劉麗云,郝 帥,孫 暉
弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74的FliS蛋白功能研究
劉麗云1,郝 帥2,孫 暉1
目的 研究弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74的FliS蛋白功能。方法 構(gòu)建弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74fliS的精確缺失突變株(CF74ΔfliS)及其互補(bǔ)菌株(CF74pfliS),并進(jìn)行細(xì)菌游動(dòng)性實(shí)驗(yàn),檢測(cè)它們對(duì)THP1細(xì)胞的粘附性和細(xì)胞毒性的作用。并用Western blotting方法檢測(cè)FliC蛋白在培養(yǎng)上清中的分泌。結(jié)果 弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74ΔfliS突變株沒(méi)有游動(dòng)性,而回補(bǔ)株CF74pfliS回補(bǔ)了游動(dòng)性。而且,CF74ΔfliS突變株降低對(duì)THP1細(xì)胞的粘附和細(xì)胞毒作用,其回補(bǔ)株恢復(fù)了粘附性和細(xì)胞毒性。此外,CF74ΔfliS突變株降低FliC蛋白在培養(yǎng)上清中的分泌。結(jié)論 FliS蛋白影響弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74的游動(dòng)性,并參與其對(duì)宿主細(xì)胞的粘附和細(xì)胞毒作用。
弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌;CF74ΔfliS;游動(dòng)性;粘附性;細(xì)胞毒性
弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌屬于枸櫞酸桿菌屬、腸桿菌科、革蘭氏陰性桿菌、兼性厭氧、周身鞭毛、菌毛、無(wú)芽胞和無(wú)莢膜。弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌在自然界廣泛存在,是人類(lèi)和動(dòng)物腸道的正常菌群,屬于條件致病菌。弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌可以引起包括腹瀉在內(nèi)的多種感染性疾病如:尿道感染、腦膜炎、膿毒癥以及醫(yī)院獲得性感染等[1-3]。弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌可以通過(guò)獲得毒力因子變成致病菌,引起腹瀉等感染,Pereira AL等報(bào)道聚集性粘附的弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌具有強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞毒性[4-5]。
鞭毛作為細(xì)菌運(yùn)動(dòng)的重要器官,參與細(xì)菌的粘附,也是重要的毒力決定因子,參與了一系列的致病過(guò)程,鞭毛所提供的動(dòng)力可能是細(xì)菌侵入細(xì)胞的重要因素;鞭毛蛋白可以作為粘附素,決定了細(xì)菌在細(xì)胞表面的吸附,以及其后的侵襲與定植過(guò)程;鞭毛蛋白可以引起宿主細(xì)胞的炎性反應(yīng);在病原菌中,鞭毛的組裝系統(tǒng),類(lèi)似于毒力因子的分泌系統(tǒng),在細(xì)菌內(nèi)外膜之間存在復(fù)雜的調(diào)控機(jī)制,可以介導(dǎo)一系列胞外毒素的分泌,其中包括磷脂酶YplA的分泌[6-12]。FliS作為鞭毛蛋白的胞漿輸出伴侶蛋白,可以防止未成熟的鞭毛單體過(guò)早的在胞漿中聚合。FliS通過(guò)與FliC C端螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合,幫助鞭毛蛋白亞單位之間聚合的穩(wěn)定性[13]。
我們分離到一株弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74,該菌具有強(qiáng)的粘附性和細(xì)胞毒性,并且具有完整的鞭毛系統(tǒng)[4]。我們推測(cè)鞭毛蛋白參與了這一系列的致病過(guò)程。為了探索FliS在弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74致病中的作用,本研究構(gòu)建了fliS的精確缺失突變株(CF74ΔfliS)及其互補(bǔ)菌株(CF74pliS),來(lái)研究弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74 中FliS在游動(dòng)性、粘附性和細(xì)胞毒性的作用。從而了解FliS在弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌致病性中的作用。
1.1 材料
1.1.1 菌株、質(zhì)粒和引物 見(jiàn)表1。
表1 供試菌株、質(zhì)粒及引物
