李品浩, 楊文秀, 陳 琴, 裴媛媛
(貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室,貴州 貴陽 550004)
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IL-6和AG490對Burkitt淋巴瘤細(xì)胞生長的影響*
李品浩,楊文秀△,陳琴,裴媛媛
(貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室,貴州 貴陽 550004)
[摘要]目的: 觀察IL-6和AG490對Raji細(xì)胞生長的影響,探討信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(STAT3)及survivin在Burkitt淋巴瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用,為尋找淋巴瘤生物治療的新靶標(biāo)提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。方法: 培養(yǎng)Raji細(xì)胞,分別加入STAT3的激動(dòng)劑IL-6和抑制劑AG490,用real-time PCR和Western blot檢測STAT3、survivin的表達(dá)情況及STAT3的磷酸化,MTT法檢查細(xì)胞活力,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞周期變化。結(jié)果: 培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞中加入IL-6或AG490后,細(xì)胞生長受明顯影響并呈現(xiàn)藥物濃度依賴關(guān)系(P<0.05);與相應(yīng)的對照組比較, IL-6組Raji細(xì)胞中STAT3、survivin mRNA的表達(dá)明顯升高, AG490組Raij細(xì)胞中STAT3、survivin的mRNA表達(dá)明顯降低。不同濃度的IL-6組之間、不同濃度的AG490組之間,STAT3和survivin mRNA的表達(dá)亦有顯著差異(P<0.05),且2種基因mRNA表達(dá)都呈現(xiàn)出藥物濃度依賴關(guān)系。p-STAT3、STAT3和survivin的蛋白水平在IL-6 作用下表達(dá)增高,AG490 作用下表達(dá)降低;細(xì)胞凋亡率在IL-6作用下逐漸降低,在AG490作用下逐漸升高,且都呈現(xiàn)出藥物濃度依賴關(guān)系;經(jīng)AG490處理后,G1期Raji細(xì)胞明顯增加,S期細(xì)胞無明顯改變,G1/S比值增加,而在IL-6組中,S期細(xì)胞明顯降低。結(jié)論: IL-6和AG490對Raji細(xì)胞生長有明顯影響,STAT3及其下游靶基因survivin的表達(dá)改變可能是IL-6及AG490影響Raji細(xì)胞生長的重要分子機(jī)制。
[關(guān)鍵詞]Burkitt淋巴瘤細(xì)胞; 信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3; Survivin
信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)是STATs家族的重要成員,其基因是一個(gè)重要的癌基因。在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞中均已發(fā)現(xiàn)有STAT3的持續(xù)性過度激活。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn):肝癌、結(jié)腸癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌和前列腺癌等腫瘤中的 STAT3 活性均發(fā)生高頻率的異?;罨?,且其活化程度與患者的預(yù)后呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)[1-6]。
由于 STAT3 是EGFR、IL-6/JAK、Src 等多個(gè)致癌性酪氨酸激酶信號(hào)通道的匯聚焦點(diǎn)[7],阻斷 STAT3傳導(dǎo)通路便可以誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長。近年來,以 STAT3 為靶點(diǎn)的腫瘤治療研究逐漸被重視[8]。
在淋巴造血組織腫瘤中STAT3異常的研究主要集中在白血病這一非實(shí)體性的腫瘤,而在淋巴瘤這類實(shí)體性腫瘤中的研究較少見。Soldini等[9]報(bào)道,Burkitt淋巴瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)STAT3的異?;罨欢浠罨瘜urkitt淋巴瘤影響的分子機(jī)制尚未完全清楚。本研究觀察了STAT3激動(dòng)劑IL-6和抑制劑AG490對Raji細(xì)胞生長的影響,并進(jìn)一步探討了其分子機(jī)制,為尋找臨床治療Burkitt淋巴瘤可能的基因靶點(diǎn)提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
材料和方法
1實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
Burkitt細(xì)胞株Raji細(xì)胞購自中國科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞庫。培養(yǎng)所用培養(yǎng)基RPMI-1640購自HyClone;總RNA提取試劑盒購自上海碧云天公司;real-time PCR試劑盒購自Invitrogen;抗STAT3、survivin和β-actin抗體購自Santa Cruz;抗p-STAT3 購自CST; AG490購自Sigma;IL-6購自 Pepro TECH。PCR引物由上海生工合成。
