馬金輝郭萬首程立明
(1.北京大學(xué)中日友好臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京100029;2.北京大學(xué)中日友好醫(yī)院骨關(guān)節(jié)外科骨壞死與關(guān)節(jié)保留重建中心,北京100029)
塞來昔布在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換圍手術(shù)期的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀
馬金輝1郭萬首2*程立明2
(1.北京大學(xué)中日友好臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京100029;2.北京大學(xué)中日友好醫(yī)院骨關(guān)節(jié)外科骨壞死與關(guān)節(jié)保留重建中心,北京100029)
全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)作為一種成功的骨科矯形手術(shù),能夠緩解患者膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,糾正畸形,改善生活質(zhì)量。術(shù)后疼痛是常見的并發(fā)癥之一,容易使患者產(chǎn)生負(fù)面情緒,延緩術(shù)后康復(fù)鍛煉,延長住院時間,影響患者對手術(shù)的滿意度。塞來昔布在TKA圍手術(shù)期多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案中起重要作用:術(shù)前應(yīng)用具有超前鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng),對血小板及凝血因子功能無影響,不會干擾麻醉方式的選擇;術(shù)后應(yīng)用能夠減少阿片類藥物的使用劑量及副作用,增加膝關(guān)節(jié)活動度,促進(jìn)功能恢復(fù),縮短住院時間;出院后長期使用具有較高的胃腸道安全性,并發(fā)癥較少,利于患者TKA術(shù)后的長期恢復(fù)。本文就塞來昔布在TKA圍手術(shù)期的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀做一綜述。
關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù),置換,膝;圍手術(shù)期;鎮(zhèn)痛
【Key words】Arthroplasty,Replacement,Knee;Perioperative period;Analgesia
全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)作為一種成熟的骨科矯形手術(shù),能夠緩解患者膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,糾正畸形,改善生活質(zhì)量。然而TKA發(fā)展至今,手術(shù)技術(shù)已較為規(guī)范、成熟,良好的圍手術(shù)期管理,盡可能減少圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥,可提高患者對醫(yī)師及TKA手術(shù)的滿意度。術(shù)后疼痛是TKA圍手術(shù)期常見的并發(fā)癥之一,容易使患者產(chǎn)生負(fù)面情緒,延緩術(shù)后康復(fù)鍛煉,延長住院時間,增加治療費(fèi)用,影響患者對手術(shù)的滿意度[1]。在TKA圍手術(shù)期選擇一種合理、安全的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案對患者術(shù)后的良好恢復(fù)至關(guān)重要。塞來昔布作為一種選擇性環(huán)氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)抑制劑,幾乎無環(huán)氧化酶-1(cyclooxygenase-1,COX-1)的抑制作用,減少了以往應(yīng)用傳統(tǒng)NSAIDs藥物帶來的并發(fā)癥。術(shù)前應(yīng)用具有超前鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng),并且對血小板及凝血因子功能無影響,不會干擾麻醉方式的選擇,并未增加手術(shù)出血量[2]。塞來昔布在TKA術(shù)后多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案中同樣扮演重要的角色,其能夠減少阿片類藥物的使用劑量及相應(yīng)副作用[3,4],還可以增加膝關(guān)節(jié)活動范圍,促進(jìn)膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù),縮短住院時間[5,6],出院后長期使用具有較高的胃腸道安全性,并發(fā)癥較少,利于患者TKA術(shù)后的長期恢復(fù)。因此,本文就塞來昔布的藥理學(xué)特性、TKA圍手術(shù)期的應(yīng)用方案及使用的安全性、有效性等問題作一綜述如下。