1.1.2 主要試劑和儀器 實(shí)驗(yàn)所用Taq DNA聚合酶、T4連接酶、高保真酶、dNTPs、DNA Marker為T(mén)aKaRa公司產(chǎn)品;質(zhì)粒提取試劑盒、PCR產(chǎn)物純化試劑盒、瓊脂糖凝膠回收試劑盒為QIAGEN生產(chǎn);電泳儀、凝膠成像儀等為Bio—Rad公司產(chǎn)品;Cyto-Tox 96 Cytoxicity Kit購(gòu)自美國(guó) Promega公司;1640培養(yǎng)基和小牛血清購(gòu)自GIBCO公司;CO2培養(yǎng)箱為T(mén)hermo Forma Steri-Cycle。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 培養(yǎng)基及培養(yǎng)條件 弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌的常規(guī)培養(yǎng)條件為:LB液體培養(yǎng)基(1%胰蛋白胨、0.5%酵母提取物、1%NaCl,調(diào)節(jié)pH至7.4)及LBA固體平板(LB液體培養(yǎng)基中加入1.5%瓊脂),37 ℃培養(yǎng)。培養(yǎng)基中所需鏈霉素(Str)和氨芐青霉素(Amp)濃度均為100 μg/mL。10%蔗糖LBA平板用于弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌突變株的篩選。含有0.3%瓊脂的LBA平板用于弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌游動(dòng)性實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.2 弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74目的基因缺失突變株及回補(bǔ)株的構(gòu)建 通過(guò)融合PCR技術(shù)將弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74的fliS基因上下游同源臂融合得到缺失fliS基因編碼區(qū)的DNA片段,并將此PCR產(chǎn)物克隆到自殺載體pWM91上,通過(guò)DNA測(cè)序得到片段正確的重組質(zhì)粒。將重組質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)化大腸埃希菌SM10λpir,再接合轉(zhuǎn)移至弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74中,經(jīng)pWM91質(zhì)粒上sacB基因利用蔗糖平板進(jìn)行反向篩選并通過(guò)PCR進(jìn)行鑒定,得到fliS缺失突變株。PCR擴(kuò)增fliS基因全序列的DNA片段408 bp,將目的片段克隆到載體pBAD24中,通過(guò)DNA測(cè)序得到片段正確的重組質(zhì)粒。將重組質(zhì)粒經(jīng)電轉(zhuǎn)化導(dǎo)入弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74fliS突變株中,通過(guò)PCR進(jìn)行鑒定,得到回補(bǔ)株CF74ΔfliS+pBAD24-fliS(簡(jiǎn)稱CF74pfliS)。
1.2.3 弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌游動(dòng)性檢測(cè) 將弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74野生株、CF74△fliS和CF74pfliS接種于LBA中,37 ℃培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜。次日,用滅菌的牙簽挑單克隆,刺人含0.3%瓊脂的LBA平板中,30 ℃靜置培養(yǎng)16 h后,我們對(duì)游動(dòng)的菌圈直徑進(jìn)行測(cè)量,并且除以平皿的直徑,獲得相對(duì)的游動(dòng)面積百分比,用來(lái)比較菌株的游動(dòng)能力。所有菌株設(shè)立3個(gè)平行。并且進(jìn)行至少2次重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.4 弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌粘附和細(xì)胞毒實(shí)驗(yàn) 單核細(xì)胞株THP-1細(xì)胞(TIB-202TM,ATCC)接種于24孔細(xì)胞板,培養(yǎng)液為1640(含5%小牛血清),培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜經(jīng)過(guò)分化為巨噬細(xì)胞。細(xì)菌感染細(xì)胞的MOI為100∶1,在37 ℃ ,5% CO2的溫箱中共同孵育3 h后,經(jīng)過(guò)PBS清洗24孔板,細(xì)胞被含有0.25% Triton X-100的PBS裂解液中裂解,然后倍比稀釋裂解產(chǎn)物,涂LBA平板,在37 ℃的溫箱培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜。次日進(jìn)行菌落計(jì)數(shù)。每個(gè)樣品有3個(gè)平行,并且進(jìn)行至少2次重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
