李明會(huì)
摘 要: 本文論述了在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中應(yīng)讓學(xué)生注意英語(yǔ)中的特殊否定形式,只有這樣,學(xué)生才能提高英語(yǔ)水平。
關(guān)鍵詞: 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué) 綜合教程 特殊否定現(xiàn)象
完全否定、部分否定、轉(zhuǎn)移否定和排除否定是由于否定詞位置的不同、搭配上的不一致而產(chǎn)生的特殊否定現(xiàn)象,《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程》中這幾種否定現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)頻率較高,本文擬對(duì)它們進(jìn)行探討如下。
一、用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)表否定意義,在意義上相當(dāng)于英語(yǔ)的“can not...”,譯為“簡(jiǎn)直不,無法,難以”
The impact theyve had on my confidence is more them word can describe is more than words can describe(Book III Unit 6)
他們對(duì)我信心的影響是詞語(yǔ)無法描述的。
The blow is more than words can tell.(Book III Unit 6)
這打擊遠(yuǎn)非詞語(yǔ)能表達(dá)。
二、完全否定(absolute negation)
Absolute Negation表示一種絕對(duì)沒有的情況,是對(duì)整體的全部否定。它的構(gòu)成方式有以下幾種:
1.絕對(duì)否定詞(no,never,no one,nobody,none,nothing,neither,nowhere,no more,no longer,no way)加上肯定謂語(yǔ)表示:
I would never have been able to finish those two miles if I were you.(Book I Unit 6)
如果我是你的話,絕對(duì)不可能跑完那兩英里。
Until the lawyer read her will,I never fully appreciated the depth of the old ladys love.(Book II Unit 5)
直到律師宣讀她遺囑那一刻,我才充分感受到這位老婦人深深的愛。
It was a moment I will never forget——a day that made me the richest kid in town.(Book II Unit 5)
這是一個(gè)我永生難忘的時(shí)刻—這一天,我成了鎮(zhèn)上最富有的孩子。
...,bring a little happiness into a place where no one ever looks forward to going.(Book Ⅱ Unit 6)
給那個(gè)誰也不愿去的地方帶去一點(diǎn)快樂。
No longer was Jim the gentle,affectionate,loving man he was when wed first met.(Book IV Unit2)
吉姆不再像我們初次見面時(shí)那樣溫柔、體貼、充滿愛心了。
periodically asked for but never was given back his Olympic prizes.
他不時(shí)地要求把奧林匹克獎(jiǎng)牌發(fā)還給他,但最終也未能要回。
No one at the base has ever seen a figure like that.
基地上沒有哪個(gè)人曾見過這樣的高分。
Were none of us getting any younger.
我們都不年輕啦。
And nothing can grow there.
那里什么東西也無法生長(zhǎng)。
But neither the nursery nor the hotel my parents bought later had provided enough money to send my sister and me to college.
然而無論是托兒所還是我父母后來購(gòu)買的汽車旅館都不能提供足夠的收入供我妹妹和我上大學(xué)。
There were no more butterflies in my stomach when I opened up an abdomen or a chest.
當(dāng)我切開病人的腹部或胸腔時(shí)我不再緊張得瑟瑟發(fā)抖了。
First,weather would no longer be important.
首先,氣候?qū)⒆兊脽o關(guān)緊要。
I know there is no way to prepare for the next time.
我知道我不可能為下次做好準(zhǔn)備。
2.用一般否定詞not或never加上非肯定詞表示:
It lies midway between two of the trees,not too near yet not too far from the trunks.(BookI Unit5)
它就放在兩棵樹的中間,距離樹干既不太近,又不太遠(yuǎn)。
It wouldnt be worth it,even if my foot did heal.(Book I Unit 6)
即使我的腳真的好了,這也不值得。
I couldnt believe it.(Book I Unit 6)
我真不敢相信。
Not because she wanted me to win,but because she wanted me to keep going and not give up.(Book I Unit 6)
并不是因?yàn)樗胍耀@勝,而是因?yàn)樗M覉?jiān)持跑下去不要放棄。
Here I was surrounded by people I did not know and who did not know me.(Book I Unit 1)
在這里,周圍都是我不認(rèn)識(shí)的人,而他們也不認(rèn)識(shí)我。
...,but he cut me short with a sharp“No,you cant”.(Book II Unit 2)
但他猛然打斷了我,厲聲說道:“沒有,找不到?!?/p>
The shame which I felt can not be described.(Book II Unit 2)
我感到的恥辱無法用語(yǔ)言形容。
Step by step,I cant see any other way of accomplishing anything.(Book II Unit 3)
一步一步地走,這是唯一的成功之路。
It is really not that complicated,Mary.(Book II Unit 7)
其實(shí)這事并沒有這么復(fù)雜,瑪麗.
“The wash did not let me die.”(Book IV Unit 1)
“這些要洗的衣服還不肯讓我死呢?!?/p>
The fact that I dont enjoy it doesnt matter.(Book IV Unit 3)
我不喜歡音樂,這無關(guān)緊要。
Youll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way.
