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      急性切口痛大鼠血漿及上消化道胃動(dòng)素表達(dá)的變化

      2015-08-23 08:47:11趙軍徐磊張瑜馮全勝
      天津醫(yī)藥 2015年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:胃體胃動(dòng)素胃腸功能

      趙軍,徐磊,張瑜,馮全勝

      急性切口痛大鼠血漿及上消化道胃動(dòng)素表達(dá)的變化

      趙軍1,徐磊2△,張瑜3,馮全勝2

      目的觀察急性切口痛大鼠血漿、胃體及十二指腸胃動(dòng)素(MTL)水平的變化。方法SPF級(jí)健康雄性SD大鼠156只,6~8周齡,體質(zhì)量180~220 g,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為2組(n=78):對(duì)照組(C組)和切口痛組(P組)。P組行右足跖肌切口。2組先隨機(jī)各取6只大鼠,于術(shù)前24 h(T0)、術(shù)后1 h(T1)、6 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)、72 h(T5)測(cè)定機(jī)械縮足閾值(PWMT)與熱縮足反射潛伏期(PWTL)。并于上述每個(gè)時(shí)點(diǎn),2組分別取12只大鼠,斷頭處死,提取血漿、胃體及十二指腸組織,采用ELISA法測(cè)定MTL水平。結(jié)果與C組比較,P組T1~T4時(shí)PWMT降低,PWTL縮短,血漿、胃體MTL水平降低,而十二指腸MTL水平升高(P<0.05),T0、T5時(shí)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;P組血漿MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL呈正相關(guān)(r分別為0.952、0.879,P<0.01),P組胃體MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL呈正相關(guān)性(r分別為0.970、0.931,P<0.01);十二指腸MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL呈負(fù)相關(guān)性(r分別為-0.991、-0.975,P<0.01)。結(jié)論急性切口痛可使大鼠血漿、胃體MTL水平降低,而使十二指腸MTL水平升高。

      促胃動(dòng)素;胃;十二指腸;血漿;急性切口痛

      術(shù)后急性痛可引發(fā)嚴(yán)重胃腸功能紊亂,影響患者預(yù)后[1]。胃動(dòng)素(motilin,MTL)由腸嗜鉻細(xì)胞分泌,主要分布在胃、十二指腸、空腸及血漿,于消化間期呈周期性釋放,在胃腸動(dòng)力調(diào)控中發(fā)揮重要作用[2-3],其表達(dá)主要受迷走神經(jīng)下游的膽堿能神經(jīng)及非腎上腺非膽堿能神經(jīng)通路調(diào)控[4]。研究顯示,急性切口痛抑制胃體MTL表達(dá),降低胃動(dòng)力,但其對(duì)外周其他部位MTL表達(dá)水平的動(dòng)態(tài)影響尚鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道[5]。本研究擬觀察切口痛大鼠血漿、胃體、十二指腸MTL水平的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,為臨床嚴(yán)重胃腸功能紊亂的外周機(jī)制研究及治療提供依據(jù)。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物SPF級(jí)健康雄性SD大鼠156只,6~8周齡,體質(zhì)量180~220 g,購(gòu)自天津?qū)嶒?yàn)動(dòng)物中心,每籠5只飼養(yǎng),自然照明,自由攝食、飲水。

      1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)分組采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為2組(n=78):對(duì)照組(control group,C組)和切口痛組(incisional pain group,P組)。

      1.3疼痛模型建立參照文獻(xiàn)[6]方法制備切口痛模型。吸入七氟醚麻醉后右足底近端0.5 cm處向趾部做一長(zhǎng)約1 cm切口,切開皮膚筋膜,用眼科鑷挑起足底跖肌并縱向切割,但保持肌肉起止及附著完整,皮膚縫合,切口以青霉素藥液沖洗。

      1.4檢測(cè)方法及觀察指標(biāo)2組先隨機(jī)各取6只大鼠,于術(shù)前24 h(T0)、術(shù)后1 h(T1)、6 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)、72 h (T5)測(cè)定機(jī)械縮足閾值(PWMT)與熱縮足反射潛伏期(PWTL)。C組、P組剩余大鼠于上述每個(gè)時(shí)點(diǎn)分別取12只大鼠斷頭處死,取胃體、十二指腸組織并經(jīng)下腔靜脈抽取血樣,采用ELISA法測(cè)定MTL水平。

