王 遷 唐 鋒 胡 暢 龍安妮 李 雷
清華大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院血管科,北京 100016
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頸動(dòng)脈支架術(shù)的特殊入路
王 遷 唐 鋒 胡 暢 龍安妮 李 雷*
清華大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院血管科,北京 100016
摘要:股動(dòng)脈入路是目前頸動(dòng)脈支架術(shù)最常用的入路,但是在主動(dòng)脈弓異常、動(dòng)脈明顯扭曲等情況下經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路可能增加手術(shù)難度、圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,甚至導(dǎo)致手術(shù)不成功,而胸主動(dòng)脈夾層、髂股動(dòng)脈閉塞性病變及腹股溝區(qū)感染等同樣不適于應(yīng)用股動(dòng)脈入路。本文介紹頸動(dòng)脈支架術(shù)的一些特殊入路,主要包括頸動(dòng)脈入路、橈動(dòng)脈入路、肱動(dòng)脈入路、左側(cè)心室入路、顳動(dòng)脈入路及尺動(dòng)脈入路等。這些入路各自具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì),也各自有其適應(yīng)證,可以在臨床結(jié)合患者具體情況酌情選擇。目前頸動(dòng)脈介入器材主要參照股動(dòng)脈入路為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì),限制了其他入路CAS的發(fā)展。隨著介入治療器械及技術(shù)的發(fā)展和逐漸成熟,這些問題將逐漸解決。
關(guān)鍵詞:頸動(dòng)脈支架術(shù);特殊入路;頸動(dòng)脈;橈動(dòng)脈;肱動(dòng)脈
約10%~15%缺血性腦卒中與頸動(dòng)脈狹窄相關(guān)[1],目前頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)是治療頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而近年頸動(dòng)脈支架術(shù)(carotid artery stenting,CAS)也逐漸被認(rèn)可[2]。股動(dòng)脈入路是CAS最常用的入路[3-9]。但是,在主動(dòng)脈弓異常及動(dòng)脈明顯扭曲等情況下經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路可能增加手術(shù)難度及圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[10,11],甚至導(dǎo)致手術(shù)失敗,而胸主動(dòng)脈夾層、髂股動(dòng)脈閉塞性病變及腹股溝區(qū)感染等,同樣不適于應(yīng)用股動(dòng)脈入路[7],故在這些情況下采用其他入路勢(shì)在必行。本文旨在介紹CAS的一些特殊入路,主要包括:頸動(dòng)脈入路、橈動(dòng)脈入路、肱動(dòng)脈入路、左側(cè)心室入路、顳動(dòng)脈入路及尺動(dòng)脈入路等。
頸動(dòng)脈入路與常規(guī)股動(dòng)脈入路相比,由于避免了經(jīng)過異常的主動(dòng)脈弓,例如:Ⅲ型主動(dòng)脈弓、主動(dòng)脈弓過長(zhǎng)、主動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重粥樣硬化、頸總動(dòng)脈近端病變及弓上動(dòng)脈扭曲等,從而減少微栓脫落的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)也避免病變對(duì)側(cè)腦缺血及腦卒中等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[4,12]。但是需注意頸動(dòng)脈夾層、局部神經(jīng)損傷、局部出血或者血腫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而伴有頸總動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重粥樣硬化或者穿刺處合并狹窄,頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄處明顯扭曲,既往有頸部手術(shù)或者放療病史的患者,不適合應(yīng)于這種治療方法[13]。根據(jù)手術(shù)具體操作方式的不同,頸動(dòng)脈入路CAS又可以細(xì)分為常規(guī)經(jīng)頸動(dòng)脈入路和逆流保護(hù)下經(jīng)頸動(dòng)脈入路。