2方法
2.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和實(shí)驗(yàn)分組將Raji細(xì)胞置于含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素/鏈霉素的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液中,并于37 ℃、5% CO2飽和濕度的恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),每2~3 d換液1次,待細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)大于1×109/L時(shí),按 1∶2 ~1∶3傳代培養(yǎng)。收集細(xì)胞并調(diào)節(jié)濃度為2×108/L,根據(jù)加入藥物AG490(0、25、50、75、100 mg/L)和IL-6(0、50、100、150、200 μg/L)進(jìn)行分組,分別于培養(yǎng)24 h、48 h、72 h后測定并統(tǒng)計(jì)。
2.2細(xì)胞活力的檢測細(xì)胞生長活力采用MTT法進(jìn)行檢測。實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)收集Raji細(xì)胞,于無血清培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)24 h,同步化后96孔板布板,根據(jù)上述分組,分別于培養(yǎng)24 h、48 h、72 h后測定并統(tǒng)計(jì),測定每孔加入20 μL MTT溶液(5 g/L,即0.5% MTT),繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h,每孔加入150 μL三聯(lián)溶劑(SDS 10 g, 異丁醇 5 mL, 10 mol/L HCl 0.1 mL,用雙蒸水溶解配成100 mL溶液),置搖床上低速振蕩10 min,鏡下觀察結(jié)晶物充分溶解后在酶標(biāo)儀490 nm處測量各孔的吸光度(A)。每組5個(gè)復(fù)孔,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
2.3STAT3和survivin的mRNA檢測細(xì)胞總RNA由碧云天總RNA提取試劑盒提取,測定RNAA260/A280比值處于1.8~2.2之間,符合下續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)要求。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA后real-time PCR測定mRNA相對表達(dá)量。PCR循環(huán)參數(shù):95 ℃ 10 min;9 ℃ 15 s ,60 ℃ 1 min,40個(gè)循環(huán)。結(jié)果用相對定量分析方法計(jì)算并以2-ΔΔCt表示。 用β-actin 作為內(nèi)參照計(jì)算STAT3和survivin的mRNA相對表達(dá)量。PCR引物序列和產(chǎn)物見表1。
表1Real-time PCR引物序列及產(chǎn)物
Table 1.The sequences of the primers for real-time PCR and corresponding products
NamePrimersequence(5'-3')Products(bp)STAT3CAGTCCGTGGAACCATACA-CAAAGC154CAATACTTTCCGAATGCCTCCTC-CTTSurvivinGCCAGATTTGAATCGCGGGA185GCAGTGGATGAAGCCAGCCTβ-actinTGGCACCCAGCACAATGAA186CTAAGTCATAGTCCGC-CTAGAAGCA
2.4Western blot測定STAT3、p-STAT3和survivin的蛋白水平由前面實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)得出細(xì)胞的藥物最佳處理濃度,AG490最佳濃度取50 mg/L,IL-6最佳濃度取100 μg/L。 收集足量該濃度下培養(yǎng)48 h 的細(xì)胞, PBS充分洗滌去除藥物及培養(yǎng)液后,加入適量的細(xì)胞裂解液及相應(yīng)的蛋白酶抑制劑,于冰上充分裂解30 min,并不時(shí)振蕩,12 000 r/min離心5 min取上清,即為所得蛋白樣品。樣品溶液用BCA法進(jìn)行定量,每孔上樣量為30 mg,然后進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE,電泳后轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜, p-STAT3用5% BSA封閉,其它目的蛋白用5%脫脂牛奶封閉后,分別加 I 抗孵育過夜,STAT3 (1∶500稀釋), p-STAT3 (1∶500稀釋),survivin (1∶500稀釋),β-actin (1∶1 000稀釋),洗膜后,加辣根過氧化酶偶聯(lián)的II抗(1∶5 000稀釋)孵育1.5 h,再洗膜后加 ECL 發(fā)光液顯色,暗室曝光,得到STAT3、p-STAT3和survivin的條帶膠片。膠片掃描后用Gelpro32軟件分析。
