王宜倫, 白由路, 譚金芳, 劉 舉, 盧艷麗, 韓燕來*
(1中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所, 農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營養(yǎng)與肥料重點實驗室, 北京 100081;2河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院, 河南糧食作物協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心, 鄭州 450002)
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采用粒片狀肥料實現(xiàn)夏玉米一次施肥的可行性研究
王宜倫1,2, 白由路1*, 譚金芳2, 劉 舉2, 盧艷麗1, 韓燕來2*
(1中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所, 農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營養(yǎng)與肥料重點實驗室, 北京 100081;2河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院, 河南糧食作物協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心, 鄭州 450002)
夏玉米; 定量施肥; 粒片狀肥料
玉米作為中國主要糧食作物,是食品、 飼料和工業(yè)等產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要原料,自2007年以來,玉米成為中國播種面積最大的作物。夏玉米生育期內(nèi)吸肥能力強,需肥量大,科學(xué)施肥是提高玉米產(chǎn)量的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)措施[1-3]。隨著生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,各種養(yǎng)分配比的復(fù)混肥料、 功能型復(fù)混肥、 緩/控釋肥料及玉米專用肥等化肥品種日漸增多,各類化肥性質(zhì)和效果各異[4-9]; 另一方面,農(nóng)村勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移,迫切需要一次性簡化生產(chǎn)技術(shù),有針對性研制和推廣高效、 適合機械化操作的玉米專用配方肥對于提高夏玉米產(chǎn)量和增加農(nóng)民收入具有重要意義。
根據(jù)夏玉米需肥特性,研制開發(fā)大小一致的新型壓縮片狀肥料,每片肥料含有等量的氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分,將片狀肥料施在玉米植株適宜的位置,可使每株玉米均勻等量吸收養(yǎng)分,實現(xiàn)單株定量精準施肥; 另一方面,大片肥料具有一定的緩釋效果,亦適宜機械化操作。目前,有關(guān)片狀肥料在夏玉米上的單株定量施肥效應(yīng)未見報道。本研究通過田間試驗研究了專用片狀肥料對夏玉米產(chǎn)量、 氮代謝、 養(yǎng)分吸收積累及肥料利用效率的影響,明確單株定量施肥在夏玉米上的效果,探求夏玉米高效一次性施肥技術(shù),為夏玉米科學(xué)施肥提供技術(shù)依據(jù)。
1.1試驗點概況
表1 試驗地土壤農(nóng)化性狀
1.2試驗設(shè)計
試驗共設(shè)4個處理: T1, 定量施肥(在夏玉米苗期兩株玉米中間兩邊間隔15 cm各施一粒7.02 g片肥,每2片含N 4.00 g、 P2O51.72 g、 K2O 1.43 g,施肥深度10 cm 左右,一次施肥); T2, 常規(guī)施肥(在夏玉米苗期,距植株15 cm左右開溝施肥施入50%氮肥和全部磷鉀肥,吐絲期在兩株玉米中間采用穴施50%氮肥,施肥深度10 cm左右, 2次施肥,養(yǎng)分量同T1); T3, 緩釋肥(苗期距植株15 cm左右開溝施入,緩釋氮比例為52%,緩釋氮為硫磺、 樹脂“雙膜雙控”包膜尿素,土壤中的釋放期約90天。一次施肥,養(yǎng)分量同T1); T4, 不施氮肥(在夏玉米苗期,距植株15 cm左右開溝施肥施入全部磷鉀肥。一次施肥,磷鉀肥用量同T1)。施肥位置及方式見圖1。
圖1 不同施肥方式示意圖Fig.1 Schematic diagram of different fertilization methods
鶴壁試驗點種植密度75000 plant/hm2,小區(qū)面積32 m2,總施肥量為N 300 kg/hm2、 P2O5129 kg/hm2、 K2O 107 kg/hm2。菏澤試驗點種植密度67500 plant/hm2,小區(qū)面積40 m2,總施肥量為N 270 kg/hm2、 P2O5116 kg/hm2、 K2O 96 kg/hm2。均為3次重復(fù),隨機區(qū)組排列,供試品種均為浚單29,分別按照當?shù)亓?xí)慣進行栽培管理。
