張毅 董劍達(dá) 季敬章 鄭志強(qiáng)
[摘要] 目的 探討超聲(ultrasound,US)聯(lián)合計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)對(duì)甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的臨床診斷價(jià)值。 方法 選取2013年6月~2015年6月在我院行甲狀腺癌手術(shù)治療、術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌98例,術(shù)前均行頸部B超和CT檢查,術(shù)后行HE染色、組織病理檢查,進(jìn)行相互比較。 結(jié)果 根據(jù)“每水平”分析,US/CT與US相比能顯著提高頸側(cè)區(qū)和頸總區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的檢測(cè)準(zhǔn)確度(P=0.032,P=0.028);US/CT與CT相比并未能顯示出優(yōu)越的診斷價(jià)值(P>0.05)。根據(jù)“每人”分析,US與CT的準(zhǔn)確率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);US/CT與US之間的準(zhǔn)確率比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.047);而US/CT與CT之間的準(zhǔn)確率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。影像學(xué)預(yù)測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)移組與未轉(zhuǎn)移組準(zhǔn)確率對(duì)比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 US/CT對(duì)PTC患者頸側(cè)區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的檢測(cè)優(yōu)于US,對(duì)術(shù)前US懷疑有頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,可進(jìn)一步行CT檢查,以決定是否行頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 甲狀腺乳頭狀癌;淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移;超聲;計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描
[中圖分類號(hào)] R576 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2015)34-0092-04
Clinical value of combined ultrasound and CT for detecting cervical metastatic lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
ZHANG Yi1 DONG Jianda1 JI Jingzhang2 ZHENG Zhiqiang1
1.Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China; 2.Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the value of ultrasonography and CT in diagnosis of the cervical lymph nodes metastasis of thyroid carcinoma. Methods From June 2013 to June 2015, 98 cases of thyroid cancer patients were selected as the research object patients, who confirmed as papillary thyroid carcinoma by pathology. All patients were evaluated by ultrasonography and CT examination before surgery. And then examined by pathologicl HE staining and pathology method after operation. Results The accuracy of detection of metastatic nodes by US/CT was higher than By US at the level of central and lateral neck with “per level” analysis (P=0.032 and P=0.028). Detected by US/CT was no significant difference of diagnostic values than by CT. With “per person” analysis, there were no significant differences of accuracy between US and CT or between US/CT and CT (P>0.05). Compared with the group without metastasis, the accuracy of the imaging prediction was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion US/CT combination is found to be superior to US alone for the detection of cervical metastatic lymph nodes in lateral neck levels in PTC patients. Preoperative CT should be used in some PTC patients with suspected node metastasis by US, and to determine whether the lateral compartment dissection is needed.
[Key words] Papillary thyroid carcinoma; Lymph nodes metastasis; Ultrasound; CT
