陳起富

在中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中常會(huì)碰到一些“異常”的英語用法。所謂“異常”，只是相對(duì)于中學(xué)英語知識(shí)范圍而言，顯得少見而已，其實(shí)也是英語中的習(xí)慣用法。也許正因?yàn)槿绱?，才更能說明語言的約定俗成性。現(xiàn)將新課程中學(xué)英語的一些異常用法集錄下來供參考。

一、介詞類

我們知道，介詞后面所帶的是賓語，可以是名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、數(shù)詞、“the + 形容詞”或短語、從句等，但下面的用法明顯不同（要求學(xué)生作整體詞塊來記憶、運(yùn)用，不宜作結(jié)構(gòu)分析）：

1.for + adj./ p.p.

Bob asked all the airlines to fly the pop stars for free（免費(fèi)）.

The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary， or OED for short （簡稱）.

Galileo never took anything for granted（想當(dāng)然）.

We werent playing for real（玩真的）.

No one knows for certain / sure（肯定地， 明確地） how the statues were transported by the islanders.

2.from + adv./ 介詞短語（表示地點(diǎn)位置）

These visitors all come from abroad（自國外）.

Seen from above（從上面）， the fields looked like a geometrical pattern.

The big snake crawled up the rock from below（從下面）.

I heard a voice from behind the wall（自墻后）.

In the darkness I saw two green eyes staring at me from among the trees（自樹叢中）.

3.in + adj.

這些已構(gòu)成固定詞塊：in common（共同，共有，公有）， in brief（總之，簡言之）， in general（總的來說，通常，大體上）， in particular（尤其，特別，具體的）， in short（總之，簡言之）等等。

二、連詞類

1.like

作連詞用的like只用于非正式場(chǎng)合， 尤其是美國英語口語中。詞典里可查到like的以下兩種意義的用法：

（1）in the same way as...（相當(dāng)于連詞as，意為“如同，像……一樣”） ;

（2） 相當(dāng)于as if，可代替as if或as though，用于act like， behave like， look like， sound like等結(jié)構(gòu)。

She acts like she owns the place.

No one sings the blues like she did.

Like I said （ = As I said before ）， youre always welcome to stay.

I hope I can drive the tractor like you do.

It doesnt look like well be moving after all.

I hope I dont sound like Im criticizing you.

They dont talk like they do on our listening tapes.

而在“It was wonderful， like a dream come true.”這一句中，like卻是介詞，come true是作補(bǔ)足語用的。

實(shí)際上，書面語中也有出現(xiàn)這種用法，如：

When you move away from the picture， the dots of colors blend together and the painting looks like it has light playing on the people and objects in the picture.[1]

2.but， except， besides + （ to ） do...

如果英語句子中有這些連詞，且前面存在有用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的do的各種形式，這時(shí)的不定式就不帶to， 即所謂“有do沒to”的用法。

I had no choice but to sign the contract.

She had nothing to do but go home.

He did nothing that day except eat and sleep.

What have you done besides swim in the stream？

3.but + 動(dòng)詞原形

主要用在cannot but， cannot choose but和cannot help but等結(jié)構(gòu)中，意為“不得不，不禁，只好，只得”（語義上相當(dāng)于have no choice but to do...）。

I cannot but admire his courage.

They couldnt choose but give up the plan.

She couldnt help but wonder （ = couldnt help wondering ） what he was thinking.

4.but引導(dǎo)定語從句

當(dāng)but引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，具有否定意義，相當(dāng)于 who...not... / that...not...，常用于 “no / little / few + n. + but ” 等結(jié)構(gòu)（即雙重否定變成肯定）。

（1） In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng.

= In China there is no one who doesnt know Lei Feng.

（2） There is no rule but has exceptions.

= There is no rule that doesnt have exceptions.

（3） In our class there were few students but worked out this simple problem.

（4） He has little of his spare time but is used for his studies.

三、動(dòng)詞類

1.be + being + 表語

這個(gè)用法就是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞be的進(jìn)行時(shí)用法，可表示贊賞、責(zé)備、諷刺、驚異、假裝、盡力等。[2]

He is always being diligent. No wonder he can succeed.

She hates it that you are always being over careful.

You are often being clever. （你常耍小聰明。）

Youre being so irresponsible. （你竟這么不負(fù)責(zé)任。）

I am being easygoing. = I am trying to be easygoing.

而be的進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定式常表示肯定：

I am not being patient. = I am doing things patiently. （我做事夠耐心的了。）

2. cannot / cant / can never 構(gòu)成的特殊用法

cannot... too... / cannot... over... / cannot...

enough / can never... too ...等，意為“越……越好;再……也不過分 / 也不嫌…… / 也不覺得太……”。

You cannot be too careful in doing these exercises.

He told me I could not keep over sensitive to political change.

I cannot thank you enough.（我對(duì)你感激不盡。）

A： A man can never have too many ties.

B： And a woman cant have too many hats.[3]

3. cast down

cast down 意為“沮喪，不愉快”，但只作表語，常用的有be cast down。

He was much cast down by his failure to find work.

He was cast down by the result of the experiment.

4. die + adj./ n.

不及物動(dòng)詞后面只可帶狀語， 少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞可構(gòu)成同源動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)（同源賓語）。但不及物動(dòng)詞die的后面卻可帶adj./ n.，實(shí)屬少見。

At last he died happy. （ = ... died a happy death. ）

She died young.

Liu Hulan died a heroine.

It was said that he died a beggar.

