胡曉燕
摘 要: 創(chuàng)造性地使用教材在高中英語教學中至關重要。閱讀理解能力是高中英語學習的重中之重,集中體現(xiàn)了學生的綜合語言運用能力。本文以Project的兩篇戲劇為載體,通過創(chuàng)造性地整合教材,提高學生對文學類作品的閱讀能力。
關鍵詞: 高中英語教學 創(chuàng)造性 教材使用 閱讀能力
一、引言
在課程改革中,“積極利用各種教學資源,創(chuàng)造性地使用教材,設計適合學生發(fā)展的教學過程”是對所有教師提出的要求。
教材是教師進行教學活動的基本素材,也是學生進行學習活動的重要資源?!坝辛撕玫慕炭茣坏扔诰湍芨愫媒虒W”。教學質量主要取決于教師對教材的理解、運用和發(fā)揮,取決于如何通過教材引導和促進學生的學習活動。教師只有深刻領會教材的編寫意圖,深入鉆研教材和挖掘教材的深層信息,多角度分析教材,才能教有新意。
長期以來,在英語教學中,一些教師照本宣科,是“教教材”,而不是“用教材教”。教師比較關注知識的鞏固和習題的訓練,忽視了過程與方法的啟迪、能力的培養(yǎng)。創(chuàng)造性地使用教材就是要最大限度地挖掘課程潛能,實現(xiàn)提高學生語用能力的功效。
英語閱讀理解能力是語言素養(yǎng)的一個重要方面,也是我國中學英語教學的重要內容。閱讀是一個復雜的認知過程,是一個信息加工和處理的過程,即查找、提取、歸納和使用信息的過程。要提高學生的閱讀理解能力,教師就要充分利用教材、整合教學資源,培養(yǎng)學生的思維能力,提高信息處理與運用的能力。
二、教學實踐
《牛津高中英語》取材廣泛,內容豐富,涉及文化生活的各個方面,以模塊為單位,每一個模塊每個單元都有一個切合學生生活實際的主題。
本文以譯林牛津版高中英語選修Module 6 Unit 1的Project Putting on a play為例,探討如何創(chuàng)造性地使用教材,提高學生的閱讀能力。
本單元的主題是Laughter is good for you,學生已從Welcome to the Unit 和Reading中了解幽默的重要性和為什么笑聲對人類是有益的。Project的兩篇戲劇內容簡單,易于理解。一般教師都會讓學生在理解之后選擇一篇表演,在學生大笑之后便結束這個單元。筆者嘗試重整教材,將兩篇戲劇當做載體,挖掘戲劇的要素,進而引申到對文學作品的閱讀和理解。
Step1.Lead-in
1.首先,筆者播放卓別林的電影《摩登時代》的片段,學生大笑后提出這樣的問題:Is it funny?
What amuses you?而后讓學生歸納使大家發(fā)笑的因素,如vivid performance/action,exaggerated expressions。
2.筆者讓學生為一些有趣的畫面配音,而后歸納出使人發(fā)笑的因素還有:humorous and meaningful language。
【設計目的】從學生已有的知識經驗出發(fā),以視頻的形式,新穎而有趣味性,一下子就集中了學生的注意力。此環(huán)節(jié)是課文Reading的延伸,為下一步Project的兩篇閱讀做了很好的鋪墊。
Step2.Analysis of the two short plays in Project
1. 指導學生快速閱讀兩篇戲劇,分別設置了對Passage1和Passage 2的兩篇完形填空,檢查學生的理解程度。
Passage 1
Mike was?搖 ?搖 to sit on an invisible bench.?搖 ?搖 this,Tony came to join him,After?搖 ?搖 room for him,Mike and Tony were?搖 ?搖 together on the invisible bench,feeling comfortable.Upon the?搖 ?搖 of Kathy,she was?搖 ?搖 to join them as well.
Paula came and wanted to join them.They all agreed?搖 ?搖 Mike,who was very annoyed,got up and moved over to the middle of the stage,because it was too?搖 ?搖 .Finally,when Ann arrived,Mike told them he had moved the bench and they all fell down.
