保留關(guān)節(jié)的滅活再植術(shù) A:化療前 MRI 示股骨遠端髓腔內(nèi)高低混雜信號,腫瘤遠端與Insall 線緊密相鄰,為 II 型;B:化療前 X 線片示股骨遠端呈溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞,外側(cè)骨皮質(zhì)破壞嚴重,形成局部軟組織腫塊,有骨膜反應(yīng);C:化療后 X 線片示股骨遠端呈溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞較化療前明顯減輕,軟組織腫塊影消失,外側(cè)骨膜恢復(fù)連續(xù)性;D:行保留關(guān)節(jié)滅活再植術(shù)后 2 個月,見股骨遠端與保留關(guān)節(jié)處已骨質(zhì)以愈合,骨干部位有骨痂形成,但骨干間存在間隙;E:術(shù)后 110 個月隨訪骨質(zhì)愈合良好,關(guān)節(jié)間隙正常Fig.2 Case 7. A 15-year-old female patient with osteosarcoma in the distal femur was treated with alcohol-inactivated autograft replantation with articulation preservation A: The MRI before the chemotherapy showed intramedullary high and low mixed signal in the distal femur. The tumor was located near the Insall line which was classifed as Type II; B: The X-ray before the chemotherapy showed osteolytic bone destruction in the distal femur, in accompany with severe destruction of the lateral cortical bone, local soft tissue masses and periosteal reaction; C: The X-ray after the chemotherapy showed signifcantly relieved osteolytic bone destruction in the distal femur, in accompany with the disappearance of local soft tissue masses and the restoration of the continuity of the lateral periosteum; D: At 2 months after the operation, the X-ray showed bone callus in the diaphysis, clearance between the diaphyses and bone healing in the conjunction between the host bone and the inactivated bone; E: At 110 months after the operation, the X-ray showed complete bone healing and normal joint space

      圖3 例 8 患者,男,15 歲。股骨遠端骨肉瘤行保留關(guān)節(jié)的滅活再植術(shù) A:化療前 MRI 示股骨遠端髓腔內(nèi)高低混雜信號,軟組織內(nèi)可見異常高信號,腫瘤遠端與 Insall 線與骨骺間有 2 cm 距離,為 I 型;B:化療前 X 線片示股骨遠端呈溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞,內(nèi)側(cè)骨皮質(zhì)破壞并形成局部軟組織腫塊,有骨膜反應(yīng);C:化療后 X 線片示股骨遠端呈溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞較化療前明顯減輕,軟組織腫塊影消失,內(nèi)側(cè)骨膜恢復(fù)連續(xù)性并鈣化;D:行保留關(guān)節(jié)滅活再植術(shù)后 2 周,見股骨遠端與保留關(guān)節(jié)處復(fù)位,骨干連接部位有異體骨板;E:術(shù)后 9 個月外傷后骨折,X 線片示股骨遠端與保留關(guān)節(jié)處已骨質(zhì)愈合,骨干連接部位碎裂,異體骨板與骨干處分離;F:再次術(shù)后 30 個月 X 線片示骨質(zhì)愈合良好,關(guān)節(jié)間隙正常Fig.3 Case 8. A 15-year-old male patient with osteosarcoma in the distal femur was treated with alcohol-inactivated autograft replantation with articulation preservation A: The MRI before the chemotherapy showed intramedullary high and low mixed signal and abnormally high signal in the soft tissues in the distal femur. The lowest boarding of tumor was located 2cm over the Insall line which was classifed as Type I; B: The X-ray before the chemotherapy showed osteolytic bone destruction in the distal femur, in accompany with severe destruction of lateral cortical bone, local soft tissue masses and periosteal reaction; C: The X-ray after the chemotherapy showed signifcantly relieved osteolytic bone destruction in the distal femur, in accompany with the disappearance of local soft tissue masses and the restoration of the continuity of the lateral periosteum; D: At 2 weeks after the operation, the X-ray showed the restoration of the conjunction between the host bone and the inactivate bone and allogeneic bone sheets in the diaphysis connection part; E: At 9 months after the operation, the patient had fractures because of injuries. The X-ray showed bone healing in the conjunction between the host bone and the inactivated bone, the fragmentation in the diaphysis connection part and the breakage of allogeneic bone sheets from the diaphysis; F: At 30 months after the reoperation, the X-ray showed complete bone healing and normal joint space

