趙文軒 張瑞娟 蘇海生 王山軍 羅思寧 劉海玲
[摘 要] 目的:分析重癥手足口病臨床特征及危險(xiǎn)因素分析,為重癥手足口病防控提供參考。 方法:選取我院2008年6月至2014年6月收治的323例手足口病患兒,按照其臨床特征分為重癥組(n=75)及普通組(n=248)。比較兩組患兒臨床資料,總結(jié)其臨床特征,并使用單因素及多因素Logistic回歸分析,探討影響重癥手足口病發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果:重癥手足口病患兒臨床表現(xiàn)以高熱不退、白細(xì)胞與中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)顯著升高并伴神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)異常癥狀為主。多因素回歸分析結(jié)果示,年齡<3歲、熱程≥3 d、熱峰≥39℃、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)≥12×109/L、中性粒細(xì)胞≥5×106/L、空腹血糖≥9 mmol/L、出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)反射異常是重癥手足口病發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論:針對(duì)存在重癥手足口病危險(xiǎn)因素患兒,應(yīng)密切觀察其癥狀體征變化,早期干預(yù),降低重癥手足口病的發(fā)生率,降低患兒死亡率。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 重癥;手足口?。慌R床特征;危險(xiǎn)因素
中圖分類號(hào):R725 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2015)06-088-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201506035
[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe hand foot and mouth disease. Methods: 323 children with hand foot and mouth disease in our hospital from June 2008 to June 2015 were divided into severe group (n=75) and normal group (n=248) according to clinical characteristics. The clinical data of the two groups were compared. The risk factors of severe hand foot mouth disease were analyzed by single factor and multi factor Logistic regression analysis. Results: The clinical manifestations of severe hand foot mouth disease in children with high fever, white blood cell and neutrophil count were significantly elevated and associated with abnormal symptoms of nervous system. Under 3 years old, thermal history longer than 3 days, peak heat higher than 39 degrees, WBC≥12×109/L, number of neutrophil more than 5×106/L, GLU ≥ 9 mmol/L, dysreflexia are the risk factors of severe hand foot and mouth disease. Conclusion: We should observe the changes of the symptoms and signs closely, in order to reduce the incidence of severe hand foot mouth disease, reduce the mortality rate of children.
[Key words] severe;hand foot and mouth disease;clinical characteristics;risk factors
手足口病是由柯薩奇病毒和腸道病毒引發(fā)的丙類傳染病,是嬰幼兒群體常見的自限性急性傳染病之一,多數(shù)患兒一周內(nèi)可自愈[1]。部分患兒會(huì)發(fā)展至重癥手足口病,出現(xiàn)無菌性腦膜炎、心肌炎、肺水腫等癥狀,甚至引發(fā)重癥腦干腦炎、神經(jīng)源性肺水腫,生命安全受到威脅[2-3]。因此,明確重癥手足口病臨床特征及危險(xiǎn)因素,是指導(dǎo)手足口病防控、改善人口質(zhì)量的重要環(huán)節(jié)。本研究選取我院2008年6月至2014年6月收治的323例手足口病患兒進(jìn)行回顧分析,現(xiàn)將研究過程與結(jié)論報(bào)道如下。
1 一般資料
1.1 病例資料及分組
我院2008年6月至2014年6月收治的手足口病患兒,按照衛(wèi)生部2010年制訂的《手足口病診療指南》[4],排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合并其他感染或慢性基礎(chǔ)性疾病患兒后入組323例。將入院治療后仍存在持續(xù)高熱不退、精神差、心率增快、血壓變化、外周血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)升高、血糖升高等重癥特征患兒納入重癥組,其他患兒納入普通組。重癥組75例,占23.2%,普通組248例,占76.8%。