1.3樣品采集與分析
播前和收獲后采集0—20 cm混合土壤樣品,過篩處理混合均勻后保留約500 g有代表性的土壤樣品,用于常規(guī)養(yǎng)分分析。采用重鉻酸鉀容量法-外加熱法(GB 7857-87)測定土壤有機質(zhì),堿解-擴散法測定土壤堿解氮(GB 7849-87),0.5 mol/L碳酸氫鈉浸提—鉬藍比色法測定土壤速效磷; 乙酸銨浸提—火焰光度法測定土壤速效鉀。
收獲時每個小區(qū)采集有代表性的植株樣品3株,分器官烘干稱重,在105℃下殺青15 min,再在65℃下烘干至恒重,粉碎后分析植株各器官養(yǎng)分含量。采用濃H2SO4-H2O2消煮—蒸餾定氮法測定植株全氮,鉬黃比色法測定植株全磷,火焰光度計法測定植株全鉀[19]。
1.4計產(chǎn)與考種
每個小區(qū)隨機收獲30穗玉米,裝入尼龍網(wǎng)袋,曬干稱重,以含水量14%折算作為小區(qū)產(chǎn)量,另取10穗玉米進行考種,調(diào)查穗粒數(shù)和百粒重等。
用Excel 2003和DPS 7.05軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理和統(tǒng)計分析。
2.1單株定量施肥對夏玉米產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素的影響
表2 不同處理對夏玉米產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因子的影響
注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters within a column mean significant at 5% level among treatments.
2.2單株定量施肥對夏玉米干物質(zhì)積累量的影響
2.3單株定量施肥對夏玉米葉片硝酸還原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性的影響
從圖3可以看出,大喇叭口期和吐絲期T1、 T2、 T3處理的夏玉米葉片NR活性均比T4處理顯著增強,大喇叭口期T3處理 葉片NR活性最強,較T2處理高11.51%, T1較T2處理高7.45%; 吐絲期T1處理葉片NR活性最強,較T2高5.57%??梢? 施用氮肥促進了夏玉米葉片硝酸還原酶活性的增強,單株定量一次性施肥葉片硝酸還原酶活性與習(xí)慣2次施肥無差異。夏玉米葉片GS活性均比T4處理顯著增強。大喇叭口期T1處理葉片GS活性較T2處理提高了9.88%,T3處理較T2處理高5.96%; 吐絲期T1處理和T3處理葉片GS活性分別較T2處理高6.18%和4.92%,三者無顯著性差異。施用氮肥顯著提高了夏玉米葉片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,單株定量一次性施肥與習(xí)慣2次施肥的夏玉米葉片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性相同。
圖2 不同處理對夏玉米干物質(zhì)積累量的影響Fig.2 Effect of different treatments on dry matter accumulation of summer maize[注(Note): 柱上不同字母表示處理間在5%水平差異顯著 Different letters above the bars indicate a significant differnece among treatments at 5% level.]
圖3 不同處理對夏玉米葉片硝酸還原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影響(鶴壁)Fig.3 Effects of different fertilizer treatments on NR and GS activity of leaves of summer maize in Hebi[注(Note): 柱上不同字母表示處理間在5%水平差異顯著 Different letters above the bars indicate a significant differnece among treatments at 5% level.]
2.4單株定量施肥對夏玉米植株養(yǎng)分積累量的影響
表3 不同處理夏玉米植株氮磷鉀積累量 (kg/hm2)
注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters within a column mean significant at 5% level among treatments.