常規(guī)經(jīng)頸動(dòng)脈入路是在頸總動(dòng)脈近端順行穿刺,之后置入血管閉合器導(dǎo)鞘(PRECLOSE技術(shù)),行球囊成形及支架術(shù)后再應(yīng)用血管閉合器封閉頸總動(dòng)脈穿刺點(diǎn),術(shù)中可聯(lián)合使用遠(yuǎn)端栓子保護(hù)裝置,Bergeron等[12]曾經(jīng)對(duì)這種方法進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)描述。這種方法的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于創(chuàng)口微小,患者耐受性強(qiáng)。缺點(diǎn)是治療費(fèi)用相對(duì)較高(使用遠(yuǎn)端栓子保護(hù)裝置)。若不使用遠(yuǎn)端栓子保護(hù)裝置,可能存在栓子脫落風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Bergeron[12]報(bào)道了52例常規(guī)經(jīng)頸動(dòng)脈入路CAS術(shù),技術(shù)成功率為100%,無腦卒中、心血管事件及出血等發(fā)生。也可以通過復(fù)合手術(shù)的方法,小切口暴露頸總動(dòng)脈,直視下穿刺進(jìn)行CAS,術(shù)后直視縫閉穿刺點(diǎn)。
逆流保護(hù)下經(jīng)頸動(dòng)脈入路,又稱經(jīng)頸阻斷保護(hù)性分流(transcervical occlusion and protective shunting,TOPS)。這種方法于2003年由Chang等[14]首先提出,并且進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)描述:在局麻下行頸部2 cm切口,暴露局部頸總動(dòng)脈及頸靜脈,頸總動(dòng)脈順行穿刺,置入9 F血管鞘,同側(cè)頸靜脈穿刺,置入6 F血管鞘,在用阻斷鉗阻斷頸總動(dòng)脈近端血流的同時(shí)連接9 F鞘與6 F鞘,形成頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈(逆向)——頸靜脈的分流,在保持頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈逆向血流的情況下完成頸動(dòng)脈成形及支架術(shù),術(shù)后縫合穿刺處及皮膚切口。這種方法的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于通過頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈逆向血流,減少栓子脫落所致相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)由于避免使用遠(yuǎn)端栓子保護(hù)裝置從而節(jié)約了手術(shù)費(fèi)用[14]。另外頸動(dòng)脈穿刺點(diǎn)止血確切,故局部血腫及出血的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均較低。缺點(diǎn)是創(chuàng)口比常規(guī)頸動(dòng)脈入路大,感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大,并且部分患者難以接受頸總動(dòng)脈阻斷的顱內(nèi)缺血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[3,10,15,16],這種方法簡(jiǎn)單易行,安全有效,節(jié)約治療成本,同時(shí)適用于高齡患者[13];技術(shù)成功率為96.3%~100%,30 d腦卒中率、死亡率、心肌梗死率分別為1.10%~1.80%、0.41%~2.20%、0.14%~0.45%[4,13]。但是這種方法無統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范,并且動(dòng)靜脈分流存在不可控性,故SilkRoadMedical公司將這一方法進(jìn)一步完善,在動(dòng)靜脈鞘管連接處加入了流量控制器,將之稱為ENROUTE裝置(圖1),ROADSTER研究[17]中應(yīng)用此裝置的技術(shù)成功率高達(dá)99%(140/141),腦卒中發(fā)生率僅為1.4%(2/141)。
由此可見,經(jīng)頸動(dòng)脈入路CAS簡(jiǎn)單可行,并且安全有效,對(duì)弓部血管異常的病例,可以作為股動(dòng)脈入路的替代治療方法。
隨著橈動(dòng)脈入路在冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療中的廣泛應(yīng)用[18],目前已經(jīng)逐漸應(yīng)用到各種外周血管的介入治療中[7,19]。因此,橈動(dòng)脈入路CAS也是一種常用的替代股動(dòng)脈入路的治療方法。與常規(guī)股動(dòng)脈入路相比,橈動(dòng)脈入路不經(jīng)過腹主動(dòng)脈、髂股動(dòng)脈。因此,這種方法尤其適用于合并腹主動(dòng)脈、髂股動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重病變(例如動(dòng)脈閉塞、動(dòng)脈瘤及動(dòng)脈夾層等)的頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者[20,21]。另外,由于解剖位置的關(guān)系,橈動(dòng)脈容易壓迫止血,入路相關(guān)并發(fā)癥少(例如周圍靜脈損傷、周圍神經(jīng)損傷及血腫等[22]);而且患者術(shù)后舒適度高,可以早期下地活動(dòng)[7,23],縮短住院時(shí)間[21]。