      1.4.1PWMT將一透明有機(jī)玻璃箱(22 cm×22 cm×12 cm)置于30 cm高的金屬篩網(wǎng)(1 cm×1 cm)上,待大鼠在箱中適應(yīng)30 min后,采用電子von Frey纖維絲(IITC公司,美國(guó)),垂直刺激大鼠雙側(cè)后足與附近第3、4趾間皮膚,每次持續(xù)4~6 s。大鼠出現(xiàn)抬足或舔足行為視為陽(yáng)性反應(yīng),并記錄此時(shí)的刺激強(qiáng)度,每次間隔15 s以上,共刺激5次,計(jì)算其平均值為PWMT。

      1.4.2PWTL將有機(jī)玻璃箱置于3 mm厚玻璃板上,大鼠放入箱內(nèi),使其自由活動(dòng)30 min以適應(yīng)測(cè)試環(huán)境和溫度。室溫穩(wěn)定在24~26℃。采用Model 390 Heated Base熱痛刺激儀(IITC公司,美國(guó))照射大鼠足底緊貼玻璃板部位,具體部位同PWMT測(cè)定部位。記錄照射開始至大鼠出現(xiàn)抬足或舔足時(shí)間,照射時(shí)間不超過(guò)20 s,以防止組織損傷。測(cè)定5次,間隔至少5 min,取后3次刺激的平均值為PWTL。

      1.5MTL水平測(cè)定 (1)血MTL。開腹,經(jīng)下腔靜脈采集血樣2 mL,置于含30 μL10%EDTA二鈉和40 μL抑肽酶(2萬(wàn)U/mL)試管中混勻,4℃離心20 min。取血漿,置-20℃保存。采用ELISA法測(cè)定MTL水平,ELISA試劑盒購(gòu)自上海藍(lán)基生物科技有限公司。(2)胃體、十二指腸MTL。胃體、十二指腸黏膜組織分別稱質(zhì)量,置于含1 mL濃度為0.2 mol/L的醋酸溶液勻漿器中勻漿。沸水煮沸10 min,4℃、3 500 r/min離心半徑13.5 cm,離心10 min。取上清放入試管中冰凍、干燥、濃縮后PBS等容,待測(cè)液-80℃保存,采用ELISA法測(cè)定MTL水平,ELISA試劑盒購(gòu)自上海藍(lán)基生物科技有限公司。

      1.6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),相關(guān)分析采用Pearson法,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1機(jī)械痛閾值比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時(shí)PWMT降低(P<0.05),T0、T5時(shí)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;P組PWMT T1時(shí)降低,T3~T5時(shí)逐漸升高(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。

      Tab.1 Comparison of PWMT variation at different time points between two groups表1 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)PWMT的比較(n=6,g,±s)

      Tab.1 Comparison of PWMT variation at different time points between two groups表1 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)PWMT的比較(n=6,g,±s)

      *P<0.05,**P<0.01;t1為組間比較,t2為組內(nèi)與前一時(shí)點(diǎn)比較;表2~5同

      T0T1t2T2t2組別C組P組2.026 35.259**0.793 2.298 t1 42±7 40±3 0.757 45±7 21±4 14.367**43±7 18±6 11.985**t2 T3T4t2T5t2組別C組P組 t1 43±5 25±8 10.821**0.932 5.657**44±5 30±9 5.902**2.038 2.828*43±7 42±5 0.519 0.711 6.445*

      2.2熱輻射痛閾值比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時(shí)PWTL降低(P<0.05),T0、T5時(shí)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;P組PWTL T1時(shí)降低,T3時(shí)較T1、T2升高(P<0.05),T3~T5時(shí)逐漸升高(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。

      Tab.2 Comparison of PWTL variation at different time points between two groups表2 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)PWTL的比較(n=6,g,±s)

      Tab.2 Comparison of PWTL variation at different time points between two groups表2 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)PWTL的比較(n=6,g,±s)