2.5細(xì)胞周期和細(xì)胞凋亡的檢測培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞,根據(jù)加入藥物AG490(0、25、50、75 mg/L)和IL-6(50、100、150 μg/L)藥物濃度進(jìn)行分組,分別于培養(yǎng)24 h、48 h、72 h后收集細(xì)胞。加入70%冰乙醇固定過夜,離心后棄上清,PBS 洗滌3遍,加入200 μL碘化丙啶 (propidium iodide,PI) 染色,37 ℃避光孵育15 min,過濾后用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞周期各期分布。收集各組細(xì)胞懸液,離心棄上清,200 μL binding buffer 重懸,5 μL Annexin V-FITC 染色孵育10 min,離心棄上清,200 μL binding buffer 重懸,10 μL PI染色,用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測各組細(xì)胞凋亡率。
3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
所有數(shù)據(jù)均使用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示。數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)使用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包。比較STAT3和survivin的mRNA及蛋白水平采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不同濃度藥物作用的多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,多組間均數(shù)每兩個(gè)均數(shù)比較(兩兩比較)采用q檢驗(yàn),多組均數(shù)與一個(gè)對照樣本均數(shù)比較采用Dunnettt檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
1細(xì)胞活力
MTT法檢測結(jié)果顯示與對照組相比較,Raji細(xì)胞490 nm處吸光度值在加入IL-6培養(yǎng)后顯著增高,加入AG490則明顯降低(P<0.05),并且均呈濃度依賴性,見圖1。
2STAT3和survivin的mRNA表達(dá)
與相應(yīng)的對照組之間比較, IL-6組Raji細(xì)胞中STAT3和survivin的mRNA表達(dá)明顯升高, AG490組Raij細(xì)胞中STAT3和survivin的mRNA表達(dá)明顯降低。不同濃度的IL-6組之間、不同濃度的AG490組之間,STAT3和survivin的mRNA表達(dá)亦有顯著差異(P<0.05),且均呈現(xiàn)出藥物濃度依賴關(guān)系,見表2、3。
Figure 1.The effects of AG490 or IL-6 at different concentrations for different time on the growth of Raji cells. Mean±SD.n=3.
圖1AG490和IL-6對Raji細(xì)胞活力的影響
表2 加入IL-6處理Raji細(xì)胞48 h后的STAT3和survivin的mRNA相對表達(dá)量
*P<0.05vs0 μg/L.
表3 加入AG490處理Raji細(xì)胞48 h后STAT3和survivin的mRNA相對表達(dá)量
*P<0.05vs0 mg/L.
3p-STAT3和survivin蛋白水平的比較
Western blot檢測顯示,與相應(yīng)的對照組相比,Raji細(xì)胞的p-STAT3及STAT3蛋白在AG490處理組明顯降低(P<0.05),在IL-6處理組升高(P<0.05),見圖2。
Figure 2.The protein levels of STAT3, p-STAT3 and survivin in the Raji cells with different treatments. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vscontrol group.
圖2Western blot檢測Raji細(xì)胞中STAT3、p-STAT3和survivin的蛋白水平
4細(xì)胞凋亡的檢測
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測顯示,在IL-6和AG490處理的細(xì)胞和對照組細(xì)胞之間凋亡水平有明顯差異(P<0.05)。細(xì)胞凋亡水平呈現(xiàn)出藥物濃度依賴關(guān)系,見圖3。
5細(xì)胞周期的檢測
與相應(yīng)對照相比,AG490組G1期細(xì)胞百分率明顯升高(P<0.05),S期細(xì)胞百分率無明顯變化,G2/M期細(xì)胞百分率明顯降低(P<0.05);IL-6組G0/G1期細(xì)胞百分率明顯降低(P<0.05),S期細(xì)胞百分率明顯升高(P<0.05),G2/M期細(xì)胞百分率無明顯變化,見圖4、表4。
討論
