我國(guó)主要麥區(qū)小麥產(chǎn)量形成對(duì)磷素的需求

車升國(guó)， 袁 亮， 李燕婷， 林治安， 李燕青， 趙秉強(qiáng)*， 沈 兵

(1 農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與肥料重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室， 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所， 北京 100081；2 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院德州鹽堿土改良實(shí)驗(yàn)站， 山東德州 253015； 3 中海石油化學(xué)股份有限公司, 北京 100029)

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我國(guó)主要麥區(qū)小麥產(chǎn)量形成對(duì)磷素的需求

車升國(guó)1,2， 袁 亮1， 李燕婷1， 林治安2， 李燕青1， 趙秉強(qiáng)1*， 沈 兵3

(1 農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與肥料重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室， 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所， 北京 100081；2 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院德州鹽堿土改良實(shí)驗(yàn)站， 山東德州 253015； 3 中海石油化學(xué)股份有限公司, 北京 100029)

小麥產(chǎn)量； 磷素吸收； 需磷量； 響應(yīng)特征

近年來(lái)，有關(guān)小麥的磷肥施用效果[5]、 磷素的吸收[6]、 磷肥利用率[7-8]等已開(kāi)展廣泛研究，但研究主要集中于田塊尺度，或小區(qū)域、 小樣本數(shù)田間試驗(yàn)，缺乏大尺度、 大樣本數(shù)小麥磷素吸收規(guī)律及差異研究[9]。Yue等[10]總結(jié)我國(guó)1395個(gè)樣點(diǎn)氮素需求與產(chǎn)量關(guān)系表明，小麥生產(chǎn)100 kg籽粒需氮量隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐漸降低，但大樣本數(shù)據(jù)下小麥產(chǎn)量與磷素的需求規(guī)律性還未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本文收集了2000年后文獻(xiàn)中田間試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，分析了我國(guó)小麥主產(chǎn)區(qū)黃淮海冬麥區(qū)、 長(zhǎng)江中下游冬麥區(qū)和西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)小麥產(chǎn)量、 不同部位磷含量和吸磷量，以及100 kg小麥籽粒需磷量的區(qū)域差異，計(jì)算了不同小麥產(chǎn)量水平與籽粒和秸稈磷含量以及和100 kg籽粒需磷量的關(guān)系，為我國(guó)小麥推薦施肥模型等提供科學(xué)的區(qū)域參數(shù)，為指導(dǎo)小麥區(qū)域合理施肥提供理論依據(jù)與科學(xué)參考。

1　材料與方法

1.1研究區(qū)域

在我國(guó)小麥種植業(yè)區(qū)劃、 中國(guó)化肥區(qū)劃基礎(chǔ)上[11-12]，根據(jù)2013年我國(guó)小麥區(qū)域生產(chǎn)布局和產(chǎn)量情況，選擇我國(guó)小麥3個(gè)主要生產(chǎn)區(qū)作為研究對(duì)象，分別為黃淮海冬(秋播)麥區(qū)(HH)、 長(zhǎng)江中下游冬(秋播)麥區(qū)(CR)和西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)(NW)[13]。2013年三個(gè)小麥產(chǎn)區(qū)小麥播種面積21783千公頃，占我國(guó)小麥總播種面積的90.32%； 小麥產(chǎn)量11485萬(wàn)噸，占我國(guó)小麥總產(chǎn)量的94.20%[14]。

黃淮海冬(秋播)麥區(qū)主要包括山東、 河南、 河北、 北京、 天津及江蘇和安徽北部。本區(qū)地處暖溫帶，氣候溫和，屬半濕潤(rùn)性或半干旱季風(fēng)氣候，土壤類型以褐土和潮土為主，小麥主要為冬小麥(冬小麥-夏玉米輪作)。2013年本區(qū)小麥播種面積和產(chǎn)量分別占全國(guó)的57.44%和66.64%。長(zhǎng)江中下游冬(秋播)麥區(qū)包括浙江、 湖北、 湖南、 江西及安徽和江蘇南部等。本區(qū)位于北亞熱帶季風(fēng)區(qū)，氣候溫暖濕潤(rùn)，熱量豐富，土壤類型主要為水稻土、 棕壤等，小麥主要為冬小麥(冬小麥-水稻或其他作物輪作)。2013年本區(qū)小麥播種面積和產(chǎn)量占全國(guó)的14.53%和13.74%。西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)包括陜西、 山西、 新疆、 寧夏、 甘肅和內(nèi)蒙古東部區(qū)域。本區(qū)處于中溫帶內(nèi)陸地區(qū)，屬大陸性氣候，冬季寒冷，夏季炎熱，土壤以棕鈣土、 灰鈣土、 灌漠土、 灰漠土等為主。小麥有冬小麥和春小麥。2013年本區(qū)小麥播種面積和產(chǎn)量分別占全國(guó)的18.35%和13.82%[14]。