LDH實(shí)驗(yàn)是按照Cytotox96 kit (Promega)操作說(shuō)明進(jìn)行的。具體步驟如下:THP-1細(xì)胞接種于96孔板,培養(yǎng)液為1640含5%FBS,培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜,經(jīng)過(guò)分化為巨噬細(xì)胞;次日,細(xì)菌感染細(xì)胞的MOI為100∶1,在37 ℃ ,5% CO2的溫箱中共同孵育6 h。離心,移取每孔上清50 μL 至另一96 孔板,并在每孔加入50 μL LDH 反應(yīng)液,避光反應(yīng)30 min(室溫15~25 ℃);每孔加入50 μL LDH 終止液,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)吸光度,測(cè)量波長(zhǎng)為490 nm,參考波長(zhǎng)為630 nm。低對(duì)照組為不加細(xì)菌的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液,高對(duì)照組為細(xì)胞被加入lysis完全裂解(promege 試劑盒帶,在顯色前40 min加入 1Xlysis)。細(xì)胞毒性%=(OD樣品-OD低對(duì)照)/(OD高對(duì)照-OD低對(duì)照)×100%。每個(gè)樣品有3個(gè)平行,并且進(jìn)行至少2次重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)
1.2.5 上清蛋白準(zhǔn)備和Western blot分析 收集CF74野生株和CF74△fliS缺失株搖至OD600為1.0的上清培養(yǎng)基,用0.22 μm濾膜(Millipore)過(guò)濾除菌,加入10% (v/v) TCA( Sigma-Aldrich),在4 ℃過(guò)夜沉淀蛋白。次日,經(jīng)過(guò)高速離心,冰丙酮洗劑,干燥上清蛋白。定量蛋白后,用蛋白上樣buffer溶解上清蛋白進(jìn)行Western blot分析,一抗為兔抗FliC抗體 (Abzome Co,Ltd China, 1∶5 000) 和二抗HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗兔抗體(MBL, 1∶10 000),ECL發(fā)光顯色。
1.2.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 SPSS軟件包版本為13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)進(jìn)行所有數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)(Mann-WhitneyU-test)用于組間的差異比較分析,P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74△fliS缺失株和CF74pfliS回補(bǔ)株的PCR驗(yàn)證 用fliS全長(zhǎng)引物分別擴(kuò)增CF74野生株、CF74△fliS缺失株和回補(bǔ)株CF74pfliS的基因組DNA。如圖1所示,缺失株沒(méi)有帶,野生株和回補(bǔ)株在大約400 bp的位置有一條特異性的帶。結(jié)果表明構(gòu)建的fliS缺失株和回補(bǔ)株是成功的。
fliS mutant was checked by amplifying of full sequence of fliS.
2.2 弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74ΔfliS缺失株沒(méi)有游動(dòng)性 為了研究FliS是否影響細(xì)菌的游動(dòng)性,我們對(duì)CF74野生株、CF74ΔfliS缺失株和回補(bǔ)株 F74pfliS進(jìn)行了游動(dòng)性實(shí)驗(yàn)分析。如圖 2A所示,CF74ΔfliS沒(méi)有游動(dòng)性,CF74pfliS和CF74野生株具有相類(lèi)似的游動(dòng)性。CF74野生株的相對(duì)游動(dòng)面積為57.7%,CF74ΔfliS的相對(duì)游動(dòng)面積為0,CF74pfliS的相對(duì)游動(dòng)面積62.3%。CF74ΔfliS游動(dòng)明顯低于CF74野生株和回補(bǔ)株CF74pfliS(P<0.01) 圖 2B。上述結(jié)果表明FliS影響弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌的游動(dòng)性。
A: Representative images of swimming motility ofC.freundiiCF74, CF74ΔfliSand CF74pfliS;
B: Quantification of the inhibition of swimming motility halo by CF74ΔfliSmutant in swim plates.
The y-axis represents relative swimming motility area, the x-axis represents different strains.
Statistical significance was determined by Mann-Whitney U-test between CF74ΔfliSand CF74 or CF74pfliS. **:P<0.01.