1.2 研究方法及統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS18.0進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以(n/%)表示,并采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,對(duì)兩組患兒一般臨床資料、熱程、熱峰、血常規(guī)等臨床特征[5]
進(jìn)行單因素分析,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)設(shè)定為α=0.05,以P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,再將存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的因素采用 logistic 回歸模型進(jìn)行多因素分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患兒一般臨床資料及臨床特征比較
單因素分析結(jié)果示,兩組患兒年齡、熱程、熱峰、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞、空腹血糖及神經(jīng)異常發(fā)生率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 多因素回歸分析結(jié)果
多因素回歸分析結(jié)果示,年齡<3歲、熱程≥3 d、熱峰≥39℃、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)≥12×109/L、中性粒細(xì)胞≥5×106/L、空腹血糖≥9 mmol/L、出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)反射異常均是重癥手足口病發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
手足口患兒常伴有上呼吸道感染癥狀[6],71型腸道病毒和A16型柯薩奇病毒是導(dǎo)致手足口病最常見的病毒類型。該病傳播途徑多樣、傳染性強(qiáng),可在小范圍內(nèi)出現(xiàn)流行,多數(shù)患兒病情較輕,一般1周內(nèi)即可自愈,預(yù)后良好。但也有部分患兒因病毒侵犯腦干致交感神經(jīng)興奮,可出現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)重免疫反應(yīng),進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)腦干腦炎、神經(jīng)源性肺水腫等一系列嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥[7]。因此,明確重癥手足口病的臨床特征及危險(xiǎn)因素,是避免普通型手足口病向重癥型發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。
我院2008年6月~2014年6月共收治手足口病患兒323例,其中重癥患兒75例,占23.2%,患兒重癥手足口病發(fā)生率較高。3歲以下患兒占62.5%,符合手足口病年齡分布特征[8]。重癥組、普通組患兒性別比例比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且男、女比例接近1∶1,提示性別對(duì)手足口病發(fā)病及進(jìn)展無明顯影響。就時(shí)空分布而言,手足口病患兒多集中于夏冬季發(fā)病,考慮與夏冬季節(jié)氣溫變化較大、兒童免疫功能下降有關(guān),且夏、冬季節(jié)假期較多,患兒常隨家長流動(dòng),接觸人群較廣,增加了手足口病感染機(jī)會(huì)[9]。本研究顯示患兒在3歲以下,熱程超過3 d,熱峰超過39℃,白細(xì)胞與中性粒細(xì)胞分別超過了12×109/L與5×106/L,空腹血糖在9 mmol/L以上且伴隨神經(jīng)反射異常體征是導(dǎo)致重癥手足口病的危險(xiǎn)因素,與Qiaoyun等[10]研究結(jié)論接近。
年齡較小患兒免疫功能發(fā)育不完全且多數(shù)患兒初診于社區(qū)醫(yī)院,其發(fā)病早期癥狀不明顯,易誤診為上呼吸道感染,貽誤治療時(shí)機(jī)。Nguyen等[11]和呂華坤等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),病毒除直接侵犯機(jī)體各器官引發(fā)相應(yīng)臨床癥狀外,還可造成以體液和細(xì)胞免疫紊亂為主要表現(xiàn)的免疫損傷,故使得患兒白細(xì)胞與中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)出現(xiàn)顯著升高。同時(shí),隨著患兒病程的增加,病毒逐漸通過血液侵犯中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),常出現(xiàn)以自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂為主的神經(jīng)反射異常表現(xiàn),提示患兒發(fā)生重癥手足口病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[13-14]。若這一階段未實(shí)施及時(shí)有效治療,部分患兒可出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)源性肺水腫、心肺功能衰竭,循環(huán)系統(tǒng)明顯受到累及[15],預(yù)后更差。
因此,針對(duì)存在重癥手足口病危險(xiǎn)因素患兒,應(yīng)高度警惕、密切監(jiān)測并及時(shí)治療,早期干預(yù)以控制病情進(jìn)展,降低重癥手足口病的發(fā)病率及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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