5.judging from / by...

to judge from / by... （從 / 通過……來判斷）

動(dòng)詞judge只用這兩種非謂語形式作句首狀語，不用過去分詞形式（盡管從語義上看，該用過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義——被判斷）。

Judging by her last letter， they are having a wonderful time.

To judge from what he said， he was very disappointed.

6.seat oneself / be seated

動(dòng)詞seat只有這兩種用法，用作非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)還得把be去掉。

You can see many people seated and waiting in the room for the famous singer.

Seating himself / Seated / Sitting at the front door， he smoked and sighed.

7.sleep late：睡得久（遲起床）

stay up / sit up late / go to bed late：睡得遲（遲去睡）

8.would rather + 主謂（從句）

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would rather 后面沒有動(dòng)詞就直接帶從句了，這是個(gè)很特別的用法。這個(gè)從句要用虛擬語氣，即would rather sb did... / sb had done... （ 寧愿…… / 但愿…… ），謂語用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)表示“現(xiàn)在或?qū)怼弊龅氖?，用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)表示“過去”做過的事。

I would rather he didnt come today.

I would rather you hadnt done wrong to him before.

四、介詞化、連詞化了的分詞

以下幾個(gè)分詞又可用作介詞或連詞：

concerning 關(guān)于;涉及

considering 鑒于;就……而言;考慮到

given （ that...） 鑒于;如果考慮到

including 包括;包含

provided that... = providing that... 假若;只要（指好的條件）

supposing （ that ）... 假如;設(shè)想

He asked several questions concerning the future of the company.

Considering hes only just started， he knows quite a lot about it.

Given his age， hes remarkably active.

Six people were killed in the riot， including a policeman.

Provided / Providing that you have the money in your account， you can withdraw up to ￡100 a day.

Supposing （ that ） you are wrong， what will you do then？

五、代詞it

1. it 充當(dāng)形式賓語的特殊用法

當(dāng)appreciate， dislike， like， hate， love， make （成功，按時(shí)到達(dá)），have （表明，堅(jiān)持說）， take （認(rèn)為， 猜想）， hide （隱瞞）， publish （公布）， put （表達(dá)，寫出來），answer for （擔(dān)保，保證）， count on （期待）， depend on（依靠）， insist on， see to （確保）， rely on （信賴，相信）等動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞詞組后面接if，when，that等引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí)，從句前頭要先加it作形式賓語。

I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.

I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.（1998年全國高考）

I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.

We published it that we had finished the project ahead of time.

We will answer for it that all the products will be up to the mark （合格）.

I am counting on it that you will come.

She will see to it that he goes ahead.

You may rely on it that the work will be finished ahead of time.

2. it常用在以下詞塊中，沒有確切的含義，只幫助構(gòu)成習(xí)語

keep it up， take it easy， make it（成功），thought it（想到了）， guess it（猜對(duì)了），get it / got it（明白，理解，猜中，答對(duì)了），so it seems（好像如此），go for it（努力，加油，走向目標(biāo)），watch it（注意）。

其他較常用的還有：catch it（被罵），foot it（步行去），hit it（說對(duì)了，猜對(duì)），put it on（夸大其辭，吹牛），take it（能忍受困難/處罰/批評(píng)等），go it（趕快了），beat it（出去，急速離開），kick it（戒掉），have had it（受夠了，吃盡苦頭，無法忍受）。[4]

I cant help it. （我沒辦法。）

Thats it. （這就對(duì)了。）

Get with it！ （振作精神。）

Keep at it！ （堅(jiān)持下去。）

六、其他

1.關(guān)于“ 很 （非常、相當(dāng)）”的用法

（1） 很值得：be well worthy of... / be well worth...

（2） 與某人相處得很好：get on / along well with sb

某事進(jìn)展很好（順利）：get on / along well with sth

（3） 對(duì)……很滿意、滿足：be well content with...;be very / quite pleased with...

（4） 很喜歡：like...very much/be very fond of...

（5） 穿著很好：be well dressed

（6） 很受歡迎：be well received

（7） 記得很清楚：well remember... / remember...very well

（8） 很適應(yīng)：adapt well to... / be well adapted to... / fit in well

（9） 很可能 / 不可能：It is most likely / unlikely that...;It is quite possible / impossible that...

（10） 很精彩：quite wonderful

很完美：quite perfect

很優(yōu)秀：quite excellent

（11） 很受賞識(shí)：be much appreciated by...

（12） 很明白、很了解：be well aware of...

（13） 很有經(jīng)驗(yàn)：be well experienced

（14） 看起來很像……：look very much like...

（15） 很想念……：miss...badly / greatly / terribly / very much

（16） 很重要：be of great importance / be very important

（17） 很受感動(dòng)：be greatly affected

2.sick與ill

a sick man 病人

an ill man 壞蛋 （ = a bad man ）

（當(dāng)ill意為“生病的”時(shí)，只作表語，不作定語）

3.not a bit與not a little

not a bit = not at all根本不;一點(diǎn)也不

not a little = rather / very 很;相當(dāng);不止一點(diǎn)

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 林翠菊，田品晶. 新課標(biāo)教案·英語·選修6[M].北京/延吉：人民教育出版社/延邊教育出版社，2006.

[2] 吳洪亮.對(duì)靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞be的進(jìn)行時(shí)用法探究[J]. 中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究，2008（8）.

[3] 亞歷山大（L. G. ALEXANDER），何其莘. 新概念英語2（新版）[M]. 北京/香港：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社/朗文出版亞洲有限公司，1997.

[4] 紀(jì)蓉慧. 由“make it”說it的一種特殊用法[J]. 中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究，2007（12）.

（責(zé)任編輯周侯辰）