1.1作用原理及機(jī)制
塞來昔布屬于選擇性COX-2抑制劑,通過抑制COX-2而阻止致炎前列腺素的生成,進(jìn)而起到止痛的作用[8]。各種損傷性化學(xué)、物理和生物因子激活磷脂酶A2水解細(xì)胞膜磷脂,生成花生四烯酸,后者經(jīng)COX-2催化加氧生成前列腺素,引起炎癥及疼痛反應(yīng)[9]。傳統(tǒng)NSAIDs同時抑制COX-1與COX-2[10],COX-1主要存在于血管、胃、腎等組織中,其功能為保護(hù)胃黏膜,調(diào)節(jié)血小板聚集、外周血管阻力和腎血流量[9]。COX-1被抑制是傳統(tǒng)NSAIDs藥物副反應(yīng)的主要原因,其中包括胃潰瘍、腎功能衰竭以及出血性疾病。而塞來昔布幾乎無COX-1的抑制作用,所以不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率較低[2]。
1.2藥代動力學(xué)特性
口服塞來昔布的血漿半衰期約為11 h,全部經(jīng)肝代謝,具有22%~40%的生物利用率,口服后30~60 min開始發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛藥效,2 h后能夠達(dá)到最高血漿藥物濃度,連續(xù)給藥5次(2.5 d)可達(dá)到穩(wěn)定的血藥濃度[11,12]。
1.3藥物之間的相互作用
塞來昔布有可能減弱ACEI類藥物以及利尿劑的作用,應(yīng)盡量避免與其聯(lián)合應(yīng)用[13]。塞來昔布不可用于對磺胺過敏者以及服用阿司匹林或其他非甾體類抗炎藥后誘發(fā)哮喘、蕁麻疹或過敏反應(yīng)的患者。
TKA術(shù)前應(yīng)用塞來昔布能夠起到超前鎮(zhèn)痛效果[14]。超前鎮(zhèn)痛是指在脊髓發(fā)生痛覺敏化以前實施鎮(zhèn)痛,以阻止外周損傷沖動向中樞傳遞,使其降低到造成中樞敏化閾值以下,并在術(shù)后持續(xù)抑制傷害性刺激的傳入[15]。圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用塞來昔布具有超前鎮(zhèn)痛作用,較單純術(shù)后應(yīng)用可明顯減輕TKA術(shù)后早期疼痛,減少止痛藥用量,加快關(guān)節(jié)功能康復(fù),從而增加患者對手術(shù)的滿意度[5]。Meunier等[16]的研究支持這一觀點(diǎn),在TKA術(shù)前1 h口服塞來昔布200 mg能夠達(dá)到超前鎮(zhèn)痛效果;并不增加TKA手術(shù)期間的隱性失血量及術(shù)后的顯性失血量。傳統(tǒng)NSAIDs具有抑制血小板聚集的作用,術(shù)前應(yīng)用有可能增加TKA術(shù)中、術(shù)后出血的風(fēng)險及影響麻醉方式的選擇,然而選擇性COX-2抑制劑塞來昔布由于不影響結(jié)構(gòu)酶COX-1的活性,不會干擾血小板和凝血因子的功能[17]。并且TKA圍手術(shù)期使用塞來昔布能夠減少止血藥用量,并不增加圍術(shù)期總失血量、引流量與輸血率[4,5,18];Ghosh等[19]研究認(rèn)為服用塞來昔布可能造成外科術(shù)后高凝狀態(tài);Akhtar等[20]指出術(shù)前口服塞來昔布對TKA患者術(shù)后出凝血機(jī)能無顯著性影響,并且與傳統(tǒng)NSAIDs相比,未見塞來昔布引起嚴(yán)重心血管血栓栓塞事件的增加[21]。因此,TKA術(shù)前應(yīng)用塞來昔布不僅能夠起到有效的超前鎮(zhèn)痛作用,而且并發(fā)癥少、安全有效。
TKA術(shù)前應(yīng)用塞來昔布的方案尚未統(tǒng)一,Huang等[4]建議在術(shù)前1 h給予行TKA患者一次性口服塞來昔布400 mg。Akhtar等[20]在行TKA的患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前40 min給予口服塞來昔布100 mg。Dalury等[22]建議在TKA術(shù)前2 d服用塞來昔布,每日400 mg。Reuben等[23]在TKA術(shù)前7 d開始給予患者口服塞來昔布,每日2次,每次100 mg,術(shù)前1~2 h再口服400 mg。以上研究表明,仍需更大樣本量的多中心研究來明確TKA術(shù)前應(yīng)用塞來昔布的最佳劑量及時間,以便達(dá)到最佳的臨床效果。
