史立偉 張立軍 趙群 李祁偉 王恩波 李連永
橈骨干骺端骨折交叉克氏針固定后骨不連影響因素分析
史立偉 張立軍 趙群 李祁偉 王恩波 李連永
目的 探討橈骨干骺端骨折患兒的治療方法,分析甲狀旁腺亢進對骨不連可能影響因素的分析。方法 分別對既往治療的橈骨骨不連和橈骨遠側干骺端骨折患兒進行回顧性分析。2 0 1 2 年 6 月至 2 0 1 4年 6 月治療的新鮮橈骨遠側干骺端骨折患兒 4 9 例,男 4 0 例,女 9 例;治療年齡平均 8.9 歲,4 6 例采用閉合復位克氏針內固定術,3 例采用切開復位克氏針內固定術。1 1 例采用雙枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定 ( A 組 ),1 1 例采用單枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定 ( B 組 ),2 3 例采用雙針固定,其中 1 枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定和 1 枚克氏針交叉固定 ( C 組 ),4 例采用雙枚克氏針交叉固定 ( D 組 )。4 9 例均獲得隨訪,隨訪時間平均為 8.6 ( 6~4 8 ) 個月,按 H e r t e l 的骨折愈合評價標準,其中 4 8 例骨折完全愈合,1 例發(fā)生骨不連,此 1 例與其余 2 例( 在外院首次治療,到我科治療時,已確診為骨不連 ) 作為橈骨骨不連組 ( E 組 )。骨不連患兒為 3 例,均采用了切開復位、交叉克氏針內固定術,術后 6 個月骨折線處仍沒有骨痂形成,診為骨不連。所有骨不連患兒均采用了切開復位、自體髂骨移植、鋼板固定術,術后石膏固定,拆石膏后患肢逐漸負重鍛煉。術后定期隨訪2 年。術后隨訪與橈骨遠側干骺端骨折患兒相同。分析所有患兒的臨床資料、影像學診斷、治療方式和治療結果。采用 S P S S 1 9.0 統(tǒng)計軟件包進行數據處理,采用 χ2檢驗和 t 檢驗進行組間差異比較。結果 此 3 例骨不連患兒,均獲得隨訪。其中 1 例術后 7 個月又發(fā)生了骨不連,再次手術治療骨不連前化驗提示甲旁亢,二次手術采用了切開復位、自體髂骨移植和髓內固定的方法,同時于內分泌科給予藥物治療甲旁亢,最終骨不連在第 2 次術后 6 個月愈合。其余 2 例沒有骨生長代謝相關疾病,在術后 2.5 個月骨折處完全愈合。此 4 9 例新鮮干骺端骨折患兒均獲得隨訪,平均隨訪時間為 8.6 個月,其中 4 8 例骨折完全愈合,1 例發(fā)生骨不連,發(fā)生在雙枚克氏針交叉固定組,其余 3 組均未發(fā)生骨不連,其總體有效率為 9 7.9%。有髓內固定物組和無髓內固定物組,采用 χ2檢驗,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。提示有髓內固定優(yōu)于無髓內固定。骨不連患兒與無骨不連患兒的 X 線片對比發(fā)現,將其最遠骨皮質固定點到骨折線的距離和該點到腕關節(jié)距離的比值進行分組比較,采用 t 檢驗,發(fā)現骨不連組比值明顯小于無骨不連組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。結論 橈骨干骺端骨折切開復位后單純交叉克氏針的固定需慎重采用,一旦采用交叉克氏針固定,其骨皮質固定點要盡可能的遠離骨折線,最遠克氏針骨皮質固定點到骨折線的距離和該固定點到腕關節(jié)距離的比值盡可能>0.5;一旦骨折切開復位,在患兒局部條件允許的情況下以鋼板固定最佳,如果沒有安放鋼板的條件或者是骨折閉合復位的情況,至少有 1 枚克氏針貫穿髓腔的內固定是必不可少的。骨不連患兒在治療前要注意骨生長代謝相關疾病的檢查,以免在治療后再發(fā)生骨不連。
橈骨;骨折;內固定器;干骺端;骨不連
前臂骨折是兒童骨折中最常見的一種,約占所有兒童骨折的 4 0%,橈骨遠端又是前臂骨折最常見的部位,男孩多于女孩,可發(fā)生于任何年齡,但最常見于青春期,其中以干骺端骨折最為常見,其次是骺板處骨折[1-2]。前臂骨折治療方式有多種,大多數學者認同的為閉合復位、單純石膏固定術[3],但單純石膏固定至少有 2 1.3% 的再移位率,最高者可達 9 0%,而骨折的再移位很容易導致骨折畸形愈合或骨不連接,因此,為了避免骨折的再移位,克氏針固定已得到很多學者的認可,但目前仍有患兒在使用克氏針內固定之后出現骨不連[1-2,4]。
2 0 1 2 年至 2 0 1 4 年 6 月,我科經治新鮮橈骨干骺端骨折 4 9 例,3 例橈骨干骺端骨不連患兒,現回顧分析如下。
一、一般資料
本組 4 9 例遠端干骺端骨折患兒 ( 受傷時間<2 周 ),男 4 0 例,女 9 例;左側 2 3 例,右側2 5 例,雙側 1 例;合并尺骨骨折者 3 9 例。所有患兒均為摔傷或壓傷所致,均為低暴力損傷,平均8.9 ( 1.3~1 5 ) 歲,患兒術前均行 X 線片和三維 C T檢查。