      圖4 例 9 患者,女,24 歲。股骨遠端骨肉瘤行保留關(guān)節(jié)的滅活再植術(shù) A:確診前 CT 三維重建示股骨遠端髓腔內(nèi)呈溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞,軟組織腫脹,腫瘤遠端與 Insall 線距離 8 cm,為 I 型;B:確診前 X 線片示股骨遠端呈溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞,無局部軟組織腫塊,有骨膜反應(yīng);C:當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院誤診為骨髓炎行病灶刮除外固定術(shù)后,病灶范圍較術(shù)前增大,病灶內(nèi)可見克氏針影;D:化療后 X 線片示病變范圍較化療前無明顯變化;E:行保留關(guān)節(jié)滅活再植鋼板內(nèi)固定術(shù)后 2 周,見股骨遠端與保留關(guān)節(jié)處及骨干處復(fù)位良好;F:術(shù)后 3 個月 X 線片示股骨遠端與保留關(guān)節(jié)及骨干處有骨痂形成,但仍然存在間隙;G:術(shù)后 10 個月 X 線片示骨質(zhì)愈合良好,關(guān)節(jié)間隙正常Fig.4 Case 9. A 24-year-old female patient with osteosarcoma in the distal femur was treated with alcohol-inactivated autograft replantation with articulation preservation A: The pre-diagnostic CT 3-D reconstruction showed intramedullary osteolytic bone destruction in the distal femur and soft tissue swelling. The lowest boarding of tumor was located 8 cm over the Insall line which was classifed as Type I; B: The pre-diagnostic X-ray showed osteolytic bone destruction in the distal femur, in accompany with severe destruction of lateral cortical bone, periosteal reaction and no local soft tissue masses; C: She was misdiagnosed as osteomyelitis and treated with lesion debridement and external fxation in the local hospital. The lesion range was extended and the Kirschner pin could be seen; D: The X-ray after the chemotherapy showed no signifcant changes of the lesion range; E: At 2 weeks after the operation, the X-ray showed the restoration of the conjunction between the host bone and the inactivated bone; F: At 3 months after the operation, the X-ray showed bone callus in the conjunction between the host bone and the inactivated bone; G: At 10 months after the operation, the X-ray showed good bone healing and normal joint space

      保留關(guān)節(jié)的酒精滅活再植術(shù)的優(yōu)點是手術(shù)簡便、費用低廉,滅活骨能保持骨干的連續(xù)性,減少對骨組織活性和生物力學(xué)性能的影響,有利于骨的重建。滅活的瘤細胞可作抗原,刺激免疫系統(tǒng),增強免疫功能。保留自身關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)可以提高關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性。由于該手術(shù)方法是一種修復(fù)腫瘤性骨缺損的生物學(xué)重建的方式與方法,因此可以避免機械性修復(fù)腫瘤性骨缺損并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。酒精滅活再植術(shù)的出現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用,使骨肉瘤患者在得到腫瘤控制的同時保留自身關(guān)節(jié),部分患者甚至獲得長期良好的肢體功能[8-9]。即使由于并發(fā)癥原因取出滅活骨,也將大大推遲接受人工關(guān)節(jié)置換的時間。本組 10 例,除 4 例于術(shù)后 12~24 個月內(nèi)因肺轉(zhuǎn)移而死亡外,余6 例無轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā),盡管 1 例因滅活骨骨折反復(fù)手術(shù)致膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲受限,至末次隨訪時 MSTS 肢體功能評分 19~28 分,平均 23 分 ( 77% )。

      與任何修復(fù)腫瘤性骨缺損的生物學(xué)重建方法一樣,保留自身關(guān)節(jié)的保肢術(shù)依然存在骨折延遲愈合或不愈合、內(nèi)固定松動斷裂、局部皮膚壞死、早期骨力學(xué)強度不夠易發(fā)生骨折等并發(fā)癥。滅活骨骨折為本組最常見的手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,3 例分別于術(shù)后 2~18 個月因輕微外力導(dǎo)致滅活骨骨折,均發(fā)生于髓內(nèi)針固定而且位于骨干連接的部位, 均再次行切開復(fù)位、植骨、環(huán)抱器內(nèi)固定術(shù),1 例于術(shù)后半年因出現(xiàn)肺轉(zhuǎn)移而死亡,1 例術(shù)后 4 個月骨折處愈合,至今再次術(shù)后 48 個月無異常。另 1 例術(shù)后 8 個月再次出現(xiàn)原骨折處遠端骨折,再次行切開復(fù)位、植骨、鋼板內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)后半年骨愈合良好。再次隨訪 12 個月存在關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)及膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲受限。提示我們盡管環(huán)抱器可以達到其固定部位的穩(wěn)定性,但由于滅活骨的生物力學(xué)性能降低及骨愈合與替代時間延長,在環(huán)抱器的遠端容易產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中而導(dǎo)致再次骨折的發(fā)生,這是導(dǎo)致 2 例再次骨折的主要原因,因此對于滅活骨骨折患者在強調(diào)及時行切開復(fù)位、充分植骨的同時,應(yīng)用適當(dāng)?shù)匿摪逵枰怨潭?。我們以往的臨床觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)酒精滅活自體瘤骨回植術(shù)后 2 個月出現(xiàn)大量骨痂[10],術(shù)后 6 個月可以達到骨性愈合[11]。因此,我們不建議患者早期進行患肢負重功能鍛煉,術(shù)后 8 周開始肢體鍛煉,應(yīng)用支具固定 3~6 個月,以促進滅活骨與宿主骨完全愈合。此外,本組 2 例應(yīng)用鋼板螺釘固定的患者無骨折發(fā)生且移植骨愈合良好 (圖4 ),顯示了將髓內(nèi)針固定改變?yōu)殇摪迓葆敼潭赡軙A(yù)防滅活骨骨折的發(fā)生。