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是甲狀腺最為常見的惡性腫瘤,約占所有甲狀腺癌的80%[1-4],頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是PTC最主要的轉(zhuǎn)移方式,目前對(duì)頸淋巴結(jié)陽性(cN+)病例實(shí)行聯(lián)合根治手術(shù)已無異議,但對(duì)臨床頸淋巴結(jié)陰性(cN0)的病例,是否實(shí)行頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃以及清除范圍、時(shí)機(jī)等問題國(guó)內(nèi)外均存在爭(zhēng)議。超聲是目前術(shù)前評(píng)估甲狀腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況的首選方法[5],然而大部分這些報(bào)道主要根據(jù)“每人”的視角,而不是以“每水平”為基礎(chǔ)作分析研究[6-9]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過比較甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的B超和CT的表現(xiàn),探討B(tài)超聯(lián)合CT對(duì)甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的臨床診斷價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2013年6月~2015年6月在我院行手術(shù)治療的術(shù)前診斷甲狀腺癌患者98例,經(jīng)術(shù)后病理診斷證實(shí)均為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌,所有患者在本次手術(shù)前未接受過頸部淋巴結(jié)切除或頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)?;颊咭罁?jù)彩超及CT檢查中1項(xiàng)及以上提示有頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者為轉(zhuǎn)移組共52例,其中男24例,女28例;中位年齡38.4歲(15~67歲)。腫瘤部位:左側(cè)23例,右側(cè)27例,雙側(cè)2例;其中包膜內(nèi)型7例,腺內(nèi)型32例,腺外型13例。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 超聲檢查 采用ALOKA SSD-2000型、GE VIVID-3型彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀。探頭頻率7.5~13.3 MHz。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移超聲診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):局部或彌漫性高回聲;細(xì)小或粗大鈣化;囊性變;近圓形(長(zhǎng)短徑<1.5)[10-13]。
1.2.2 CT檢查 使用Siemens 16層螺旋CT機(jī),平掃加增強(qiáng),增強(qiáng)造影劑選用德國(guó)拜耳醫(yī)藥公司的優(yōu)維顯370,60~85 mL(2~2.8)mL/s靜脈推注,層厚為1~3 mm,掃描范圍從乳突水平至胸骨切跡水平行頸部掃描。同樣按頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)記錄淋巴結(jié)的部位、大小、數(shù)目及CT的影像特點(diǎn)。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移CT診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):強(qiáng)化明顯而淋巴門血管不強(qiáng)化;環(huán)形強(qiáng)化或伴不均勻強(qiáng)化;細(xì)小或粗大鈣化;囊性變或壞死[14,15]。淋巴結(jié)均勻強(qiáng)化和淋巴結(jié)門血管強(qiáng)化被認(rèn)為反應(yīng)性增生。淋巴結(jié)大小標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不被采用,因?yàn)樯袥]有建立PTC轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的大小標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[16-18]。
1.2.3 病理檢查 采用1991年美國(guó)耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科學(xué)會(huì)頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)判斷陽性淋巴結(jié)。手術(shù)中頸清掃標(biāo)本被整塊切除后,由手術(shù)者按解剖標(biāo)志分為Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ區(qū)等5塊組織并分別標(biāo)識(shí)。由病理科醫(yī)生對(duì)被標(biāo)識(shí)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行取材,獲取淋巴結(jié)并觀察、計(jì)數(shù),報(bào)告標(biāo)本中淋巴結(jié)的數(shù)量及轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)在各區(qū)的分布。
1.3 判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
將術(shù)前超聲、CT結(jié)果與術(shù)后病理檢查進(jìn)行“區(qū)-區(qū)”對(duì)照比較(即“每水平”分析)和“人-人”對(duì)照比較(即“每人”分析),判斷超聲、CT、以及聯(lián)合檢查對(duì)PTC頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷準(zhǔn)確性。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件學(xué)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,率的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
轉(zhuǎn)移組CT、US檢查顯示淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移見圖1,2,共52例患者,術(shù)后病理證實(shí)均為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌,其中單側(cè)頸清(Ⅱ~Ⅵ)50例,雙側(cè)頸清(Ⅱ~Ⅵ)2例,共行頸清54側(cè),獲頸淋巴結(jié)灶區(qū)標(biāo)本234個(gè),其中轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)區(qū)143個(gè)(53%)。
2.1 “每水平”分析US、CT和US/CT的診斷準(zhǔn)確性