雖然橈動(dòng)脈入路相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低,但是還是存在橈動(dòng)脈閉塞、非閉塞性橈動(dòng)脈損傷、穿刺點(diǎn)出血、前臂血腫、動(dòng)脈痙攣及無菌性肉芽腫[6,22,24]等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,對(duì)橈動(dòng)脈無搏動(dòng)、Allen試驗(yàn)陰性、橈動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化及需要橈動(dòng)脈維持血液透析通路等情況,不適用于橈動(dòng)脈入路,術(shù)前可以通過橈動(dòng)脈超聲進(jìn)行評(píng)估[6]。
圖1 SilkRoadMedical公司的ENROUTE裝置
根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[7,20,21,25]橈動(dòng)脈入路CAS安全有效,平均住院時(shí)間短;技術(shù)成功率為83%~91%,其中右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈組為93%~100%,左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈組為50%~88%(牛型弓左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈為80%~88%),平均住院時(shí)間為1.0~3.5 d。一項(xiàng)260例頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者的多中心前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[26]顯示,經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈入路CAS的并發(fā)癥、平均照射時(shí)間、平均操作時(shí)間及平均住院時(shí)間等與經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路CAS無明顯差異,僅失敗率(轉(zhuǎn)組率)及平均照射劑量較經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路CAS高,可見經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈入路CAS安全可行,成功率高,可能成為股動(dòng)脈入路的替代治療方法。
當(dāng)然,幾乎所有作者在分析失敗病例時(shí)都會(huì)提到[6,7,20,21,26,27]:橈動(dòng)脈入路CAS的器材尚不完善,缺乏相應(yīng)導(dǎo)絲、導(dǎo)管及支架通過系統(tǒng)等;左側(cè)頸總動(dòng)脈與主動(dòng)脈弓呈角過小,尤其是Ⅰ型主動(dòng)脈弓;橈動(dòng)脈入路CAS的操作尚需要一定學(xué)習(xí)曲線。因此,對(duì)右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄、Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型主動(dòng)脈弓或者牛型主動(dòng)脈弓合并左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄,可以推薦使用橈動(dòng)脈入路替代股動(dòng)脈入路,術(shù)前有必要應(yīng)用CTA、MRA等檢查,對(duì)主動(dòng)脈弓部解剖進(jìn)行評(píng)估[6]。
肱動(dòng)脈位于橈動(dòng)脈的近心端,具有部分橈動(dòng)脈入路CAS的優(yōu)點(diǎn),例如避免經(jīng)過腹主動(dòng)脈及髂股動(dòng)脈等。因此,在不適于股動(dòng)脈及橈動(dòng)脈入路的情況下可以作為替代入路,行CAS治療。當(dāng)然,對(duì)合并鎖骨下動(dòng)脈或者無名動(dòng)脈狹窄的病例,不建議應(yīng)用此入路[9]。與橈動(dòng)脈入路相比,肱動(dòng)脈的直徑較粗,可以經(jīng)過更粗的通路器材[28],從而避免血管內(nèi)膜損傷[9],血管痙攣的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低。另外,肱動(dòng)脈入路距頸動(dòng)脈病變位置較橈動(dòng)脈入路近,適用于身材較高而導(dǎo)管長(zhǎng)度不夠的病例。但是,因?yàn)樘厥獾慕馄饰恢?,肱?dòng)脈入路相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比橈動(dòng)脈及股動(dòng)脈入路高[28],可能存在肱動(dòng)脈鞘血腫、骨筋膜室綜合征、正中神經(jīng)損傷及手部缺血等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6],并且一旦發(fā)生,后果嚴(yán)重。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[9,29,30],經(jīng)肱動(dòng)脈入路CAS技術(shù)的成功率為92%~100%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為0~1.2%,但是受限于研究例數(shù)量較少(≤61例),這些結(jié)果尚需要大規(guī)模的臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)僅少數(shù)個(gè)案報(bào)告[31]經(jīng)肱動(dòng)脈入路頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的病例。