TKA手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷及應(yīng)用止血帶導(dǎo)致的缺血再灌注損傷可引起明顯的炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致炎性介質(zhì)和致痛物質(zhì)如花生四烯酸、血栓素、P物質(zhì)、H+、K+、5-HT和組胺的釋放,它們除了直接致痛之外,還可使COX-2表達(dá)大量增加,使得花生四烯酸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榍傲邢偎?,引起外周的傷害感受器敏感性增加,即外周痛覺超敏。同時,也引起中樞COX-2表達(dá)上調(diào),PG增加,提高脊髓后角神經(jīng)的興奮性,造成中樞痛覺超敏。形成中樞和外周痛覺超敏后,患者的疼痛閾值降低,感覺疼痛[22]。選擇性COX-2抑制劑塞來昔布可同時抑制外周與中樞的致痛機(jī)制,從而有效緩解TKA術(shù)后疼痛[24,25]。
已有大量研究證實TKA術(shù)后短期(3~10 d)應(yīng)用塞來昔布可以有效地減少阿片類藥物使用劑量及其并發(fā)癥,緩解TKA術(shù)后患者疼痛,改善膝關(guān)節(jié)活動度,促進(jìn)功能恢復(fù),提高患者對手術(shù)的滿意度,縮短住院時間[3-6,26]。Mammoto等[27]的研究方案為術(shù)后2 h即刻給予400 mg口服,6 h后再次給予200 mg,之后每日2次,每次200 mg,直到術(shù)后第7日。Huang等[4]的研究方案為TKA術(shù)后5 d口服塞來昔布每日2次,每次200 mg。Reuben等[23]納入200例行TKA的患者進(jìn)行隨機(jī)、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗,實驗組患者TKA術(shù)后連續(xù)口服塞來昔布10 d,每日2次,每次200 mg。Andersen等[28]的方案對50例行單側(cè)TKA患者實施多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案,其中實驗組術(shù)前早晨口服塞來昔布200 mg,服用至術(shù)后7 d,每日2次,每次200 mg,能夠減少嗎啡用量,促進(jìn)膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)。在TKA術(shù)后多模式疼痛管理策略中,塞來昔布起到重要的作用。有研究指出在TKA術(shù)前1 d口服400 mg塞來昔布和0.2 mg曲馬多,術(shù)后繼續(xù)服用1個月能夠減少單一用藥劑量以及相應(yīng)的副作用,患者恢復(fù)良好[29]。在TKA術(shù)后2周內(nèi)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用肌肉松弛劑乙哌立松和塞來昔布(塞來昔布每日2次,每次300 mg,乙哌立松每日3次,每次150 mg)能夠減少嗎啡用量,降低VAS疼痛評分,提高膝關(guān)節(jié)活動度,較單純使用塞來昔布效果更佳[18]。Karam等[30]指出,與TKA術(shù)后應(yīng)用芬太尼鎮(zhèn)痛泵及口服阿片類藥物比較,由對乙酰氨基酚、塞來昔布及γ-氨基丁酸受體激動劑普瑞巴林組成的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案不僅能夠減少阿片類藥物劑量,還能降低TKA術(shù)后患者的發(fā)熱概率,減輕醫(yī)生工作負(fù)擔(dān)。另有研究[31]指出在TKA術(shù)前聯(lián)合應(yīng)用普瑞巴林和塞來昔布,與單一應(yīng)用塞來昔布比較,能夠明顯減少行TKA患者術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)嗎啡使用劑量以及術(shù)后12 h的疼痛評分。因此,制訂出一種聯(lián)合塞來昔布的個體化多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案對TKA圍手術(shù)期患者的康復(fù)尤為重要。