Passage 2
Once upon a time,there was a very?搖 ?搖 story among three people, the King,the Queen and a servant.One day,as soon as the King entered the palace,he?搖 ?搖 the servant to bring him the important papers?搖 ?搖 Soon came back the servant with a pile of?搖 ?搖 -looking papers,the King threw them at the servant?搖 ?搖 and shouted:“No,no,no,bring my important papers!”The servant dashed out and in a minute re-entered with a newspaper in his hand.This time,to his?搖 ?搖 the King tore it into halves and cried:“No,you fool!I must have my important papers RIGHT NOW?。?!”However,like the first and second time,the servant?搖 ?搖 to bring the King 8.?搖 ?搖 he wanted several times.Even the Queen didnt make?搖 ?搖 of what her husband wanted and just tore a page from her book and offered it to the King,but the king glared at Queen.?搖 ?搖 ,the servant held out a roll of toilet paper. He was puzzled?搖 ?搖 the King needed it or not.On the ?搖 ?搖 ,upon getting it,the King ran off the stage at a fast pace.So can you guess what happened to the King?endprint
2.讓學生討論并從戲劇中找出讓自己發(fā)笑的語言或者動作,歸納戲劇的主要要素,即action,expression,language,the ending(the funniest part and come to the point)。
【設計目的】快速處理Project的兩篇戲劇,用完形填空的形式檢測學生的理解能力,鍛煉學生的信息加工處理能力。把Project當成一個載體,歸納出閱讀戲劇的幾個要素,為下面的文學閱讀打基礎。
Step3.Usage of the elements in reading comprehension
引導學生把戲劇的要素引申到文學作品中,由此及彼,在遇到文學類的閱讀理解時,可以用這些要素理解文章。
1.展示做過的兩例文學類閱讀理解,引導學生再一次關注作品的語言特征、表達方式和結尾,從語言表面分析隱含的意義,從而快速理解文章并完成閱讀任務。
Passage A
“But my name is Jackson Frank,not Frank Jackson.”
“Oh,thats all right,sir.It was in our books under the letter“J”,but it is your money.”The clerk laughed.“A human mistake,sir!Were all human beings,arent we?And so we all make mistakes.A family name like Frank sounds strange to me.”
Mr.Frank was silent.He really wanted to hit somebody.At last he said,“A human mistake is what you call it?I think some humans need kicking.”
The clerk put his name under the wrong letter?搖 ?搖 .
A.because of carelessness? B. because they were human beings?
C. because he had a strange name? D. by pronouncing his name incorrectly
Passage B
“Oh!Single,my dear,to be sure!A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
“How so?How can it affect them?”
“My dear Mr.Bennet,”replied his wife,“how can you be so tiresome!You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?”
“Design!Nonsense,how can you talk so!But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them,and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”
“I see no occasion for that.You and the girls may go,or you may send them by themselves,which perhaps will be still better,for as you are as handsome as any of them,Mr.Bingley may like you the best of the party.”
At the end of the passage,Mr.Bennet sounded?搖 ?搖 toward his wifes proposal.
A.hostile B.indifferent C.delighted D.annoyed
2.根據(jù)上文的分析,設置類似練習讓學生學以致用,實現(xiàn)提高學生閱讀理解能力的教學目標。
【設計目的】通過已做過的兩篇文章的片段歸納做題方法,切實提高學生對文學類作品的閱讀理解能力,之后通過新的一篇文學作品學以致用,鞏固所學的各項要素,是從理論到實踐的過程。
Step4.Meaning behind humorous stories
1.引導學生回到Project的戲劇The important paper上,找出important詞背后的隱含含義,強調在閱讀中關注重點詞的深層含義。
2.設置任務,引導學生閱讀并理解hardware,software,underwear的含義。
【設計目的】從Project的潛臺詞入手,讓學生在閱讀過程中關注文字表面下的深層含義,知道言有盡而意無窮,知道只有挖掘和真正理解這些隱含內容,才能切實提高閱讀理解能力,實現(xiàn)本課教學目標。
三、結語