左側(cè)心室入路的介入治療,因?yàn)樯婕伴_胸相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[32](例如全身麻醉及胸骨損傷等)、心臟損傷相關(guān)并發(fā)癥(例如心臟破裂及出血等)等,技術(shù)難度大,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,不作為常規(guī)使用。Harjai等[32]報(bào)道了1例經(jīng)左側(cè)心室入路CAS的病例,患者為右側(cè)頸總動(dòng)脈巨大假性動(dòng)脈瘤,壓迫氣管、右側(cè)上肺、無名動(dòng)脈、上腔靜脈及周圍組織,經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路造影確診后發(fā)現(xiàn)主動(dòng)脈弓異常,右側(cè)頸總動(dòng)脈與右側(cè)鎖骨下動(dòng)脈、無名動(dòng)脈及主動(dòng)脈弓呈角過小,無法經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈、橈動(dòng)脈及肱動(dòng)脈入路治療,而因?yàn)檠[巨大,頸部切開手術(shù)或者頸動(dòng)脈逆行穿刺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極大,故采用左側(cè)胸切口,暴露左側(cè)心室,穿刺置入10 F動(dòng)脈鞘,成功行CAS術(shù)??梢娮髠?cè)心室入路,雖然不作為常規(guī)的CAS入路,但是在某些非常特殊條件下可以考慮應(yīng)用。
作為頸外動(dòng)脈的分支,顳淺動(dòng)脈的直徑較細(xì),并且不作為CAS的常規(guī)入路。在主動(dòng)脈弓異?;蛘哳i總動(dòng)脈與主動(dòng)脈弓呈角過小時(shí),經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈、橈動(dòng)脈及肱動(dòng)脈等入路行CAS時(shí)常難以建立CAS治療軌道,此時(shí)可以應(yīng)用顳動(dòng)脈入路[33-35]輔助其他入路,建立軌道或者固定軌道導(dǎo)絲(pull-through或者through-and-through技術(shù)),以達(dá)到CAS目的。但是對(duì)顳動(dòng)脈過小、狹窄,明顯扭曲或者觸診及超聲難以定位者,不適合采用此入路。在并發(fā)癥方面,顳動(dòng)脈入路具有面神經(jīng)損傷、顳動(dòng)脈或者頸外動(dòng)脈斑塊脫落栓塞等發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[33],但是發(fā)生率均很低。此外,因?yàn)轱D動(dòng)脈容易觸及,出血后可以早期發(fā)現(xiàn)及控制,并且在損傷或者閉塞后對(duì)機(jī)體也無明顯影響[33,35]。Mitsuhash等[35]成功經(jīng)顳動(dòng)脈入路應(yīng)用pull-through技術(shù)行肱動(dòng)脈入路CAS術(shù),經(jīng)長(zhǎng)期隨訪無明顯并發(fā)癥。Mangialardi等[34]報(bào)道9例經(jīng)顳動(dòng)脈入路應(yīng)用through-and-through技術(shù)行CAS術(shù)的病例,技術(shù)成功率為100%,無明顯并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。另外,在某些特殊情況下可以考慮應(yīng)用顳動(dòng)脈入路行CAS術(shù)。Stella等[36]成功應(yīng)用顳動(dòng)脈入路CAS治療1例頸動(dòng)脈夾層患者。
尺動(dòng)脈作為與橈動(dòng)脈并行于腕部的動(dòng)脈,因?yàn)槲恢幂^深、觸診感覺差,有尺神經(jīng)伴行、容易損傷,技術(shù)難度大[37],不適用于常規(guī)的介入治療入路。但是,在無適合的股動(dòng)脈、橈動(dòng)脈入路而又忌憚肱動(dòng)脈入路并發(fā)癥時(shí),可以酌情考慮應(yīng)用。為減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,建議術(shù)前確認(rèn)反Allen試驗(yàn)陽性,并且行超聲檢查及定位,術(shù)中監(jiān)測(cè)同側(cè)手指經(jīng)皮氧飽和度。目前尚無尺動(dòng)脈入路CAS的報(bào)道。Baumann等[38]報(bào)道23例經(jīng)尺動(dòng)脈行冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療的病例,技術(shù)成功率為100%,無明顯穿刺點(diǎn)并發(fā)癥。Layton等[37]報(bào)道1例成功經(jīng)尺動(dòng)脈行腦血管造影的病例,無明顯穿刺點(diǎn)并發(fā)癥。