根據(jù)“每水平”分析,US、CT和US/CT在中央?yún)^(qū)的診斷準(zhǔn)確度為50.0%、57.9%、60.5%,在頸側(cè)區(qū)為58.2%、77.0%、79.1%,總頸水平為56.8%、73.9%、76.1%。在中央?yún)^(qū)、頸側(cè)區(qū)和頸總區(qū)US和CT的診斷結(jié)果沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05);與US相比,US/CT能顯著提高頸側(cè)區(qū)和頸總區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的檢測(cè)準(zhǔn)確度(P=0.032和P=0.028);與CT相比,無論在中央?yún)^(qū)還是頸側(cè)區(qū)US/CT并未能顯示出優(yōu)越的診斷價(jià)值(P>0.05)。見表1。
表1 “每水平”分析US、CT和US/CT的診斷準(zhǔn)確性
注:#*與US/CT相比;準(zhǔn)確度=術(shù)后病理診斷陽性例數(shù)/預(yù)測(cè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陽性例數(shù)×100%
2.2 根據(jù)“每人”分析
轉(zhuǎn)移組52例患者中經(jīng)術(shù)后病理確診轉(zhuǎn)移的31例,準(zhǔn)確率59.6%,其中彩超提示42例,病理確診20例,準(zhǔn)確率52.3%;CT提示40例,病理確診28例,符合率70%;彩超和CT同時(shí)提示31例,病理確診28例,準(zhǔn)確率87.5%。彩超與CT檢查的準(zhǔn)確率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.002,P=0.553),彩超聯(lián)合CT同時(shí)檢查的符合率與彩超單獨(dú)檢查的準(zhǔn)確率之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=2.421,P=0.047)。彩超聯(lián)合CT同時(shí)檢查與CT單獨(dú)檢查的準(zhǔn)確率之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=2.076,P=0.082)。未轉(zhuǎn)移組患者按本院治療常規(guī)未行預(yù)防性側(cè)頸清除術(shù),至隨診截止,本組共12例發(fā)生經(jīng)病理確診的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。轉(zhuǎn)移組與未轉(zhuǎn)移組對(duì)比,兩組之間的準(zhǔn)確率比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.471,P=0.026)。
3 討論
目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)PTC患者是否行頸淋巴結(jié)清掃以及清掃的范圍等尚存在爭(zhēng)議,爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)主要集中在對(duì)頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)的處理上。因此術(shù)前準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況非常重要,直接影響到治療決策,決定手術(shù)成敗。US是目前評(píng)估甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)和頸淋巴結(jié)的重要影像學(xué)檢查手段[19,20],本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)鈣化和液性暗區(qū)時(shí)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移具有非常特異性表現(xiàn)。但由于US的主觀依賴性強(qiáng),對(duì)咽后、縱隔、部分低位Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)檢查受限,一定程度上影響US的應(yīng)用。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)鈣化、增強(qiáng)掃描時(shí)出現(xiàn)環(huán)形強(qiáng)化和不均勻強(qiáng)化以及液性暗區(qū)時(shí)具有非常明顯的特異性。
CT相比較US而言,具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):如不依賴于操作者,可對(duì)整個(gè)頸部進(jìn)行全面評(píng)估,而薄層1~3 mm的掃描更不易遺漏小病灶[21]。本研究結(jié)果表明,根據(jù)“每水平”對(duì)照分析,在PTC患者術(shù)前頸淋巴結(jié)評(píng)估中,US/CT聯(lián)合檢測(cè)在頸側(cè)區(qū)診斷方面優(yōu)于單獨(dú)的US;而在頸中央?yún)^(qū),US/CT與US的診斷準(zhǔn)確度無明顯差異。因此根據(jù)我們的研究結(jié)果,US/CT聯(lián)合檢測(cè)有助于提高頸側(cè)區(qū)和頸總水平的診斷。
在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,盡管CT的診斷準(zhǔn)確度沒有US高,但US/CT在診斷頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)方面具有顯著的優(yōu)勢(shì)。結(jié)果顯示,在PTC患者的術(shù)前淋巴結(jié)評(píng)估中,CT對(duì)US有補(bǔ)充作用。相比較單獨(dú)的US而言,US/CT的診斷敏感度更高,其原因可能解釋為:US和CT對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的影像學(xué)診斷特點(diǎn)不同,減少了操作者的主觀誤差(漏診),對(duì)全頸水平進(jìn)行整體評(píng)估,包括US有時(shí)候難以發(fā)現(xiàn)的低位Ⅵ和高位Ⅱ區(qū);同時(shí),CT可有助于增加US對(duì)非特異性轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的診斷信心,如體積較大、淋巴門消失、圓形或US形態(tài)有懷疑者。由于US/CT較US能發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的頸側(cè)區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),所以有可能改變?cè)ǖ氖中g(shù)計(jì)劃,最終使患者受益。因此,我們認(rèn)為CT有助于US對(duì)部分PTC患者的術(shù)前評(píng)估。
總之,通過對(duì)PTC患者術(shù)前頸淋巴結(jié)的“每水平”比較分析,US/CT比單獨(dú)US在頸側(cè)區(qū)診斷方面更具有優(yōu)勢(shì),CT可為評(píng)估PTC患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移提供有用的診斷價(jià)值。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Mazzaferri EL,Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer[J]. Am J Med,1994,97(5):418-428.