你要是老這樣消磨時(shí)間你將一事無成。
三、部分否定(Partial Negation)
Partial Negation是對(duì)集體中一部分被肯定、表整個(gè)意義的詞用一般否定詞not修飾,表示的是一部分被肯定,一部分被否定。《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)》中有以下三種形式:
1.用“not+...+表示全體意義的詞”表示:
I didnt mean all the thing I said.
我剛才說的那些話不全是當(dāng)真的。
They cant tract down all the cheaters any more.
他們?cè)僖膊椴怀鏊械淖鞅渍吡恕?/p>
The intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the world.
目的并不是要捉拿所有的人而是抓住足夠的作弊者以便把信息傳開去。
2.用“表全體意義的詞+not”表示:
But all this hasnt made a dent,not a dent,in the situation.
但是一切努力收效很少。
All of us couldnt fit in there.
那兒容不下咱們所有的人。
3.用“not+表全體意義的詞”表示:
Were not always as perceptive as we might be about-applying the rule.
然而對(duì)于運(yùn)用這一規(guī)律我們的感覺并非一直都很敏銳。
Not every winter is critical for deer of course.
當(dāng)然了,并非每個(gè)冬天鹿都處于危難之中。
Not everyone can interact with such persistance and over long hours.
不是每個(gè)人都能以這樣的韌性與人周旋的。
A good many patients gain renewed selfconfidence when gainfully employed and lose some,if not all,of their most acute symptoms.
許許多多病人一旦受聘從事有一定收益的工作,便重新獲得失去部分,如果不是全部的話,最嚴(yán)重的癥狀。
4.用little,few,hardly等部分否定詞:
Unfortunately,he discovered that he had little aptitude for programming.(Book III Unit7)
遺憾的是,他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在編程方面沒有什么天分。
四、轉(zhuǎn)移否定(Transferred Negation)
Transferred Negation指的是形式上與邏輯上否定的不一致,《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程》中主要有以下三種形式。
1.從謂語(yǔ)否定轉(zhuǎn)移到賓語(yǔ)否定。
I dont think its because they dont know how,Ithink its because counter productive.(Book III Unit 6)
我想這樣不是因?yàn)樗鼈冞€知道怎么做,而是因?yàn)檫@么做會(huì)適得其反。
I dont believe Ive the pleasure of knowing you.
我想我和你并不相識(shí)。
But the two policemen didnt think that would be much help.
但那兩名警察卻認(rèn)為這對(duì)破案不會(huì)有多大幫助。
His friends and doctors didnt think he could do it,as he had lung cancer.
由于他患有肺癌,朋友們和醫(yī)生們都認(rèn)為他不能做那事。
2.合成謂語(yǔ)內(nèi)部從謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞否定轉(zhuǎn)移到不定式或從句否定。
But it doesnt seem to the economy.
但它似乎經(jīng)濟(jì)沒有什么聯(lián)系。
I didnt seem able to do anything tight.
我仿佛什么事情都沒法干好。
But he doesnt seem to understand and kept trying to coins into her hand.
但他卻好像沒有聽懂,只管把硬幣往他手里塞。
And Im positive that he didnt for a moment feel that he was in anyway cheating the store.
我也確信他覺得自己一點(diǎn)也沒有在欺騙商店。
3.從謂語(yǔ)否定轉(zhuǎn)移到狀語(yǔ)從句。
I dont teach because teaching is easy for me.
我之所以教書不是因?yàn)槲矣X得教書輕松。
We didnt set up the cooperation merely because we wanted to make profits.
我們建立公司不僅僅是為了攢錢。
John didnt marry Alice because she was rich,nor she was pretty.
約翰之所以與艾麗斯結(jié)婚不是因?yàn)樗挥卸利悺?/p>
I didnt leave college because I was tired of learning.
我離開大學(xué)不是因?yàn)槲覅捑肓藢W(xué)習(xí)。
五、排除否定(Excluded Negation)
Excluded Negation指的是句中含有排除連詞和排除介詞(but,except,besides,beyond,unless,as well as等)的否定句。
My doctor wont let me drink anything but champagne.
我的醫(yī)生讓我喝香檳。
To Betty Van Meter,this man was not an enemy but rather a suffering human being.
在貝蒂·范·米特眼里,這個(gè)傷兵不是敵人而是個(gè)受苦受難的人。
It was so far beyond my means that I had never thought of going there.
這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過我的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力,所以從來我連想都沒有想過去那種地方。
Of the guests,none except the American noticed this.
在座的客人中除了那位美國(guó)人以外誰也沒有注意到這一幕。
Unless you do ,you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.
不這樣做,你的讀書就不可能是最有效的。
Technology includes techniques,or ways to do things,as all as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.
除機(jī)器外技術(shù)還包括技藝即制作方法,而這些技藝方法的運(yùn)用并不一定都要機(jī)器。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]英語(yǔ)天地.1966,12.
[2]21世紀(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)用英語(yǔ)綜合教程1.上海:復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社.
[3]21世紀(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)用英語(yǔ)綜合教程2.上海:復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社.
[4]21世紀(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)用英語(yǔ)綜合教程3.上海:復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社.
[5]21世紀(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)用英語(yǔ)綜合教程3.上海:復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社.