本組患兒根據克氏針的固定情況,分為雙枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定組 ( A 組 ) 1 1 例,單枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定組 ( B 組 ) 1 1 例;1 枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定和 1 枚克氏針交叉固定組 ( C 組 ) 2 3 例( 此 2 3 例雙針固定者為 1 枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定聯合 1 枚克氏針交叉固定 );雙枚克氏針交叉固定組( D 組 ) 4 例 ( 圖 1~4 );1 例骨不連者與其余 2 例( 在外院首次治療,到我科治療時,已確診為骨不連 ) 作為橈骨骨不連組 ( E 組 )。
本組 4 9 例中 4 8 例術后愈合者根據橈骨髓腔內有無克氏針,分為無髓內固定組 3 例和有髓內固定組 4 5 例。
術后患肢采用長臂石膏固定至少 6 周,石膏拆除后患肢逐漸負重鍛煉。術后 3 個月內每 6 周門診復查 1 次,3 個月后每 3 個月門診復查 1 次,術后1 年每 6 個月門診復查 1 次。4 9 例均獲 6~4 8 個月隨訪,平均 8.6 個月,按 H e r t e l 骨折愈合評價標準,其中 4 8 例骨折完全愈合,1 例發(fā)生骨不連 ( 表 1 )。
本組 3 例橈骨骨不連患兒均為男性,受傷原因為摔傷,左側 1 例,右側 2 例;3 例均合并尺骨骨折,其中 1 例為開放外傷,受傷到首次治療間隔均未超過 1 2 h。3 例均采用切開復位、交叉克氏針內固定術。3 例分別于術后 6 個月、6 個月、7 個月復診時診斷為骨不連。3 例均經 X 線片和三維 C T 明確診斷。此 3 例治療采用切開復位、自體髂骨移植和鋼板固定術,術后石膏固定至少 6 周,石膏拆除后患肢逐漸負重鍛煉。
二、統(tǒng)計學處理
采用 S P S S 1 9.0 統(tǒng)計軟件進行數據分析,采用 χ2檢驗進行組間療效比較,采用 t 檢驗進行組間差異比較,P<0.0 5,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。經隨機設計兩總體均數 t 檢驗,雙枚克氏針交叉固定骨不連組與A、B、C、D 四組之間兩兩比較,P<0.0 5,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
圖1 患兒為橈骨遠端干骺端骨折采用單枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定圖2 患兒為橈骨遠端干骺端骨折采用雙枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定圖3 患兒為橈骨遠端干骺端骨折采用雙枚克氏針交叉固定圖4 患兒為橈骨遠端干骺端骨折采用雙枚克氏針固定,1 枚髓腔內貫穿固定和 1 枚交叉固定Fig.1 Patient with distal radius metaphyseal fracture was fixed by single Kirschner wire intramedullary throughFig.2 Patient with distal radius metaphyseal fracture was fixed by double Kirschner wires intramedullary through Fig.3 Patient with distal radius metaphyseal fracture was fixed by double Kirschner wires crossFig.4 Patient with distal radius metaphyseal fracture was fixed by double Kirschner wire with one through and one cross
3 例骨不連患兒均獲得隨訪。其中 1 例術后7 個月再次發(fā)生骨不連,同時發(fā)生鋼板折斷,再次手術前化驗提示甲狀旁腺素增高。再行手術采用切開復位、自體髂骨移植和髓內固定的方法,同時于內分泌科給予藥物治療甲狀旁腺功能亢進,最終骨不連在第 2 次骨不連治療術后 6 個月愈合。其余2 例由于沒有骨生長代謝相關疾病,在切開復位、自體髂骨移植和鋼板固定術后 2.5 個月骨折處完全愈合。
4 8 例骨折完全愈合,1 例發(fā)生骨不連 ( 表 1 ),發(fā)生在雙枚克氏針交叉固定組 ( 無髓內固定組 ),其余三組 ( 雙枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定組、單枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定組、1 枚克氏針髓腔內貫穿固定和 1 枚克氏針交叉固定組 ) 均未發(fā)生骨不連,其總體有效為 4 8 例,總體有效率為 9 7.9% ( 4 8 / 4 9 ),平均愈合時間為術后 6.8 周。將新鮮橈骨干骺端骨折不同克氏針固定方法進行比較,分為有髓內固定物組和無髓內固定物組,采用 χ2檢驗進行組間療效比較,P<0.0 0 5 差異有統(tǒng)計學意義 ( 表 2 )。治療方法與既往發(fā)生骨不連的橈骨干骺端骨折治療方法相比,明顯區(qū)別在于髓內固定,在有髓內固定組,其8 周愈合率為 1 0 0% ( 4 5 / 4 5 ),而無髓內固定組,其8 周愈合率為 7 5% ( 3 / 4 ),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