      Manfrini 等[12]認為,若術(shù)前檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)骨骺被侵襲,可行保留骨骺的惡性骨腫瘤保肢術(shù)。借鑒此思路,我們通過術(shù)前 MRI 檢查明確腫瘤與干骺端的關(guān)系,按照腫瘤與股骨髁最高點連線 ( Insall 線 )的關(guān)系分為三種類型 (圖1 ):I 型為腫瘤下界位于Insall 線上方至少 1 cm,II 型為腫瘤臨近 Insall 線,III 型為腫瘤已穿破 Insall 線至股骨髁部。選擇 Insall線的原因是:( 1 ) Insall 線接近骨骺線;( 2 ) 術(shù)中容易定位;( 3 ) 保留內(nèi)外側(cè)副韌帶并維持關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性;( 4 ) 自 Insall 線近端處截骨后所保存的股骨髁部可以應(yīng)用股骨遠端解剖鋼板或鎖定鋼板固定,有利于截骨部位的骨愈合。

      本組臨床結(jié)果提示該手術(shù)的適應(yīng)證是:( 1 ) 腫瘤必須位于骨的干骺端,為 I 型且無病理性骨折;( 2 ) 術(shù)前必須通過 MRI 檢查明確腫瘤未侵襲股骨髁,術(shù)后病理組織學(xué)予以證實;( 3 ) 必須嚴格遵循新輔助化療的治療原則,在有效化療的保護下進行該手術(shù);( 4 ) 該手術(shù)必須由熟練掌握惡性骨腫瘤保肢技術(shù)的醫(yī)生完成。禁忌證是腫瘤與整個股骨髁部密切接觸、侵襲股骨髁 ( 分型中的 II 型和 III 型 ) 和病理性骨折。

      該手術(shù)過程中需要注意的主要問題:( 1 ) 術(shù)前通過 MRI 確定截骨平面,腫瘤下界 1 cm 截骨;( 2 ) 截除瘤骨去除軟組織后、酒精滅活前,應(yīng)當(dāng)以鉆頭按照設(shè)定螺釘?shù)牟课慌c方向預(yù)先鉆孔道備用;( 3 ) 滅活骨固定時應(yīng)當(dāng)從保留的股骨髁部向滅活骨擰入,而非反方向,以保持滅活骨殼的完整性盡量減少復(fù)發(fā)的可能性[4];( 4 ) 內(nèi)固定方式可以選擇選擇髓內(nèi)釘+交叉螺釘或股骨遠端解剖鋼板固定,以后者為首選;( 5 ) 近端宿主骨-滅活骨結(jié)合部可使用自體髂骨或異體骨板以絲線固定,形成皮質(zhì)外植骨,利于早期骨愈合。

      本組資料提示在嚴格掌握適應(yīng)證的前提下,應(yīng)用保留關(guān)節(jié)的酒精滅活再植術(shù)治療股骨遠端干骺端的骨肉瘤是一種可行的選擇,具有保留關(guān)節(jié)的重要結(jié)構(gòu)、瘤段骨與宿主骨匹配良好、無排異反應(yīng)、避免了人工假體置換的遠期并發(fā)癥,實現(xiàn)了腫瘤性骨缺損的生物學(xué)重建,盡管會出現(xiàn)以滅活骨骨折為代表的并發(fā)癥,但經(jīng)過積極的治療仍會取得良好的臨床療效,其遠期療效有待進一步隨訪觀察。

      [1] Heisel C, Kinkel S, Bernd L, et al. Megaprostheses for the treatment of malignant bone tumours of the lower limbs. Int Orthop, 2006, 30(6):452-457.

      [2] Frink SJ, Rutledge J, Lewis VO, et al. Favorable long-term results of prosthetic arthroplasty of the knee for distal femur neoplasms. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2005, 438:65-70.

      [3] Plotz W, Rechl H, Burgkart R, et al. Limb salvage with tumor endoprostheses for malignant tumors of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2002, 405:207-215.