1.2數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源

數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源包括“十一五”、 “十二五”國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃課題試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，2000年后公開(kāi)發(fā)表的期刊文獻(xiàn)、 碩博畢業(yè)論文、 書籍等。共收集產(chǎn)量數(shù)據(jù)5484組、 籽粒磷吸收量680組、 秸稈磷吸收量651組、 籽粒磷含量1096組、 秸稈磷含量887組、 植株磷積累量1397組和100 kg籽粒需磷量數(shù)據(jù)1574組。詳細(xì)樣點(diǎn)分布見(jiàn)表1和參考文獻(xiàn)[13]。

1.3數(shù)據(jù)處理

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1不同主產(chǎn)區(qū)小麥磷素吸收規(guī)律

社會(huì)福利政策質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)是保障和促進(jìn)社會(huì)福利政策質(zhì)量的重要環(huán)節(jié)?？茖W(xué)的評(píng)價(jià)活動(dòng)能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)福利政策過(guò)程中存在的問(wèn)題，以便及時(shí)總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，糾正錯(cuò)誤，從而公正地判斷某一政策本身的價(jià)值和質(zhì)量，為延續(xù)、革新或終結(jié)政策提供依據(jù)。因此，社會(huì)福利政策質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)不僅有利于檢驗(yàn)社會(huì)福利政策的效果、效率及效益，也有利于提高決策的民主化、科學(xué)化水平和政策質(zhì)量。

在不同麥區(qū)，小麥產(chǎn)量以黃淮海冬麥區(qū)最高 (7.07 t/hm2，n=2976)，長(zhǎng)江中下游冬麥區(qū)次之 (5.60 t/hm2，n=1059)，西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)最低 (4.71 t/hm2，n=1389)。同樣，小麥地上部吸磷總量以黃淮海冬麥區(qū)最高，平均為32.2 kg/hm2(n=716)，長(zhǎng)江中下游冬麥區(qū)次之，為22.3 kg/hm2(n=167)，西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)最低，僅為19.4 kg/hm2(n=487)。籽粒和秸稈磷吸收量也均以黃淮海冬麥區(qū)最高，平均分別為21.3 kg/hm2(n=289)和8.7 kg/hm2(n=289)，長(zhǎng)江中下游冬麥區(qū)次之，為15.8 kg/hm2(n=8)和5.4 kg/hm2(n=8)，西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)最低，僅為13.8 kg/hm2(n=382)和2.7 kg/hm2(n=353)。籽粒磷含量以長(zhǎng)江中下游冬麥區(qū)最高，為0.43% (n=22)，黃淮海冬麥區(qū)居中，為0.33%，西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)最低，為0.30%。秸稈磷含量則以黃淮海冬麥區(qū)最高，為0.09% (n=486)，長(zhǎng)江中下游冬麥區(qū)次之，為0.08% (n=8)，西北冬春兼播麥區(qū)最低，僅為0.06% (n=370)。這一結(jié)果表明，小麥產(chǎn)量與磷素吸收量相關(guān)。

表1　小麥主產(chǎn)區(qū)小麥產(chǎn)量、 磷吸收累積及100 kg籽粒需磷量

注(Note): HH—Huanghuaihai winter wheat planting area; CR—Changjiang river winter wheat planting area; NW—Northweat China spring-winter wheat planting area.

2.2小麥磷素吸收特征對(duì)產(chǎn)量的響應(yīng)

圖1　小麥主產(chǎn)區(qū)及全國(guó)小麥產(chǎn)量與地上部磷吸收總量的相關(guān)關(guān)系Fig.1　Relationship of shoot P uptakes and wheat yields in the main winter wheat region and whole China[注(Note): HH—黃淮海冬麥區(qū) Huanghuaihai winter wheat planting area; CR—長(zhǎng)江中下游冬麥區(qū) Changjiang River winter wheat planting area; NW—西北冬春小麥兼播區(qū) Northweat China spring-winter wheat planting area; All— 全國(guó) All China.]

圖2　小麥不同產(chǎn)量水平下100 kg籽粒需磷量Fig.2　P requirement per 100 kg wheat grain in different yield ranges in China[注(Note): 圖中箱體中部實(shí)線和虛線分別代表中值和平均值，箱體上下邊代表75%和25%位點(diǎn)，上下橫線代表90%和10%位點(diǎn)，上下圓點(diǎn)代表95%和5%位點(diǎn)Solid and dashed lines in the boxes indicate the median and mean, respectively. The box boundaries indicate the 75th quartiles and 25th quartiles, the whisker caps indicate 90th and 10th percentiles, and the circles represent the 95th and 5th percentiles.]