      T1 T0t2T2t2組別C組P組0.286 5.443**0.091 0.091 t1 11.3±5.3 11.8±5.1 0.213 11.7±2.1 6.2±2.1 6.753**11.6±4.2 5.9±2.7 9.051**組別C組P組T3t2T4t2T5t22.431 3.181*12.5±7.3 9.7±3.2 8.925**12.9±3.9 8.3±3.7 7.656**0.088 3.208*0.069 2.723*t1 12.1±3.4 11.3±4.1 0.427

      2.3血漿MTL水平比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時(shí)血漿MTL水平降低(P<0.05),T0、T5時(shí)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;P組MTL T1時(shí)降低,T3~T5時(shí)逐漸升高(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。

      Tab.3 Comparison of plasma levels of MTL at different time points between two groups表3 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)血漿MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)

      Tab.3 Comparison of plasma levels of MTL at different time points between two groups表3 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)血漿MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)

      T0T1t2T2t2組別C組P組0.300 18.465**0.232 0.432 t1 239±17 239±14 0.745 236±11 144±12 18.835**239±6 146±20 20.246**T3t2T4t2T5t2組別C組P組0.09 3.479*1.462 9.830**0.399 10.126**t1 241±5 189±23 10.978**235±7 205±21 10.449**239±11 244±17 0.032

      2.4胃體MTL水平比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時(shí)胃體MTL水平降低(P<0.05),T0、T5時(shí)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;P組MTL T1時(shí)降低,T3~T5時(shí)逐漸升高(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表4。

      Tab.4 Comparison of MTL levels in gastric body at different time points between two groups表4 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)胃體MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)

      Tab.4 Comparison of MTL levels in gastric body at different time points between two groups表4 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)胃體MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)

      T0T1t2T2t2組別C組P組t1 511±12 516±11 0.745 509±7 236±9 64.816**1.287 337.000**505±9 221±15 40.076**0.952 0.268 T4 T3t2t2T5t2組別C組P組1.521 14.439**0.932 5.246**1.352 30.042**t1 513±10 274±12 30.041**516±9 300±7 37.785**503±13 487±13 0.595

      2.5十二指腸MTL水平比較與C組比較,P組T1~T4時(shí)十二指腸MTL水平升高(P<0.05),T0、T5時(shí)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;P組MTL T1時(shí)升高,T3~T5時(shí)逐漸降低(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表5。

      Tab.5 Comparison of MTL levels in duodenum at different time points between two groups表5 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)十二指腸MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)

      Tab.5 Comparison of MTL levels in duodenum at different time points between two groups表5 2組大鼠各時(shí)點(diǎn)十二指腸MTL水平的比較(n=12,pmol/L,±s)

      組別C組P組T0T1t2T2t20.893 5.876**230±10 327±13 11.488**233±6 231±9 0.931 0.945 31.096**t1 226±7 361±21 7.595**組別C組P組T3t2T4t2T5t21.021 13.900**231±15 283±19 7.061**236±11 309±16 8.537**0.871 5.376**1.058 15.637**t1 227±13 229±15 0.158

      2.6相關(guān)性分析P組血漿MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL均呈正相關(guān)(r分別為0.952、0.879,P<0.05),胃體MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL均呈正相關(guān)(r分別為0.970、0.931,P<0.01),十二指腸MTL水平與PWMT、PWTL均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r分別為-0.991、-0.975,P<0.01)。

      3 討論

      MTL為腦腸肽,其與胃動(dòng)素受體(MTLR)結(jié)合激活下游MLCK信號(hào)通路,引起胃腸道平滑肌收縮,從而增加胃腸動(dòng)力[7]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胃輕癱患者血漿MTL水平顯著降低,靜脈給予MTL后癥狀明顯改善,而腸易激綜合征大鼠血漿MTL表達(dá)顯著升高,這提示胃腸動(dòng)力狀態(tài)與血漿MTL表達(dá)存在正相關(guān)[8-9]。以往研究顯示,手術(shù)可導(dǎo)致全胃腸道蠕動(dòng)下降,甚至誘發(fā)麻痹性腸梗阻[10]。但本研究結(jié)果顯示,急性切口痛對(duì)外周水平MTL表達(dá)的影響趨勢(shì)存在差異,可抑制血漿、胃體MTL表達(dá),降低胃動(dòng)力,而增加十二指腸MTL表達(dá),升高十二指腸動(dòng)力,表明其對(duì)不同部位胃腸道MTL的影響存在顯著差異,這提示胃腸道可能存在多種機(jī)制參與急性痛對(duì)MTL的調(diào)控。傷害性刺激誘發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),通過(guò)神經(jīng)反射及炎癥因子作用產(chǎn)生急性疼痛、興奮交感神經(jīng),進(jìn)而抑制迷走神經(jīng),其下游膽堿能神經(jīng)通路及非腎上腺非膽堿能神經(jīng)通路受到抑制,前者主要支配胃部MTL表達(dá),其興奮可促使胃部腸嗜鉻細(xì)胞分泌MTL增加,后者在十二指腸MTL調(diào)控發(fā)揮主要作用,抑制該部位腸嗜鉻細(xì)胞分泌MTL,當(dāng)該神經(jīng)受到抑制后,可使該部位分泌MTL增加。而由于消化道多數(shù)部位受膽堿能神經(jīng)支配,因而外周整體MTL分泌下降,進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)中的MTL濃度下降,引起血漿MTL表達(dá)降低。

