李智銘 劉晶晶 張學(xué)奇 宣暄 張誼 林孝華 徐云升 李秉煦
·研究報(bào)道·
伴皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的角膜炎-魚鱗病-耳聾綜合征一例GJB2基因突變研究并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
李智銘 劉晶晶 張學(xué)奇 宣暄 張誼 林孝華 徐云升 李秉煦
目的以GJB2基因?yàn)楹蜻x基因,研究1例伴有皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的角膜炎-魚鱗病-耳聾綜合征患者的分子病因。方法收集1例伴有皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的角膜炎-魚鱗病-耳聾綜合征患者臨床資料,提取患者及其父母的外周血DNA,用PCR擴(kuò)增GJB2基因的第2外顯子后直接測(cè)序,檢測(cè)患者GJB2基因的突變情況。結(jié)果患者GJB2基因中核苷酸序列外顯子2第148位堿基由G突變?yōu)锳(c.148G>A),此突變導(dǎo)致GJB2基因第50位氨基酸密碼子由GAC替換為AAC,其編碼的連接蛋白Cx26第50位天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)換成天冬酰胺(p.Asp50Asn)。此外,GJB2基因外顯子2第79位堿基由G突變?yōu)锳(c.79G>A),突變導(dǎo)致連接蛋白Cx26第27位的纈氨酸轉(zhuǎn)換成異亮氨酸(p.Val27Ile)?;颊叩母改肝礄z測(cè)到GJB2基因突變位點(diǎn)。文獻(xiàn)檢索發(fā)現(xiàn)國(guó)外已有13例角膜炎-魚鱗病-耳聾綜合征伴皮膚黏膜鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的病例報(bào)道,經(jīng)過基因測(cè)序確診的7例患者均為GJB2基因c.148G>A突變。結(jié)論GJB2基因突變可能是導(dǎo)致本例角膜炎-魚鱗病-耳聾綜合征臨床表型的致病原因,c.148G>A突變位置可能與皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生有關(guān)。
突變;癌,鱗狀細(xì)胞;GJB2基因;角膜炎-魚鱗病-耳聾綜合征
角膜炎-魚鱗病-耳聾綜合征(Keratitis-ichthyosisdeafness syndrome,KID綜合征)(OMIM 148210)是一種罕見的外胚層發(fā)育缺陷性疾病,主要表現(xiàn)為廣泛性魚鱗病樣皮損、角膜血管形成、感音神經(jīng)性耳聾以及伴發(fā)稀毛癥、局部少汗、甲營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良等特征。2002年,Richard等[1]將其致病基因確定在編碼縫隙連接蛋白Cx26的GJB2基因上。本文報(bào)道1例伴有皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的KID綜合征患者臨床特征和基因突變研究,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。
患者女,36歲,漢族,已婚,農(nóng)民。出生時(shí)全身彌漫性潮紅,毛發(fā)缺如,數(shù)日后皮膚干燥、脫屑、增厚。曾在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院診斷為魚鱗病,未予以治療。皮膚粗燥、增厚,隨年齡增加而加重。2歲時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有耳聾。5歲時(shí)自覺視力下降,伴雙眼干澀、畏光、流淚等癥狀。5年前左下肢出現(xiàn)潰爛,逐漸增大?;颊邽樽阍马槷a(chǎn),家族中無(wú)類似疾病患者。體檢:全身皮膚彌漫性過度角化,粗糙、干燥,呈皮革樣變化(圖1),指、趾甲板增厚,甲溝處可見脫落的粗糙角質(zhì)物,頭發(fā)、眉毛完全脫失,無(wú)腋毛及陰毛。口周、眼周皮膚過度角化,形成放射狀和環(huán)狀溝紋。左下肢可見一個(gè)直徑10 cm×12 cm大小斑塊,覆有黃色痂屑。耳科檢查:雙耳重度先天性感音神經(jīng)性聾。眼部檢查:右眼裸眼視力為0.1,左眼為眼前手動(dòng);雙眼瞼球結(jié)膜混合充血++,角膜血管增生,伴角膜混濁。婦科檢查:子宮增大如孕2月,右前壁可觸及直徑7 cm大小的腫瘤。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:血尿糞常規(guī)、生化全套、免疫球蛋白、補(bǔ)體均正常??焖傺獫{反應(yīng)素環(huán)狀卡片試驗(yàn)(RPR)陰性,抗HCV抗體、抗HIV抗體陰性。X線胸片、心電圖檢查無(wú)異常。B超:子宮肌瘤、宮內(nèi)節(jié)育器。皮膚活檢:①腹部皮膚:皮膚鱗狀上皮角化過度伴角化不全,顆粒層減少,棘細(xì)胞層肥厚,真皮血管周圍少數(shù)炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);②左下肢斑塊:非典型鱗狀細(xì)胞呈團(tuán)塊狀向下生長(zhǎng),突破基底膜帶并侵入真皮組織,腫瘤細(xì)胞核大小不一,染色質(zhì)豐富,可見核分裂相,腫瘤組織周圍可見大量的炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),大多為淋巴細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞和組織細(xì)胞。根據(jù)典型的臨床特征及組織病理檢查,確診為伴皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的KID綜合征。
作者單位:325000溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院皮膚科
圖1 患者全身皮損表現(xiàn) 1A:腹部皮膚呈皮革樣變化;1B:指甲板增厚;1C:頭發(fā)、眉毛脫失;1D:左下肢巨大斑塊,覆有黃色痂屑