[2] Lebastchi AH,Callender GG. Thyroid cancer[J]. Curr Probl Cancer,2014,38(2):48.
[3] Mutlu H,Sivrioglu AK,Sonmez G,et al. Role of apparent diffusion coefficient values and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules[J]. Clinical Imaging,2012, 36(1):1-7.
[4] So YK,Son YI,Hong SD,et al. Subclinical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma:A study of 551 resections[J]. Surgery,2010,148(3):526-531.
[5] Cooper DS,Doherty GM,Haugen BR,et al. Tuttle RM 2006 management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Thyroid,2006,16(2):109-142.
[6] Kouvaraki MA,Shapiro SE,F(xiàn)ornage BD,et al. Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer[J]. Surgery,2003,134(6):946-954.
[7] Stulak JM,Grant CS,F(xiàn)arley DR,et al. Value of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of initial and reoperative papillary thyroid cancer[J]. Arch Surg,2006, 141(5):489-494.
[8] Molinari F,Mantovani A,Deandrea M,et al. Characterization of single thyroid nodules by contrast-enhanced 3-D ultrasound[J]. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology,2010,36(10):1616-1625.
[9] Koo BS,Lim HS,Lim YC,et al. Occult contralateral carcinoma in patients with unilateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma[J]. Annals of Surgical Oncology,2010,17(4):1101-1105.
[10] Rosario PW,de Faria S,Bicalho L,et al. Ultrasonographic differentiation between metastatic and benign lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. J Ultrasound Med,2005,24(10):1385-1389.
[11] Ying M,Ahuja A,Metreweli C. Diagnostic accuracy of sonographic criteria for evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy[J]. J Ultrasound Med,1998,17(7):437-445.
[12] Na DG,Lim HK,Byun HS,et al. Differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy:Usefulness of color Doppler sonography[J]. Am J Roentgeno,1997,168(5):1311-1316.
[13] Kwak JY,Kim EK,Kim HJ,et al. How to combine ultrasound and cytological information in decision making about thyroid nodules[J]. European Radiology,2009,19(8):1923-1931.
[14] Som PM,Brandwein M,Lidov M,et al. The varied presentations of papillary thyroid carcinoma cervical nodal disease:CT and MR findings[J]. Am J Neuroradio,1994, 15(6):1123-1128.
[15] Seiberling KA,Dutra JC,Grant T,et al. Role of intrathyroidal calcifications detected on ultrasound as a marker of malignancy[J]. The Laryngoscope,2009,114(10):1753-1757.
[16] Kim E,Park JS,Son KR,et al. Preoperative diagnosis of cervical metastatic lymph nodes in papillary thyroid carcinoma:comparison of ultrasound,computed tomography, and combined ultrasound with computed tomography[J]. Thyroid,2008,18(4):411-418.
[17] Yasui J,Shimizu T,Ando T,et al. Successful visualization of an indeterminate hepatic metastasis from thyroid carcinoma using contrast-enhanced CT and contrast-enhanced ultrasound[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2013,98(7):2639.
[18] Roh JL,Park CI. Sentinel lymph node biopsy as guidance for central neck dissection in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Cancer,2008,113(7):1527-1531.
[19] 姚潔潔,詹維偉. 超聲檢查對(duì)甲狀腺癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移的評(píng)估[J]. 外科理論與實(shí)踐,2013,18(5):454.
[20] Bilimoria KY,Bentrem DJ,Ko CY,et al. Extent of surgery affects survival for papillary thyroid cancer[J]. Annals of Surgery,2007,246(3):375-381.
[21] Kurata S,Ishibashi M,Hiromatsu Y,et al. Diffuse and diffuse-plus-focal uptake in the thyroid gland identified by using FDG-PET:Prevalence of thyroid cancer and Hashimotos thyroiditis[J]. Annals of Nuclear Medicine,2007,21(6):325-330.
(收稿日期:2015-08-17)