Burkitt淋巴瘤是生發(fā)中心細(xì)胞來源的高侵襲性B細(xì)胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤,具有很差的預(yù)后。腫瘤細(xì)胞的倍增時(shí)間很短,與myc基因有關(guān)的染色體易位是該腫瘤的顯著特征,很多病例存在EB病毒感染。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn), JAK/STAT3信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路在淋巴瘤[10-11]如彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[12], 該通路持續(xù)激活可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞異常增殖或惡性轉(zhuǎn)化,應(yīng)用該通路的抑制劑可抑制 STAT3 在侵襲性惡性淋巴瘤細(xì)胞系中的活性。Survivin是凋亡抑制蛋白家族中的一個(gè)成員[13],它在多種腫瘤組織中高表達(dá),而在癌旁組織及正常組織中無表達(dá)或低表達(dá)[14]。Survivin具有抑制細(xì)胞凋亡和調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞有絲分裂的雙重功能[15-16]。它主要通過多條通路的調(diào)節(jié)抑制caspase級聯(lián)反應(yīng)中caspase-9、caspase-3、caspase-7的活性而發(fā)揮抗凋亡作用;在G2/M期特異性的表達(dá),加快腫瘤細(xì)胞由G1/S期的轉(zhuǎn)換,通過有絲分裂促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞的異常增殖。有報(bào)道survivin在侵襲性的非霍奇金淋巴瘤中表達(dá)并能預(yù)測一些非霍奇金淋巴瘤的臨床過程和預(yù)后,它的表達(dá)預(yù)示著非霍奇金淋巴瘤較差的預(yù)后[17-18]。同時(shí)有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在侵襲性淋巴瘤中survivin基因與cyclin B的結(jié)合在促進(jìn)G2/M期的轉(zhuǎn)化中起重要作用[19]。多項(xiàng)研究表明[20-21]:survivin可能是STAT3信號(hào)通路下游靶基因之一。survivin基因的啟動(dòng)子上含有STAT3的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),活化的STAT3可直接與survivin基因的啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合,調(diào)控survivin蛋白的表達(dá),而向細(xì)胞中轉(zhuǎn)入survivin基因并穩(wěn)定表達(dá)后,可逆轉(zhuǎn)STAT3抑制劑誘導(dǎo)的促凋亡作用。我們采用Burkitt淋巴瘤細(xì)胞行研究,用STAT3的小分子抑制劑AG490和激活劑IL-6,了解它們對腫瘤細(xì)胞生長的影響,并探討2種藥物對Raji細(xì)胞生長的影響是否與STAT3和survivin的變化有關(guān),為尋找淋巴瘤生物治療的新靶標(biāo)提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
AG490 是一種人工合成的苯亞甲基丙二腈的脂類衍生物,可以和受體酪氨酸激酶競爭結(jié)合位置,是JAK/STAT通路的特異性抑制劑[22],應(yīng)用AG490作用于腫瘤細(xì)胞而起抗瘤作用的研究陸續(xù)見諸報(bào)道,而作用于Burkitt 淋巴瘤的研究尚未見到。IL-6是IL-6/JAK信號(hào)通路的激活劑[23-24],激活JAK后可激活STAT3的表達(dá)及磷酸化,形成二聚體結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核,與下游凋亡及細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控基因、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶等靶基因的啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合,調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖凋亡和遷移等過程。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)加入AG490后Raji細(xì)胞生長活力降低,在IL-6的作用下,細(xì)胞生長活力增強(qiáng),都呈現(xiàn)出藥物濃度依賴關(guān)系。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)加入AG490 48 h后,G0/G1期細(xì)胞比率由46.19%上升至51.65%,雖然S期細(xì)胞百分率下降不明顯,但G2/M期百分率明顯降低;加入IL-6 48 h后,G0/G1期的Raji細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)下降趨勢,S期細(xì)胞明顯增多。細(xì)胞的凋亡檢測分析發(fā)現(xiàn)在加入藥物24 h、48 h、72 h后,AG490組細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯增高,IL-6組凋亡率則明顯降低,兩者都呈現(xiàn)出藥物濃度依賴關(guān)系。這表明JAK/STAT3信號(hào)通路對Raji細(xì)胞的生長活力、細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞周期都產(chǎn)生明顯的影響。
Figure 3.The apoptotic levels of Raji cells treated with AG490 or IL-6 were analyzed by flow cytometry. Mean±SD.n=3.