1.外周血DNA提?。翰杉颊呒捌涓改傅耐庵莒o脈血各2 ml,同時(shí)取50例健康人靜脈血作為對(duì)照,用EDTA二鉀鹽抗凝。使用QIAGEN試劑盒抽提基因組DNA,按照實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟進(jìn)行。
2.PCR擴(kuò)增:GJB2基因的編碼區(qū)位于第2外顯子,設(shè)計(jì)引物為5′-CATCTTATCCTCAC GGTTCT-3′和 5′-TTGTGGCATCTGGAGTTTC A-3′,擴(kuò)增片段94 bp,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物覆蓋全部編碼區(qū)。同時(shí)擴(kuò)增50例健康人的GJB2基因第2外顯子。PCR擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)所需的引物序列由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。擴(kuò)增條件:94℃預(yù)變性 5 min;94℃變性 30 s,60℃退火30 s,72℃延伸 45 s,30個(gè)循環(huán);72℃后延伸10 min。1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè)PCR產(chǎn)物。
3.DNA測(cè)序及突變分析:PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)純化后直接采用ABI 3730XL測(cè)序儀(美國(guó)ABI公司)測(cè)序,測(cè)序結(jié)果采用Chromas軟件(版本2.0)對(duì)基因序列進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,確定突變位點(diǎn)。
4.基因測(cè)序結(jié)果:見圖2。根據(jù)患者的GJB2基因測(cè)序結(jié)果確定了2個(gè)突變,外顯子2在148位的堿基G被A置換(c.148G>A),此突變導(dǎo)致GJB2基因第50位氨基酸密碼子由GAC替換為AAC,其編碼的氨基酸由天冬氨酸替換為天冬酰胺(p.Asp50Asn)。而c.79G>A突變導(dǎo)致其編碼的連接蛋白Cx26第27位的纈氨酸轉(zhuǎn)換成異亮氨酸(p.Val27Ile)。突變由反向測(cè)序得到驗(yàn)證。該突變?cè)诨颊吒改讣?0例健康人對(duì)照中均未檢測(cè)到。由于本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的GJB2基因?yàn)殄e(cuò)義突變,采用Polyphen-2軟件進(jìn)行生物信息學(xué)分析,預(yù)測(cè)GJB2基因p.Asp50Asn突變可能導(dǎo)致的表型效應(yīng)為“probably damaging”,其預(yù)測(cè)值為0.994。p.Val27Ile突變可能導(dǎo)致的表型效應(yīng)也為“probably damaging”,其預(yù)測(cè)值0.996。
圖2 患者GJB2基因存在雜合突變,外顯子2的第148位堿基G被A置換,第79位堿基G被A置換,患者父母及健康對(duì)照組中均未檢測(cè)到該突變
編碼縫隙連接蛋白Cx26的GJB2基因突變是KID綜合征的致病基礎(chǔ)。GJB2基因全長(zhǎng)4 804 bp,含2個(gè)外顯子,編碼區(qū)位于第2外顯子。Cx26蛋白是一種β連接蛋白,由4個(gè)跨膜的螺旋區(qū)域(M1、M2、M3、M4)、2 個(gè)細(xì)胞外環(huán)(E1、E2)和1個(gè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)(CL)組成,其N-末端及C-末端皆在膜的細(xì)胞質(zhì)側(cè)[2]。GJB2基因表達(dá)于外胚層來源的組織中,特別是在人類的皮膚組織和耳蝸。目前報(bào)道引起KID綜合征的GJB2基因突變均為錯(cuò)義突變,突變后蛋白改變的區(qū)域主要集中在N-末端和細(xì)胞外環(huán)上[3-7]。本例KID綜合征患者的GJB2基因突變(p.Asp50Asn)位于Cx26蛋白第一個(gè)細(xì)胞外環(huán)上。區(qū)域內(nèi)突變可影響單通道的傳導(dǎo)性以及半通道的開放頻率,并進(jìn)一步引起半通道的內(nèi)流增加。多個(gè)研究表明,細(xì)胞膜上連接蛋白半通道活性增加是KID綜合征發(fā)病的病理生理基礎(chǔ)[8-11]。
KID綜合征的臨床表現(xiàn)除與GJB2基因突變的位置相關(guān)外,還可能與種族背景有關(guān)。p.Gly45Glu,p.Ala88Val,p.Ser17Phe被認(rèn)為與嚴(yán)重型KID綜合征有關(guān)[5-7],但在日本非綜合征性耳聾患者p.Gly45Glu突變較為普遍,且未發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重致死型的KID患者。包括本病例,目前國(guó)內(nèi)4例經(jīng)基因測(cè)序確診的KID綜合征病例均為Cx26基因突變C.148G>A,突變導(dǎo)致其編碼的連接蛋白Cx26第50位的天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)換成天冬酰胺(p.Asp50Asn)[12-14]。該突變位于Cx26蛋白高度保守區(qū)域內(nèi),是GJB2基因最常見的突變,約占80%。此區(qū)域被認(rèn)為與皮膚紅斑角化性損害相關(guān),突變導(dǎo)致縫隙連接半通道功能異常,從而影響了細(xì)胞間信號(hào)傳遞以及細(xì)胞的代謝和增殖等活動(dòng),最終導(dǎo)致疾病的發(fā)生[15]。