綜上所述,CAS術(shù)除常規(guī)股動(dòng)脈入路外,還有其他入路,例如頸動(dòng)脈入路、橈動(dòng)脈入路、肱動(dòng)脈入路、左心室入路及顳動(dòng)脈入路等,其各自具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)及適應(yīng)證,可以在臨床結(jié)合患者具體情況,酌情選擇,尤其在由于各種原因?qū)е聼o法成功經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路行CAS術(shù)時(shí),可以考慮應(yīng)用其他入路直接或者間接完成CAS治療。但是,目前幾乎所有頸動(dòng)脈介入器材(例如通路器材和支架輸送系統(tǒng))均以股動(dòng)脈入路為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì),限制其他入路CAS發(fā)展。其他入路CAS由穿刺處到達(dá)頸動(dòng)脈病變常需要通過各種扭曲,要求通路器材具備合適的曲度、形狀、柔韌性和支撐性,目前已經(jīng)上市的器材包括Fustar可調(diào)彎鞘(先健科技)及piton導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)管(美敦力),可能更適用于上述入路的介入器材輸送(包括保護(hù)傘、球囊及支架等)。另外,其他入路CAS的動(dòng)脈直徑較股動(dòng)脈細(xì)小,目前頸動(dòng)脈輸送系統(tǒng)均≥6 F(2 mm),部分動(dòng)脈較細(xì)的患者無法完成支架的輸送或者可能出現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈痙攣、內(nèi)皮損傷及破裂出血等并發(fā)癥。因此,≤5 F的支架輸送系統(tǒng)是未來其他入路CAS的剛性需求。隨著介入治療器械及技術(shù)的發(fā)展和逐漸成熟,這些問題可以逐漸解決,推動(dòng)臨床介入治療的發(fā)展。
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Uncommon approaches for carotid stenting
WANG Qian TANG Feng HU Chang Whitney LONG LI Lei*
Department of Vascular Surgery, First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100016, China
Abstract:Transfemoral access has been the most common approach for carotid artery stenting since the technique arose. Some difficulties and perioperative complications may be met in transfemoral approach, even lead to unsuccessful,such as thoracic aortic dissection, iliac artery occlusion lesions, inguinal region infection and so on. The purpose of this review is to describe other backup access for carotid artery stenting, including cervical, radial, brachial, left ventricular,superficial temporal, and ulnar approach. The advantages/disadvantages and indications of them are discussed respectively. It can be used to the specifc patients in clinic. The equipment for carotid intervention are mainly designed for the femoral artery approach, which limits their using in other CAS access. The above problems can be gradually absolved with the development of technique and technology.
Key words:carotid artery stenting; uncommon approach; carotid artery; radial artery; brachial artery
中圖分類號(hào):R322.1+21
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):2096-0646.2016.02.02.11
*通信作者:李雷,E-mail:13911233376@139.com