2.5單株定量施肥對夏玉米氮肥利用效率的影響
表4表明,鶴壁和菏澤T1、 T3處理的氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率均略高于T2處理,T1處理較T2處理分別增加1.07 kg/kg和1.42 kg/kg,平均為1.24 kg/kg。鶴壁和菏澤T1處理氮肥利用率均最高,較T2處理分別高出3.02和3.80個百分點,平均為3.41個百分點; T1處理較T3處理分別高出3.52和1.09個百分點,平均為2.30個百分點。單株定量一次性施肥的肥料利用率較常規(guī)2次施肥略有提高。
表4 不同處理對夏玉米氮肥利用率的影響
注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異達5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters within a column mean significant at 5% level among treatments.
充足的養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)是作物高產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ),科學(xué)的養(yǎng)分管理措施是將合適的肥料品種和適宜的用量在合適的施肥時期施在恰當?shù)奈恢?,并與最佳農(nóng)藝管理措施相結(jié)合,實現(xiàn)作物的高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)和高效生產(chǎn)[22]。夏玉米通常為麥茬直播,出苗后再追肥,習(xí)慣上多采用一邊開溝施肥,使得肥料只能被玉米一側(cè)的根系容易吸收,且肥料量不能保證均衡充足供應(yīng),影響玉米對養(yǎng)分的吸收利用。本研究結(jié)合玉米養(yǎng)分吸收特性,合理配比氮磷鉀肥,通過壓縮成型技術(shù)精準到每株玉米的養(yǎng)分需要量; 將等養(yǎng)分量的片狀復(fù)混肥料在苗期一次性施在兩株玉米中間兩邊間隔15 cm處,使每株夏玉米四邊有養(yǎng)分供應(yīng),有利于夏玉米對氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分的吸收利用,產(chǎn)量略有增加,實現(xiàn)了一次性施肥的目標。
緩/控釋肥可根據(jù)作物對養(yǎng)分的需求控制其養(yǎng)分釋放模式,使養(yǎng)分釋放與作物養(yǎng)分吸收相同步,施用緩/控釋摻混肥能促進玉米生長發(fā)育,增產(chǎn)效果和經(jīng)濟效益明顯,提高了肥料利用率,一次性施肥可滿足當前農(nóng)村勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移、 簡化生產(chǎn)的需求[23-25]。本研究的等養(yǎng)分量片狀復(fù)混肥料顆粒較大,且施入土壤10 cm深左右,具有一定的緩釋效果,氮素揮發(fā)損失減少,有利于保持土壤中的養(yǎng)分持續(xù)供應(yīng)。本試驗表明,采用片狀復(fù)混肥料一次性單株定量精準施肥與緩釋肥一次性施用的產(chǎn)量無顯著差異,而氮肥當季利用率較高,單株定量精準施肥具有與緩釋肥同樣的效果,結(jié)合機械化施肥亦能滿足當前玉米簡化施肥的需求。
硝酸還原酶是高等植物氮素同化的限速酶,谷氨酰胺合成酶是氨基酸合成和代謝的關(guān)鍵酶,對植物生長發(fā)育、 產(chǎn)量形成有重要作用,兩者保持較高活性,有助于硝態(tài)氮的轉(zhuǎn)化吸收[26-27]。已有研究報道,玉米生育后期追施氮肥比例大或施用控釋肥,能有效協(xié)調(diào)玉米生育后期植株體碳、 氮代謝,葉片硝酸還原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性較高,保障了生育后期碳氮代謝的高效進行[29-30]。本研究表明,夏玉米單株定量精準施肥葉片硝酸還原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性較習(xí)慣兩次施肥有所提高,能較好地協(xié)調(diào)生育后期的碳氮代謝,促進夏玉米對養(yǎng)分的吸收利用。
隨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,玉米機械化和簡化施肥將逐漸應(yīng)用和推廣,本研究的單株定量精準施肥亦適合機械化施肥。研制配套的施肥機械,因地制宜研發(fā)玉米專用單株定量片狀肥料,實現(xiàn)種、 肥同播對于玉米科學(xué)和簡化施肥具有重要意義。
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Availability study of once quantitative fertilization in summer maize using fertilizer tablets
WANG Yi-lun1,2, BAI You-lu1*, TAN Jin-fang2, LIU Ju2, LU Yan-li1, HAN Yan-lai2*
(1InstituteofAgriculturalResourcesandRegionalPlanning,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences/KeyLaboratoryofPlantNutritionandFertilizer,MinistryofAgriculture,Beijing100081,China; 2CollegeofResourceandEnvironment,HenanAgriculturalUniversity/CollaborativeInnovationCenterofHenanGrainCrops,Zhengzhou450002,China)