      本研究結(jié)果還顯示,血漿、胃體MTL水平與PWMT和PWTL各對(duì)應(yīng)時(shí)點(diǎn)均呈正相關(guān);而十二指腸MTL水平與PWMT和PWTL各對(duì)應(yīng)時(shí)點(diǎn)均呈負(fù)相關(guān);急性疼痛的程度與交感神經(jīng)興奮程度呈正相關(guān),這提示術(shù)后急性痛可能通過(guò)交感-迷走神經(jīng)的興奮程度來(lái)影響血漿、胃體、十二指腸MTL的表達(dá)。

      臨床工作中,危重癥(如膿毒癥)患者常出現(xiàn)胃輕癱[11]及腹瀉并存等胃腸功能紊亂癥狀,甚至出現(xiàn)胃腸功能衰竭[12],導(dǎo)致菌群失調(diào),腹壓升高,胃腸道黏膜缺血缺氧,出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重營(yíng)養(yǎng)障礙,甚至導(dǎo)致死亡。本研究結(jié)果顯示疼痛導(dǎo)致MTL在不同胃腸道部位的表達(dá)存在差異,可能為危重癥患者胃腸功能紊亂的機(jī)制研究提供新的思路。臨床上長(zhǎng)期缺乏可靠的評(píng)估胃腸功能狀態(tài)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查。本研究結(jié)果顯示,急性痛對(duì)胃體與血漿MTL表達(dá)的影響趨勢(shì)一致,而十二指腸與血漿MTL的表達(dá)趨勢(shì)相反。是否可用血漿MTL來(lái)評(píng)估胃及十二指腸動(dòng)力狀態(tài),需要進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。

      本研究?jī)H對(duì)胃、十二指腸MTL表達(dá)進(jìn)行了觀察,而食管、小腸、結(jié)直腸等其他消化道情況尚不清楚,同時(shí),沒(méi)有對(duì)胃腸道動(dòng)力的實(shí)際狀態(tài)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè),這提示有必要進(jìn)一步全面深入研究,掌握急性疼痛及嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷、炎癥等刺激對(duì)全消化道的影響,為臨床胃腸功能衰竭的機(jī)制研究及治療提供依據(jù)。

      [1]Ledowski T,Stein J,Albus S,et al.The influence of age and sex on the relationship between heart rate variability,haemodynamic variables and subjective measures of acute post-operative pain[J].Eur J Anaesthesiol,2011,28(6):433-437.doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e328343d524.

      [2]Zhao J,Gao B,Zhang Y,et al.Effects of intrathecal opioids combined with low-dose naloxone on motilin and its receptor in a rat model of postoperative pain[J].Life Sciences,2014(103):88-94. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.032.

      [3]Xu L,Gao S,Guo F,et al.Effect of motilin on gastric distension sensitive neurons in arcuate nucleus and gastric motility in rat[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2011,23(3):265-270.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01661.x.

      [4]Javid FA,Bulmer DC,Broad J,et al.Anti-emetic and emetic effects of erythromycin in Suncus murinus:Role of vagal nerve activation,gastric motility stimulation and motilin receptors[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2013,699(1-3):48-54.doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.035.