圖2FliS對(duì)游動(dòng)性的影響
Fig.2 Effect of theFliSon motility
2.3 弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74 FliS蛋白參與對(duì)THP-1細(xì)胞的粘附和細(xì)胞毒作用 通過(guò)比較CF74野生株、CF74ΔfliS和 F74pfliS對(duì)THP-1 細(xì)胞的粘附差異。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)CF74ΔfliS對(duì)THP-1細(xì)胞的粘附能力明顯低于CF74野生株(P<0.01),而回補(bǔ)株CF74pfliS回補(bǔ)了對(duì)THP-1細(xì)胞的粘附能力(圖3 A)。結(jié)果表明FliS參與弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74對(duì)宿主細(xì)胞的粘附作用。
進(jìn)一步研究FliS對(duì)弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74的細(xì)胞毒作用。我們用CF74野生株、 CF74ΔfliS和 F74pfliS分別感染THP-1細(xì)胞6 h,通過(guò)測(cè)定它們作用的THP-1 細(xì)胞LDH的釋放情況分析發(fā)現(xiàn),CF74野生株感染的THP-1細(xì)胞的LDH釋放率為25%,缺失株CF74ΔfliS的LDH釋放率為10%,回補(bǔ)株CF74pfliS的LDH釋放率為15%。CF74ΔfliS感染THP-1細(xì)胞的LDH釋放率明顯低于CF74野生株(P<0.01),回補(bǔ)株CF74pfliS明顯補(bǔ)回了感染THP-1細(xì)胞的LDH釋放率(圖3B)。結(jié)果表明FliS參與弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74對(duì)宿主細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒作用。
A: Effects of FliS on CF74 adherence to THP-1 cell (MOI, 100). Performance of CF74ΔfliSwas compared statistically to the wild type CF74. **:P<0.01.
B: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released were measured from THP-1 cells after exposure toC.freundiiCF74, CF74△fliSand CF74pfliSat 6 hours using optical density reading at A490/630 (vertical axis).
Significant differences between wild type and CF74△fliSmutant were shown with **:P<0.01.
圖3 CF74的FliS對(duì)THP-1細(xì)胞的粘附和細(xì)胞毒的影響
Fig.3 Effect of the FliS on adhesion and cytotoxicity to THP-1 cell
2.4 弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74 FliS蛋白影響FliC蛋白的分泌 通過(guò)檢測(cè)CF74野生株和CF74△fliS缺失株對(duì)FliC蛋白分泌的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)CF74△fliS缺失株中的FliC蛋白的分泌降低(圖4)。
Immunoblot analysis of FliC protein in the culture supernatant (Sup) prepared fromC.freundiiCF74 and CF74△fliSgrown in LB.
The position of a reactive band corresponding to FliC was detected with anti-FliC antibody.
圖4 FliS影響鞭毛蛋白FliC的分泌
Fig.4 Effect of FliS on the secretion of flagellar protein FliC
細(xì)菌的游動(dòng)性依賴于鞭毛系統(tǒng)。弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌具有完整的鞭毛系統(tǒng),鞭毛系統(tǒng)基因:flhD, motA 和 motB突變可以引起弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌的游動(dòng)性的缺陷[14]。由于flhDC操縱子控制鞭毛生物合成,所以flhD缺失突變導(dǎo)致無(wú)鞭毛產(chǎn)生[14]。此外,motA 和 motB可以形成轉(zhuǎn)移質(zhì)子動(dòng)力來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)鞭毛的質(zhì)子通道。雖然motA 和 motB缺失突變株可以產(chǎn)生鞭毛,但是是無(wú)功能的鞭毛[14]。上述數(shù)據(jù)表明弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌的游動(dòng)性依賴于鞭毛系統(tǒng)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FliS作為鞭毛蛋白的胞漿輸出伴侶蛋白,它的突變株可以引起弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74失去游動(dòng)性。Capdevila S等也已經(jīng)報(bào)道在熒光假單胞桿菌中,缺失突變fliS可以引起該菌無(wú)游動(dòng)性[15]。這表明FliS蛋白影響細(xì)菌的游動(dòng)性。
FliS 作為鞭毛蛋白特異的胞漿伴侶蛋白,幫助FliC分泌和有助于鞭毛蛋白亞基在聚合過(guò)程中的穩(wěn)定性[13,15]。fliS缺失突變株可以引起多數(shù)FliC蛋白堆積在細(xì)胞質(zhì)形成包涵體而不能分泌出去;也可以導(dǎo)致FliC錯(cuò)誤聚合或不能形成穩(wěn)定的聚合體,從而影響正常的鞭毛絲的形成,電鏡下表現(xiàn)為鞭毛的又短又細(xì)[15]。本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74fliS缺失突變株可以引起FliC蛋白分泌的減少。此外,弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74fliS缺失突變株可以導(dǎo)致巨噬細(xì)胞的粘附性減弱和細(xì)胞毒性下降。已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,F(xiàn)liC參與病原菌的粘附和細(xì)胞毒作用[16]。上述結(jié)果表明FliS通過(guò)調(diào)控FliC分泌,而間接的影響對(duì)宿主細(xì)胞的粘附和細(xì)胞毒作用。