【Objectives】 Single fertilization has been approached for decreasing the cost of fertilization in crop production by choosing the form of fertilizers. The availability of flaky fertilizer tablets containing a certain amount of NPK nutrients was tested for the purpose. 【Methods】 According to nutrient requirement of summer maize under a target yield, urea, mono-ammonium phosphate and potassium chloride were mixed in rational proportion and compressed into flaky tablets weighted 7.0 g each. Two pieces of the flaky fertilizer tablets contained the demanded nutrient amount for one summer maize plant. At the seedling stage of summer maize, two pieces of the flake fertilizer were buried 10 cm deep in between two plants with 15 cm apart, thus, the fertilizers were applied around every plant. Field experiments were conducted in Shandong and Henan provinces, the effect of flaky fertilizer (T1: two fertilizer tablets containing N 4.00 g, P2O51.72 g and K2O 1.43 g, were placed at seeding stage in between two plants and 15 cm apart from each other) was compared with conventional fertilization (T2: with the same nutrient imput, one top dressing at seedling stage, the other one in bumpet stage), slowly-release fertilizer(T3: containing 52% of slow-realse nitrogen double coated with sulfur and resin, same nutrient amounts with the flaky fertilizer and once top dressed inside ditches 15cm apart from plants) and no N fertilizer (T4: no N fertilizer but all the P and K top dressed like T3) in grain yield, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen metabolism, N, P and K nutrient accumulation of summer maize.【Results】 The results show that the yields are increased by 15.1%-19.5% and 13.8%-16.1% respectively by applying the N fertilizer in Hebi and Heze areas. Compared with the conventional fertilizer application, the precision fertilization improves leaf nitrate reductase activities by 7.45% and 5.57% respectively at the trumpeting and silking stages, and the glutamine synthetase activities are improved by 9.88% and 6.18%. The N, P and K nutrient accumulation amounts of summer maize plants are increased by 3.4%-4.1%, 3.7%-7.0% and 2.7%-3.9%, the N agronomy efficiency and N fertilizer use efficiency are increased by 1.24 kg/kg and 3.41 percentage points respectively, and the average yield is increased by 2.5%. 【Conclusions】 The precision fertilization improves leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities of summer maize at the trumpeting and silking stages, promotes the N, P and K nutrient absorption and utilization, and increases the yield and nitrogen use efficiency to some extent. These results are the same as the slow-release fertilizer by single application as base fertilizer, and the precision fertilization realizes the aim of single application, high yield and high fertilization efficiency of summer maize.
summer maize; quantitative fertilization; fertilizer tablet
2015-01-21接受日期: 2015-06-08
河南省科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化基金項目(142201110025); 鄭州市科技創(chuàng)新團隊項目(131PCXTD610); 國家“十二五”糧食豐產(chǎn)科技工程(2011BAD16B15-2)資助。
王宜倫(1976—),男,山東鄆城人,副教授,博士后,從事植物營養(yǎng)與施肥研究。Tel: 0371-63558290; wangyilunr1@163.com
E-mail: baiyoulu@caas.cn; E-mail: hyanlai@126.com
S143.5; S513.06
A
1008-505X(2016)04-1126-07