然而由于疼痛、腫脹以及肌肉力量的恢復(fù),TKA術(shù)后的康復(fù)常需經(jīng)歷幾個月的時間,選擇一種安全、有效并可以長期使用的止痛藥物對TKA患者術(shù)后的遠(yuǎn)期恢復(fù)至關(guān)重要。Meunier等[16]對50例TKA患者進(jìn)行隨機(jī)、雙盲、安慰劑對照研究,試驗組患者術(shù)后連續(xù)3周口服塞來昔布每日2次,每次200 mg,對照組給予安慰劑,兩組患者術(shù)后失血量無顯著性差異,術(shù)后4周塞來昔布組疼痛評分降低30%,嗎啡使用劑量明顯減少,術(shù)后1年隨訪未見塞來昔布的相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)。William等[32]的一項關(guān)于107例TKA的研究指出,實驗組53例在行TKA術(shù)后每日服用400 mg塞來昔布,出院后口服塞來昔布每日2次,每次200 mg,連續(xù)服用6周;對照組服用同等劑量安慰劑。統(tǒng)計結(jié)果顯示實驗組患者TKA術(shù)后靜息、活動時疼痛評分以及阿片類止痛藥劑量均明顯低于對照組,膝關(guān)節(jié)活動度以及功能評分都高于對照組,并且術(shù)后1年隨訪的結(jié)果顯示實驗組膝關(guān)節(jié)活動度仍優(yōu)于對照組。Dalury等[22]對行TKA的患者出院后每日服用200 mg塞來昔布,持續(xù)6周,出院后膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛明顯緩解。TKA術(shù)后應(yīng)用塞來昔布對患者出凝血機(jī)能無顯著性影響[4,5,18,20];與傳統(tǒng)NSAIDs比較,無上消化道并發(fā)癥,具備較高的胃腸道安全性[2,33]。并且塞來昔布僅抑制致炎前列腺素的產(chǎn)生,不會干擾具有維持骨愈合作用前列腺素的產(chǎn)生,不會增加TKA術(shù)后假體無菌性松動的風(fēng)險[34,35]。另有研究指出,塞來昔布并不抑制TKA患者術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)假體與骨界面的骨長入與骨形成過程[36]。
TKA術(shù)后長期應(yīng)用塞來昔布同樣安全、有效,但幾乎所有NSAIDs藥物長期使用都會增加心血管毒性[13],應(yīng)避免在有心肌缺血、中風(fēng)、充血性心力衰竭及近期行冠狀動脈搭橋手術(shù)病史的患者中使用COX-2抑制劑[22],用藥后常見的不良反應(yīng)有頭痛、頭暈、乏力、失眠、多慮以及皮膚并發(fā)癥[13]。有報道指出塞來昔布還可能引起液體潴留與腎功能損害[37],應(yīng)給予足夠重視。
綜上,TKA圍手術(shù)期使用選擇性COX-2抑制劑塞來昔布的鎮(zhèn)痛效果明顯,提高膝關(guān)節(jié)活動度,利于膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù),并且副作用較少。然而TKA術(shù)后疼痛是由多種因素造成的,骨科醫(yī)師仍需采取綜合的鎮(zhèn)痛方案來減少TKA術(shù)后疼痛,并掌握塞來昔布的應(yīng)用時機(jī)以及劑量。塞來昔布在TKA圍手術(shù)期的最佳治療劑量及使用時間仍需進(jìn)一步研究確定,以制訂出TKA圍手術(shù)期聯(lián)合塞來昔布的多模式、個體化的鎮(zhèn)痛方案。
[1]Sporer SM,Rogers T.Postoperative pain management after primary total knee arthroplasty:the value of liposomal bupivacaine.J Arthroplasty,2016 May 11.pii:S0883-5403(16):30149-8.
[2]Moore RA,Derry S,McQuay HJ.Cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:balancing gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk.BMC Musculoskelet Disord,2007,8(1):73.
[3]Buvanendran A,Kroin JS,Tuman KJ,et al.Effects of perioperative administration of a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor on pain management and recovery of function after knee replacement:a randomized controlled trial.JAMA,2003,290(18):2411-2418.