病原菌鞭毛系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)的游動(dòng)性有利于增加病原菌與宿主細(xì)胞接觸的機(jī)率,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)其粘附和定植,從而引起對(duì)宿主細(xì)胞的感染。所以游動(dòng)性是細(xì)菌鞭毛系統(tǒng)參與致病性的重要因素之一。已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,鼠傷寒沙門(mén)氏菌(Salmonellatyphimurium)對(duì)兔盲腸的定植[17],霍亂弧菌(Vibriocholerae)對(duì)小腸粘膜的定植[18]以及假單胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)引起的燙傷感染的模型[19],都依賴于細(xì)菌的游動(dòng)性。本研究中,fliS缺失突變株沒(méi)有游動(dòng)性,從而導(dǎo)致該菌對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞的粘附性和細(xì)胞毒性的減弱。所以游動(dòng)性是病原菌引起感染的重要原因之一。
總之,F(xiàn)liS蛋白影響弗氏枸櫞酸桿菌CF74的游動(dòng)性,并參與其對(duì)宿主細(xì)胞的粘附和細(xì)胞毒作用。
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FliS function inC.freundiistrain CF74
LIU Li-yun1,HAO Shuai2,SUN Hui1
(1.StateKeyLaboratoryforCommunicableDiseasePreventionandControl,InstituteforCommunicableDiseasePreventionandControl,ChineseCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Beijing102206,China; 2.KeyLaboratoryofCellProliferationandRegulationBiologyMinistryofEducation,BeijingNormalUniversity,UniversitiesConfederatedInstituteofProteomics,Beijing100875,China)
FliS as an export chaperone contributes to stabilization of flagellin subunit interactions during polymerisation. ThefliSmutant leads to most of the FliC protein being accumulated in inclusion bodies formed inside the cell cytoplasm.C.freundiistrain CF74 has a complete flagellar system. To analyze FliS function in CF74, we constructed deletion mutant offliSand complementation in CF74 and analysed its effects on the swimming motility, adherence and cytotoxicity. CF74ΔfliSmutant was found to be no motile, and motility was restored by CF74pfliS. Moreover, CF74ΔfliSmutant was defective in adhesion and cytotoxicity to THP1 cells and restored upon complementation. Significant differences between wild type and CF74△fliSmutant were shown withP<0.01. The band of FliC in CF74ΔfliSmutant was weak by immunoblot analysis of FliC protein in the culture supernatant prepared from CF74 and CF74ΔfliSmutant grown in LB. These results suggested that the FliS in CF74 enhances motility, involves in the adherence to host cells, and induces cytotoxicity to host cells.
C.freundii; CF74ΔfliS; motility; adhesion; cytotoxicity
國(guó)家自然基金項(xiàng)目(No.81301401);傳染病預(yù)防控制國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室面上項(xiàng)目(No.2011SKLID209)聯(lián)合資助
1.中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心傳染病預(yù)防控制所,傳染病預(yù)防控制國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 102206; 2.北京師范大學(xué)細(xì)胞增殖與調(diào)控教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,高等學(xué)校蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)研究院,北京 100875; Email:liuliyun@icdc.cn
Supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81301401) and the Project of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (No. 2011SKLID209)
10.3969/cjz.j.issn.1002-2694.2015.06.003
R378.2
A
1002-2694(2015)06-0506-05
2014-10-08;
2014-11-28