      [4] 于秀淳, 劉曉平, 周銀, 等. 保留骨骺滅活再植術(shù)治療兒童骨肉瘤應(yīng)注意的問題. 中華小兒外科雜志, 2007, 28(8): 422-425.

      [5] Enneking WF, Dunham W, Gebhardt MC, et al. A system for the functional evaluation of reconstructive procedures after surgical treatment of tumors of the musculoskeletal system. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, 286:241-246.

      [6] Poffyn B, Sys G, Van Maele G, et al. Radiographic analysis of extracorporeally irradiated autografts. Skeletal radiology, 2010, 39(10):999-1008.

      [7] 于秀淳, 劉曉平, 周銀, 等. 保留骨骺滅活再植術(shù)治療兒童股骨遠端骨肉瘤. 中國矯形外科雜志, 2007, 15(11):811-813.

      [8] Sung HW, Wang HM, Kuo DP, et al. EAR method: an alternative method of bone grafting following bone tumor resection (a preliminary report). Semin Surg Oncol, 1986, 2(2):90-98.

      [9] 丁易, 牛曉輝, 劉巍峰, 等. 酒精滅活再植術(shù)在骨腫瘤治療中的應(yīng)用. 中華骨科雜志, 2011, 31(6):652-657.

      [10] Wodajo FM, Bickels J, Wittig J, et al. Complex reconstruction in the management of extremity sarcomas. Curr opin oncol, 2003, 15(4):304-312.

      [11] 許宋鋒, 于秀淳, 徐明, 等. 自體骨復(fù)合假體在下肢骨腫瘤保肢治療中的應(yīng)用. 中國骨腫瘤骨病, 2010, 9(6):476-480.

      [12] Manfrini M, Gasbarrini A, Malaguti C, et al. Intraepiphyseal resection of the proximal tibia and its impact on lower limb growth. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1999, 358:111-119.

      ( 本文編輯:王永剛 )

      ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical outcomes of alcohol-inactivated autograft replantation with articulation preservation in the treatment of osteosarcoma in the distal femur, to analyze the occurrence of common complications and to propose the treatment strategies.MethodsFrom January 2004 to May 2011, 10 patients with osteosarcoma in the distal femur were treated with alcohol-inactivated autograft replantation with articulation preservation. There were 7 males and 3 females, with an average age of 20.1 years old and a median age of 21 years old ( range; 15-24 years ). Neoplasms were located in the left distal femur in 6 cases, and in the right distal femur in 4 cases. According to the Enneking staging system, 9 patients were identifed as stage II B and 1 patient as stage III. The postoperative outcomes were evaluated according to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society ( MSTS ) rating scale, and the International Society of Limb Salvage ( ISOLS ) composite graft scores were calculated.ResultsAll the 10 cases were healed by primary intention. The mean follow-up period was 34 months ( range; 12-110 months ). One patient died of local recurrence and systemic multiple metastases 13 months after the operation, and 3 patients died of systemic multiple metastases at 9, 12 and 24 months after the operation respectively. Three patients ( 30% ) experienced the second operation of open reduction, bone implantation and internal fxation with the embracing fxator at 2-9 months after the operation because of inactivated bone fractures. One of them died at 6 months after the operation. One got bone healing at 4 months after the operation with no abnormal signs during the 48-month follow-up. One of the above 3 patients experienced the third operation of open reduction and bone implantation with plate internal fxation because of the fractures 13 months after the second operation, who got bone healing at 6 months after the operation but had joint instability and limited knee fexion during the 12-month follow-up. The mean ISOLS score was 31 points (87%) ( range; 28-34 points ). The mean MSTS functional score was 23 points ( 77% ) ( range; 19-28 points ).ConclusionsBasedon the premise that the indications are strictly mastered, alcohol-inactivated autograft replantation with articulation preservation is a feasible operation method in the treatment of osteosarcoma in the distal femoral metaphysis, with the advantages of preserving important joint structures, good matching between the tumor-bearing bone and the host bone and no immunologic rejection. The inactivated bone fracture is the most common complication. The main causes of fractures are the change of inactivated bone quality and the inappropriate choice of internal fxation. The fracture rate will be signifcantly decreased if plate fxation is chosen and the time of external fxation is prolonged.

      Osteosarcoma; Femur; Bone neoplasms; Replantation; Dry scale end

      10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.02.010

      R738.1

      250031濟南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院骨病科

      2013-12-23 )

      Clinical outcomes of alcohol-inactivated autograft replantation with articulation preservation for osteosarcoma in the distal femur

      YU Xiu-chun, XU Song-feng, XU Ming, YUAN Ye, SU Qing. Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, PRC

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