[4]Huang YM,Wang CM,Wang CT,et al.Perioperative celecoxib administration for pain management after total knee arthroplasty-a randomized,controlled study.BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,2008,9(1):77.
[5]Kazerooni R,Tran MH.Evaluation of celecoxib addition to pain protocol after total hip and knee arthroplasty stratified by opioid tolerance.Clin J Pain,2015,31(10):903-908.
[6]Duellman TJ,Gaffigan C,Milbrandt JC,et al.Mufti-modal,pre-emptive analgesia decreases the length of hospital stay following total joint arthroplasty.Orthopedics,2009,32(3):167.
[7]Schroer WC,Diesfeld PJ,Reedy ME,et al.Mini-subvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty.J Arthroplasty,2008,23(1):19-25.
[8]Onda A,Ogoshi A,Itoh M,et al.Comparison of the effects of treatment with celecoxib,loxoprofen,and acetaminophen on postoperative acute pain after arthroscopic knee surgery:A randomized,parallel-group trial.J Orthop Sci,2016,21(2):172-177.
[9]Ready LB,Ashburn M,Caplan RA,et al.Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting.A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Pain Management,Acute Pain Section.Anesthesiology,1995,82(4):1071-1081.
[10]Kehlet H,Dahl JB.The value of"multimodal"or"balanced analgesia"in postoperative pain treatment.Anesthesia& Analgesia,1993,77(5):1048-1056.
[11]Barden J,Edwards JE,McQuay HJ,et al.Single dose oral celecoxib for postoperative pain.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2003,(2):CD004233.
[12]Kumar V,Kaur K,Gupta GK,et al.Developments in synthesis of the anti-inflammatory drug,celecoxib:a review. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov,2013,7(2):124-134.
[13]Shi S,Klotz U.Clinical use and pharmacological properties of selective COX-2 inhibitors.Eur J Clin Pharmacol,2008,64(3):233-252.
[14]Dalury DF,Lieberman JR,MacDonald SJ.Current and innovative pain management techniques in total knee arthroplasty.J Bone Joint SurgAm,2011,93(20):1938-1943.
[15]M?iniche S,Kehlet H,Dahl JB.A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief:the role of timing of analgesia.Anesthesiology,2002,96(3):725-741.
[16]Meunier A,Lisander B,Good L.Effects of celecoxib on blood loss,pain,and recovery of function after total knee replacement:a randomized placebo-controlled trial.Acta Orthop,2007,78(5):661-667.
[17]Leese PT,Hubbard RC,Karim A,et al.Effects of celecoxib,a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor,on platelet function in healthy adults:a randomized,controlled trial.J Clin Pharmacol,2000,40(2):124-132.
[18]Gong L,Dong JY,Li ZR.Effects of combined application of muscle relaxants and celecoxib administration after total knee arthroplasty(TKA)on early recovery:a randomized,double-blind,controlled study.J Arthroplasty,2013,28(8):1301-1305.
[19]Ghosh M,Wang H,Ai Y,et al.COX-2 suppresses tissue factor expression via endocannabinoid-directed PPAR δ activation.J Exp Med,2007,204(9):2053-2061.
[20]Akhtar A,Shami A,Qureshi SN.Determination of preemptive analgesic efficacy of celecoxib in patients undergoing major lower limb orthopaedic surgery.Ann Pak Inst Med Sci,2013,9(3):159-163.
[21]White WB,F(xiàn)aich G,Whelton A,et al.Comparison of thromboembolic events in patients treated with celecoxib,a cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor,versus ibuprofen or diclofenac.Am J Cardiol,2002,89(4):425-430.
[22]Dalury DF,Lieberman JR,MacDonald SJ.Current and innovative pain management techniques in total knee arthroplasty.J Bone Joint SurgAm,2011,93(20):1938-1943.