利用教材提高學生的閱讀理解能力是關鍵,對教材的創(chuàng)造性使用是手段。本堂課的設計與以往的Project課型差異較大,筆者對教材做了較大的資源整合并嘗試做了一些創(chuàng)新。在教學過程中,學生有新鮮感,思維活躍,愿意積極主動參與課堂活動。這堂課實現(xiàn)了預設的教學目標。
為實現(xiàn)教學目標,在創(chuàng)造性使用教材方面,筆者有以下體會。
1.以課程標準為基礎。在處理教材時,應該考慮課程標準的培養(yǎng)目標和要求。教師要正確理解編者的意圖,既要遵循教材,又不拘囿于教材,要大膽取舍,整合得當。
2.以學生為本。教師在以教材為依托設置教學活動時,應充分考慮學生的知識水平,選擇適合學生水平的認知活動,提高學生分析問題和解決問題的能力,獲得相應的語言技能,增強語用能力。endprint
2.讓學生討論并從戲劇中找出讓自己發(fā)笑的語言或者動作,歸納戲劇的主要要素,即action,expression,language,the ending(the funniest part and come to the point)。
【設計目的】快速處理Project的兩篇戲劇,用完形填空的形式檢測學生的理解能力,鍛煉學生的信息加工處理能力。把Project當成一個載體,歸納出閱讀戲劇的幾個要素,為下面的文學閱讀打基礎。
Step3.Usage of the elements in reading comprehension
引導學生把戲劇的要素引申到文學作品中,由此及彼,在遇到文學類的閱讀理解時,可以用這些要素理解文章。
1.展示做過的兩例文學類閱讀理解,引導學生再一次關注作品的語言特征、表達方式和結尾,從語言表面分析隱含的意義,從而快速理解文章并完成閱讀任務。
Passage A
“But my name is Jackson Frank,not Frank Jackson.”
“Oh,thats all right,sir.It was in our books under the letter“J”,but it is your money.”The clerk laughed.“A human mistake,sir!Were all human beings,arent we?And so we all make mistakes.A family name like Frank sounds strange to me.”
Mr.Frank was silent.He really wanted to hit somebody.At last he said,“A human mistake is what you call it?I think some humans need kicking.”
The clerk put his name under the wrong letter?搖 ?搖 .
A.because of carelessness? B. because they were human beings?
C. because he had a strange name? D. by pronouncing his name incorrectly
Passage B
“Oh!Single,my dear,to be sure!A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
“How so?How can it affect them?”
“My dear Mr.Bennet,”replied his wife,“how can you be so tiresome!You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?”
“Design!Nonsense,how can you talk so!But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them,and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”
“I see no occasion for that.You and the girls may go,or you may send them by themselves,which perhaps will be still better,for as you are as handsome as any of them,Mr.Bingley may like you the best of the party.”
At the end of the passage,Mr.Bennet sounded?搖 ?搖 toward his wifes proposal.
A.hostile B.indifferent C.delighted D.annoyed
2.根據(jù)上文的分析,設置類似練習讓學生學以致用,實現(xiàn)提高學生閱讀理解能力的教學目標。
【設計目的】通過已做過的兩篇文章的片段歸納做題方法,切實提高學生對文學類作品的閱讀理解能力,之后通過新的一篇文學作品學以致用,鞏固所學的各項要素,是從理論到實踐的過程。
Step4.Meaning behind humorous stories
1.引導學生回到Project的戲劇The important paper上,找出important詞背后的隱含含義,強調在閱讀中關注重點詞的深層含義。
2.設置任務,引導學生閱讀并理解hardware,software,underwear的含義。
【設計目的】從Project的潛臺詞入手,讓學生在閱讀過程中關注文字表面下的深層含義,知道言有盡而意無窮,知道只有挖掘和真正理解這些隱含內容,才能切實提高閱讀理解能力,實現(xiàn)本課教學目標。
三、結語
利用教材提高學生的閱讀理解能力是關鍵,對教材的創(chuàng)造性使用是手段。本堂課的設計與以往的Project課型差異較大,筆者對教材做了較大的資源整合并嘗試做了一些創(chuàng)新。在教學過程中,學生有新鮮感,思維活躍,愿意積極主動參與課堂活動。這堂課實現(xiàn)了預設的教學目標。
為實現(xiàn)教學目標,在創(chuàng)造性使用教材方面,筆者有以下體會。
1.以課程標準為基礎。在處理教材時,應該考慮課程標準的培養(yǎng)目標和要求。教師要正確理解編者的意圖,既要遵循教材,又不拘囿于教材,要大膽取舍,整合得當。
2.以學生為本。教師在以教材為依托設置教學活動時,應充分考慮學生的知識水平,選擇適合學生水平的認知活動,提高學生分析問題和解決問題的能力,獲得相應的語言技能,增強語用能力。endprint
2.讓學生討論并從戲劇中找出讓自己發(fā)笑的語言或者動作,歸納戲劇的主要要素,即action,expression,language,the ending(the funniest part and come to the point)。
【設計目的】快速處理Project的兩篇戲劇,用完形填空的形式檢測學生的理解能力,鍛煉學生的信息加工處理能力。把Project當成一個載體,歸納出閱讀戲劇的幾個要素,為下面的文學閱讀打基礎。
Step3.Usage of the elements in reading comprehension
引導學生把戲劇的要素引申到文學作品中,由此及彼,在遇到文學類的閱讀理解時,可以用這些要素理解文章。
1.展示做過的兩例文學類閱讀理解,引導學生再一次關注作品的語言特征、表達方式和結尾,從語言表面分析隱含的意義,從而快速理解文章并完成閱讀任務。
Passage A
“But my name is Jackson Frank,not Frank Jackson.”