圖3AG490或IL-6作用的各組Raji細(xì)胞的凋亡水平
為進(jìn)一步探討IL-6和AG490影響Raji細(xì)胞生長的相關(guān)分子機(jī)制,我們用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR和Western blot檢查了survivin和STAT3的mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平。檢測分析發(fā)現(xiàn),Raji細(xì)胞STAT3 mRNA的表達(dá)水平在AG490 作用后顯著降低,而IL-6作用后則明顯升高。STAT3和survivin mRNA的表達(dá)呈現(xiàn)藥物濃度依賴關(guān)系。與對照組相比,細(xì)胞內(nèi)p-STAT3、STAT3和survivin蛋白表達(dá)在AG490作用 48 h后顯著降低, IL-6作用48 h后明顯升高,各組的STAT3、p-STAT3 與survivin蛋白變化都表現(xiàn)出一致性,提示survivin的蛋白表達(dá)可能與STAT3的活化有關(guān)。
Figure 4.The cell cycle distribution in the Raji cells under different treatments for 48 h. A: the Raji cells treated with AG490 at 50 mg/L; B: the Raji cells treated with IL-6 at 100 μg/L; C: control group.
圖4不同處理情況下Raji細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)48 h后細(xì)胞周期的變化
表4不同處理?xiàng)l件下Raji細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)48 h后細(xì)胞周期變化
Table 4.Proportion of the cell cycle in the Raji cells with diffe-rent treatment for 48 h (%. Mean±SD.n=3)
GroupG0/G1SG2/MControl46.51±2.0344.31±1.019.18±1.90AG49051.95±2.21*44.37±1.843.68±0.33*IL-640.81±2.29*49.94±2.59*9.25±1.71
*P<0.05vscontrol group.
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明IL-6和AG490對Raji細(xì)胞的生長有明顯影響,其影響可能與STAT3分子活化及其上調(diào)survivin分子的表達(dá)密切相關(guān)。Survivin的上調(diào)表達(dá)可能是腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)STAT3 信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑活化的結(jié)果,STAT3的活化通過上調(diào)survivin表達(dá)而抑制了腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,從而影響Raji細(xì)胞的生長活力。抑制STAT3分子活化可能通過直接抑制STAT3活性、抑制survivin表達(dá)雙重作用對細(xì)胞生長產(chǎn)生明顯的抑制作用,這可能是Burkitt淋巴瘤治療的新思路。
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(責(zé)任編輯: 林白霜, 余小慧)
Effects of IL-6 and AG490 on Burkitt lymphoma cell growth
LI Pin-hao, YANG Wen-xiu, CHEN Qin, PEI Yuan-yuan
(DepartmentofPathology,GuiyangMedicalUniversity,Guiyang550004,China.E-mail:ypq1964@163.com)
[ABSTRACT]AIM: To observe the influences of IL-6 and AG490 on the growth of Raji cell line (Burkitt lymphoma cell, BL). METHODS: Raji cells were cultured. IL-6, an activator of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and AG490, a specific inhibitor of STAT3 were added into the medium respectively. The expression of STAT3 and survivin at mRNA and protein levels was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle were examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: IL-6 or AG490 affected the growth of Raji cells significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of STAT3 and survivin in Raji cells was higher in IL-6 group, and lower in the AG490 group than that in the corresponding control group. The statistical differences were found in the mRNA expression of STAT3 and survivin among different IL-6 or AG490 groups (P<0.05). The concentration dependent relationship was also presented in IL-6 and AG490 groups by the regression analysis. The results of Western blot showed that the protein levels of phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3), STAT3 and survivin were increased in IL-6 group, and decreased in AG490 group. The apoptotic rate of Raji cells was gradually reduced with the increasing concentration of IL-6. The opposite results were detected in the Raji cells treated with AG490. There was significant difference in constitute of the cell cycle between the groups treated with IL-6 or AG490 and corresponding control group. The cells at G1-phase and G1/S were significantly increased, while those at S-phase had no obvious change under treating with AG490. The cells at S-phase decreased obviously in the Raji cells treated with IL-6. CONCLUSION: IL-6 and AG490 distinctly affect the growth of Raji cells. The mechanism may be associated with the activation of STAT3 and survivin.
[KEY WORDS]Burkitt lymphoma cells; Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Survivin
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2016.03.008
[中圖分類號(hào)]R730.23;R392.12
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
通訊作者△Tel: 0851-86752735; E-mail: ypq1964@163.com
*[基金項(xiàng)目]國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No. 81160299);貴州省優(yōu)秀人才省長基金資助項(xiàng)目(No. 2011,125)
[收稿日期]2015- 04- 13[修回日期] 2016- 01- 21
[文章編號(hào)]1000- 4718(2016)03- 0432- 07
雜志網(wǎng)址: http://www.cjpp.net