      [5]Zhang Y,Zhao J,Gao BZ,et al.Changes in levels of motilin in gastric body in a rat model of incisional pain[J].Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology,2013,33(6):697-700.[張瑜,趙軍,高寶柱,等.切口痛大鼠胃體胃動(dòng)素水平的變化[J].中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(6): 697-700].doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1416.2013.06.013.

      [6]Brennan TJ,Vandermeulen EP,Gebhart GF.Characterization of a rat model of incisional pain[J].Pain,1996,64(3):493-501.

      [7]Huang J,Zhou H,Mahavadi S,et al.Signaling pathways mediating gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction and MLC20 phosphorylation by motilin receptors[J].Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2005,288(1):G23-G31.doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00305.2004.

      [8]Hasler WL.Emerging drugs for the treatment of gastroparesis[J].Expert Opin Emerg Drugs,2014,19(2):261-279.doi:10.1517/ 14728214.2014.899353.

      [9]Liang C,Luo H,Liu Y,et al.Plasma hormones facilitated the hypermotility of the colon in a chronic stress rat model[J].PLoS One,2012,7(2):e31774.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031774.

      [10]Boeckxstaens GE,Hirsch DP,Kodde A,et al.Activation of an adrenergic and vagally-mediated NANC pathway in surgery-induced fundic relaxation in the rat[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,1999,11 (6):467-474.

      [11]Song MH,Zhu GJ,Ma L,et al.Comparative analysis of bilirubin in correlation to ALB between nephrotic syndrome patients and postoperative gastroparesis syndrome patients[J].Genet Mol Res,2014,13 (4):9403-9411.doi:10.4238/2014.February.14.13

      [12]Derek C,Tom P.Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock[J].N Engl J Med,2013,369:840-851.doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208623.

      (2014-09-25收稿2014-11-10修回)

      (本文編輯李國(guó)琪)

      Changes of motilin concentrations in plasma and upper gastrointestinal tract in rat model of acute incisional pain

      ZHAO Jun1,XU Lei2△,ZHANG Yu3,F(xiàn)ENG Quansheng2
      1 The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300170,China;2 Department of Critical Care Medicine,the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin;3 Department of Anesthesiology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital
      △Corresponding AuthorE-mail:nokia007008@163.com

      ObjectiveTo observe changes of motilin(MTL)levels in gastric body,duodenum and plasma in rat model of acute incisional pain.MethodsA total of 156 healthy male adult SD rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into two groups:control group(group C,n=78)and incisional pain group(group P,n=78),Rats in P group received incision on the right plantaris.Values of paw withdrawal mechanical threshold(PWMT)and paw withdrawal thermal latency(PWTL)at different time points of 24 hours before operation(T0)and 1 hour(T1),6 hours(T2),24 hours(T3),48 hours(T4)and 72 hours(T5)after operation were measured in six rats chosen randomly from each group.Twelve rats were chosen from each group at T0-5,and sacrificed.The MTL levels in plasma,the mucosal tissues of gastric body and duodenum were detected by ELISA.ResultsCompared with group C,PWMT and PWTL were significantly decreased at T1-4in group P.The MTL levels were significantly decreased in plasma and gastric body(P<0.05).The MTL level was significantly increased at T1-4in duodenum (P<0.05),and no significant changes were found at T0and T5in P group(P>0.05).The plasma MTL levels were positively correlated with PWMT and PWTL(r=0.952,r=0.879,respectively,P<0.01)in P group.The MTL levels in gastric body were positively correlated with PWMT and PWTL(r=0.970,r=0.931,respectively,P<0.01)in P group.The MTL levels were negatively correlated with PWMT and PWTL(r=-0.991,r=-0.975,respectively,P<0.01)in duodenum in P group.ConclusionThe MTL levels in plasma and gastric body are decreased in rat model of acute incisional pain,and increased in duodenum.

      motilin;stomach;duodenum;plasma;acute incisional pain

      R614

      ADOI:10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.03.011

      天津市衛(wèi)生局科技基金資助項(xiàng)目(2012KY03)

      1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)三中心臨床學(xué)院(郵編300170);2天津市第三中心醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科、天津市人工細(xì)胞重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;3天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科

      趙軍(1979),男,碩士在讀,主要從事急性疼痛及胃腸動(dòng)力基礎(chǔ)研究

      △E-mail:nokia007008@163.com

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