“Oh,thats all right,sir.It was in our books under the letter“J”,but it is your money.”The clerk laughed.“A human mistake,sir!Were all human beings,arent we?And so we all make mistakes.A family name like Frank sounds strange to me.”
Mr.Frank was silent.He really wanted to hit somebody.At last he said,“A human mistake is what you call it?I think some humans need kicking.”
The clerk put his name under the wrong letter?搖 ?搖 .
A.because of carelessness? B. because they were human beings?
C. because he had a strange name? D. by pronouncing his name incorrectly
Passage B
“Oh!Single,my dear,to be sure!A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
“How so?How can it affect them?”
“My dear Mr.Bennet,”replied his wife,“how can you be so tiresome!You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?”
“Design!Nonsense,how can you talk so!But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them,and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”
“I see no occasion for that.You and the girls may go,or you may send them by themselves,which perhaps will be still better,for as you are as handsome as any of them,Mr.Bingley may like you the best of the party.”
At the end of the passage,Mr.Bennet sounded?搖 ?搖 toward his wifes proposal.
A.hostile B.indifferent C.delighted D.annoyed
2.根據(jù)上文的分析,設置類似練習讓學生學以致用,實現(xiàn)提高學生閱讀理解能力的教學目標。
【設計目的】通過已做過的兩篇文章的片段歸納做題方法,切實提高學生對文學類作品的閱讀理解能力,之后通過新的一篇文學作品學以致用,鞏固所學的各項要素,是從理論到實踐的過程。
Step4.Meaning behind humorous stories
1.引導學生回到Project的戲劇The important paper上,找出important詞背后的隱含含義,強調在閱讀中關注重點詞的深層含義。
2.設置任務,引導學生閱讀并理解hardware,software,underwear的含義。
【設計目的】從Project的潛臺詞入手,讓學生在閱讀過程中關注文字表面下的深層含義,知道言有盡而意無窮,知道只有挖掘和真正理解這些隱含內容,才能切實提高閱讀理解能力,實現(xiàn)本課教學目標。
三、結語
利用教材提高學生的閱讀理解能力是關鍵,對教材的創(chuàng)造性使用是手段。本堂課的設計與以往的Project課型差異較大,筆者對教材做了較大的資源整合并嘗試做了一些創(chuàng)新。在教學過程中,學生有新鮮感,思維活躍,愿意積極主動參與課堂活動。這堂課實現(xiàn)了預設的教學目標。
為實現(xiàn)教學目標,在創(chuàng)造性使用教材方面,筆者有以下體會。
1.以課程標準為基礎。在處理教材時,應該考慮課程標準的培養(yǎng)目標和要求。教師要正確理解編者的意圖,既要遵循教材,又不拘囿于教材,要大膽取舍,整合得當。
2.以學生為本。教師在以教材為依托設置教學活動時,應充分考慮學生的知識水平,選擇適合學生水平的認知活動,提高學生分析問題和解決問題的能力,獲得相應的語言技能,增強語用能力。endprint