本病例除全身彌漫性過度角化、血管化角膜炎以及先天性感音神經(jīng)性耳聾等典型KID臨床特征外,尚伴有皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌。KID患者伴發(fā)鱗狀細(xì)胞癌可能與GJB2基因突變的位置有關(guān)。檢索文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),國(guó)外已有13例KID綜合征伴鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的病例報(bào)道,經(jīng)過基因測(cè)序確診的7例患者均為GJB2基因p.Asp50Asn突變,另外6例未進(jìn)行基因測(cè)序分析[16-25]。但是并非所有的p.Asp50Asn突變患者伴有皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌。可見皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生除與GJB2基因突變的位置有關(guān)外,可能還有一些其他因素參與,包括免疫功能缺陷、慢性刺激及皮膚感染等[25]。另外,本文研究的KID綜合征病例除C.148G>A雜合突變外,GJB2基因還存在c.79G>A突變,導(dǎo)致連接蛋白Cx26第 27位的纈氨酸轉(zhuǎn)換成異亮氨酸(p.Val27Ile),p.Val27Ile突變?cè)谌毡救巳褐斜徽J(rèn)為是基因多態(tài)性突變,但我們?cè)谡?duì)照人群中未發(fā)現(xiàn)該突變。p.Val27Ile是否協(xié)同p.Asp50Asn突變導(dǎo)致KID綜合征及皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生?進(jìn)一步的功能研究將有助于闡明該基因型與臨床表型的關(guān)系。
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A case of keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome complicated by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma:mutation analysis of the GJB2 gene and literature review
Li Zhiming,Liu Jingjing,Zhang Xueqi,Xuan Xuan,Zhang Yi,Lin Xiaohua,Xu Yunsheng,Li Bingxu.Department of Dermatology,First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,Wenzhou 325000,Zhejiang,China
ObjectiveTo analyze mutations in the GJB2 gene in a Chinese patient with keratitis-ichthyosisdeafness(KID)syndrome complicated by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.MethodsClinical data were collected from a patient with KID syndrome complicated by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the patient and her parents,and DNA was extracted from these blood samples.PCR was performed to amplify the exon 2 of the GJB2 gene followed by direct DNA sequencing.ResultsA mutation(c.148G>A)was identified at position 148 in exon 2 of the GJB2 gene,which caused a codon change from GAC to AAC and resulted in the substitution of aspartate by asparagine at position 50 in the connexin26 (Cx26)protein (p.Asp50Asn).Inaddition,anothermutation(c.79G>A),whichledtothesubstitutionofvalinebyisoleucineatcodon27inCx26 (p.Val27Ile),was found at position 79 in exon 2 of the GJB2 gene.Neither of the two mutations was detected in the patient′s parents.Literature review revealed that 13 cases of KID syndrome complicated by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma had been reported in abroad,and the mutation c.148G>A was detected in the GJB2 gene in all the 7 cases finally diagnosed by gene sequencing.ConclusionGJB2 gene mutations may be responsible for the clinical phenotype of KID syndrome in this Chinese patient,and the mutation c.148G>A may be related to the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
Mutation;Carcinoma,squamous cell;GJB2 gene;Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome
Li Zhiming,Email:zhi-mingli@163.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4030.2015.12.009
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81272987);浙江省自然科學(xué)基金(LY12H11011);浙江省溫州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(Y20140580)
李智銘,Email:zhi-mingli@163.com
2015-02-25)
(本文編輯:顏艷)