圖3　我國(guó)小麥不同產(chǎn)量水平籽粒磷含量和秸稈磷含量Fig.3　P contents in both grains and straw of wheat at different yield ranges in China[注(Note): 圖中箱體中部實(shí)線和虛線分別代表中值和平均值，箱體上下邊代表75%和25%位點(diǎn)，上下橫線代表90%和10%位點(diǎn)，上下圓點(diǎn)代表95%和5%位點(diǎn)Solid and dashed lines in the boxes indicate the median and mean, respectively. The box boundaries indicate the 75th quartiles and 25th quartiles, the whisker caps indicate 90th and 10th percentiles, and the circles represent the 95th and 5th percentiles.]

3　討論

4　結(jié)論

我國(guó)田間試驗(yàn)的小麥產(chǎn)量、 地上部吸磷總量、 籽粒吸磷量、 秸稈吸磷量、 籽粒磷含量和秸稈磷含量變異性大，區(qū)域差異明顯。其對(duì)應(yīng)參數(shù)全國(guó)平均值分別為6.18 t/hm2、 26.4 kg/hm2、 17.0 kg/hm2、 5.4 kg/hm2、 0.32%和0.08%，變異系數(shù)分布為33.1%、 58.6%、 55.1%、 94.8%、 34.3%和75.0%。除籽粒磷含量外，小麥產(chǎn)量、 地上部磷吸收量、 籽粒磷吸收量、 秸稈磷吸收量和秸稈磷含量均以黃淮海麥區(qū)最高，長(zhǎng)江中下游冬麥區(qū)次之，西北冬春麥區(qū)最低。

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Phosphorous requirement for yield formation of wheat in main wheat production regions of China

CHE Sheng-guo1,2， YUAN Liang1， LI Yan-ting1， LIN Zhi-an2， LI Yan-qing1, ZHAO Bing-qiang1*， SHEN Bing3

(1MinistryofAgricultureKeyLaboratoryofPlantNutritionandFertilizer,InstituteofAgriculturalResourcesandRegionalPlanning,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081,China； 2DezhouExperimentalStationofChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Dezhou,Shandong253015; 3ChinaBlueChemicalLtd.,Beijing100029,China)

【Objectives】 Phosphorous uptake of wheat and the regional variations is the base to guild reasonable phosphorous fertilization strategy. This paper aimed to investigate the P absorption amount and the response to phosphorous fertilization in the main wheat-planting regions. 【Methods】 Data were collected from the published papers and field experiments, in which the wheat yields, P absorption in both grains and straw, P uptakes in the shoots and P concentrations in grains and straw were analyzed in the Huang-Huang-Hai winter wheat planting region (HH), Northwest China spring-winter wheat planting region (NW) and Changjiang River winter wheat planting region (CR), and the wheat P absorption under different yield levels was studied. 【Results】 The results showed that wheat grain yields, P contents in grains and straw, above-ground P uptake, P absorptions in both grains and straw and P amounts needed to produce per 100 kg grains had significant regional variations. The mean grain yield in China was 6.18 t/hm2with a variation coefficient of 33.1%. The mean values of P concentrations in both grains and straw were 0.32% and 0.08%, and the corresponding variation coefficients were 34.3% and 75.0%. The shoot P uptake and P absorption in grains and in straw were 26.4 kg/hm2, 17.0 kg/hm2and 5.4 kg/hm2with the variation coefficients of 58.6%, 55.1% and 94.8%, respectively. Excluding the P concentrations in grains, all other parameters were highest in HH, and lowest in NW. The averaged P amount needed to produce 100kg grain was 0.46 kg with the variation of 37.0% in China, and HH had the highest value of 0.50 kg, while the amounts for YR and NW were 0.44 kg and 0.41, respectively. As increasing wheat yield, N requirement per 100 kg grain was increased consequently, and the N requirements were 0.41 kg, 0.43 kg, 0.50 kg, 0.52 kg for wheat yields <4.50 t/hm2, 4.50-6.50 t/hm2, 6.50-8.50 t/hm2, and >8.50 t/hm2, respectively. The P concentrations in grains maintained the certain levels with 0.32%, 0.31%, 0.31% and 0.33%, respectively for the corresponding yield levels. The P concentrations in straw increased with the corresponding values of 0.05%, 0.07%, 0.11% and 0.12% for the grain yield levels. 【Conclusions】 Differences of temperature, water and soil in the wheat-planting regions caused the differences of P absorption characteristics. For improving wheat yield and N use efficiency, wheat grain yield and P absorption for a region should be taken into account.

wheat yield; P uptake; P requirement; response characteristic

2015-01-08接受日期: 2015-09-24網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期： 2016-05-23

國(guó)家“十二五”科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2011BAD11B05， 2013BAD05B04)資助。

車升國(guó)(1983—)， 男， 山東臨沂人， 博士， 助理研究員， 主要從事農(nóng)田土壤肥力研究。

Tel: 010-82108664， E-mail: cheshengguo@caas.cn。*通信作者 Tel: 010-82108658, E-mail: zhaobingqiang@caas.cn

S143.5； S158

A

1008-505X(2016)04-0869-08