[23]Reuben SS,Buvenandran A,Katz B,et al.A prospective randomized trial on the role of perioperative celecoxib administration for total knee arthroplasty:improving clinical outcomes.AnesthAnalg,2008,106(4):1258-1264.
[24]Reuben SS,Ekman EF,Raghunathan K,et al.The effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on acute and chronic donorsite pain after spinal-fusion surgery.Reg Anesth Pain Med,2006,31(1):6-13.
[25]McCormack K.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and spinal nociceptive processing.Pain,1994,59(1):9-43.
[26]Kazerooni R,Bounthavong M,Tran JN,et al.Retrospective evaluation of inpatient celecoxib use after total hip and knee arthroplasty at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.J arthroplasty,2012,27(6):1033-1040.
[27]Mammoto T,F(xiàn)ujie K,Mamizuka N,et al.Effects of postoperative administration of celecoxib on pain management in patients after total kneearthroplasty:study protocol for an open-label randomized controlled trial.Trials,2016,17:45.[28]Andersen L?,Gaarn-Larsen L,Kristensen BB,et al.Subacute pain and function after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty.Anaesthesia,2009,64(5):508-513.
[29]Fu PL,Xiao J,Zhu YL,et al.Efficacy of a multimodal analgesia protocol in total knee arthroplasty:a randomized,controlled trial.J Int Med Res,2010,38(4):1404-1412.
[30]Karam JA,Zmistowski B,Restrepo C,et al.Fewer postoperative fevers:an unexpected benefit of multimodal pain management?Clin Orthop Relat Res,2014,472(5):1489-1495.
[31]Lee JK,Chung KS,Choi CH.The effect of a single dose of preemptive pregabalin administered with COX-2 inhibitor:a trial in total knee arthroplasty.J Arthroplasty,2015,30(1):38-42.
[32]Schroer WC,Diesfeld PJ,LeMarr AR,et al.Benefits of prolonged postoperative cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor administration on total knee arthroplasty recovery:a double-blind,placebo-controlled study.J arthroplasty,2011,26(6 Suppl):2-7.
[33]Silverstein FE,F(xiàn)aich G,Goldstein JL,et al.Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsforosteoarthritisandrheumatoidarthritis:the CLASS study:a randomized controlled trial.JAMA,2000,284(10):1247-1255.
[34]Meunier A,Aspenberg P,Good L.Celecoxib does not appear to affect prosthesis fixation in total knee replacement:a randomized study using radiostereometry in 50 patients. Acta orthopaedica,2009,80(1):46-50.
[35]Simon AM,Manigrasso MB,O'Connor JP.Cyclo-Oxygenase 2 Function Is Essential for Bone Fracture Healing. J Bone Miner Res,2002,17(6):963-976.
[36]Hofmann AA,Bloebaum RD,Koller KE,et al.Does celecoxib have an adverse effect on bone remodeling and ingrowth in humans?Clin Orthop Relat Res,2006,452:200-204.
[37]Derry S,Moore RA.Single dose oral celecoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2013,10:CD004233.
Application status of celecoxib for pain management during total knee arthroplasty
MAJinhui1,GUO Wanshou2*,CHENG Liming2
(1.Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine,Beijing 100029;2.Center for Osteonecrosis and Joint Preserving&Reconstruction,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,Peking University China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing 100029,China)
】Total knee arthroplasty(TKA)has been proven to be one of the most successful surgical procedure,which can alleviate pain,correct deformity,and improve quality of life.Postoperative pain is a common complication.Preoperative administration of celecoxib can induce preemptive analgesia,has no effects on serum thromboxane or platelet functions,and does not impact the selection of anesthetization.Postoperative administration of celecoxib can decrease narcotic consumption and its adverse effect,increase the range of motion,promote the functional recovery,and shorten length of hospital stay. After discharge,the use of celecoxib has higher gastrointestinal safety with less complications and improve long-term recovery after TKA.Perioperative administration of celecoxib was reviewed in TKAin this article.
2095-9958(2016)08-0351-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-9958.2016.04-18
郭萬首,E-mail:guowanshou@263.net