表1 新鮮橈骨干骺端骨折治療結果Tab.1 Treatment results of fresh distal radius metaphyseal fracture
圖5 紅線代表骨折線,a ( 黃線 ) 代表克氏針最遠骨皮質固定點到骨折線的距離,b ( 黑線 ) 代表克氏針最遠骨皮質固定點到腕關節(jié)的距離。a / b 表示二者的比值,比值越小,對抗拔針的力量越小Fig.5 The red line: the fracture line. a ( yellow line ): the distance from the distal fi xation point to the fracture line; b ( black line ): the distance from the distal fi xation point to the wrist. a / b: the ratio of the distance from the distal fixation point to the fracture line to the distance from the same point to the wrist, and the smaller of the ratio, the less of the strength antagonized the loosening of Kirschner wire
骨不連患兒發(fā)生在雙枚克氏針交叉固定組 ( 無髓內固定組 ),將骨不連患兒與非骨不連患兒的 X 線片對比發(fā)現,發(fā)生骨不連者,其克氏針骨皮質固定點距離骨折線過近,這樣其抗骨折線移位的力量小,很容易造成固定點的拔針,從而失去克氏針的固定作用。而克氏針骨皮質固定點距離骨折線遠者相反( 圖 5 );髓內固定組雖沒有骨皮質的固定點,但是由于髓腔的限制作用,髓內針的活動范圍有限,骨折線的移動范圍也有限,因此以上兩種情況克氏針的固定作用不易失去。將上述發(fā)生骨不連組和無骨不連組之間的克氏針最遠骨皮質固定點到骨折線的距離 ( a ) 和克氏針最遠骨皮質固定點到腕關節(jié)距離 ( b )的比值進行組間比較,采用隨機設計兩總體均數 t 檢驗方法,P<0.0 1,發(fā)現骨不連組比值 ( a / b ) 明顯小于無骨不連組,組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義 ( 表 3 )。
表2 新鮮橈骨干骺端骨折有髓內固定組和無髓內固定組比較Tab.2 Comparison between intramedullary fi xation group and nonintramedullary fixation group for fresh distal radius metaphyseal fracture
表3 克氏針最遠骨皮質固定點到骨折線的距離和該點到腕關節(jié)距離的比值表Tab.3 Ratio of the distance from the distal fixation point to the fracture line to the distance from the same point to the wrist
前臂骨折最常見的原因是摔倒,其次是運動損傷。8 1% 的患兒年齡>5 歲,高發(fā)年齡分別為男孩1 2~1 4 歲,女孩 1 0~1 2 歲。這一時期正是改建塑形的高峰期,橈骨干骺端相對疏松,因此容易在外力作用下發(fā)生骨折[1-6]。
橈骨遠端干骺端骨折的治療方法包括單純制動、閉合復位石膏外固定、閉合復位經皮穿針固定和開放復位。由于橈骨遠端干骺端骨折均為不穩(wěn)定骨折,因此,保持骨折復位后骨折斷端的穩(wěn)定性,是治療的關鍵,也是避免橈骨遠端干骺端骨折治療后畸形愈合和骨不連的核心因素。在既往研究中,G i b b o n s 等[7]報告閉合復位后分離移位的橈骨骨折的復位丟失率為 9 1%;M a n i 等[8]認為,開始有移位的橈骨干骨折 5 0% 以上會復位失敗,橈骨骨折重新復位率為 2 1.3%;P r o c t o r 等[9]發(fā)現,開始有移位的兒童橈骨遠端完全骨折,5 2% 會再移位,重新復位率為 2 3.5%;Wi d m a n n 等[10]對需要復位的兒童橈骨遠端骨折進行長達 1 年的前瞻性研究發(fā)現,3 1% 的患兒發(fā)生復位丟失,需進行重新復位和固定,對于年齡 1 0 歲以上、成角>3 0° 的患兒,7 5% 需重新復位;Z a m z a m 等[11]認為最初的完全橈骨骨折是最重要的骨折復位后再移位因素;B o h m 等[12]發(fā)現,橈骨骨折復位后殘留的成角畸形和骨折復位后再移位有密切關系;M o n g a 等[13]發(fā)現,橈骨骨折復位后殘留的側方移位程度和骨折復位后再移位也有密切關系;P r o c t o r 等[9]發(fā)現橈骨骨折閉合復位克氏針固定管型石膏制動后,再移位率為 0;M i l l e r 等[4]比較了單純石膏固定和閉合復位克氏針固定管型石膏制動的結果,發(fā)現克氏針固定組沒有患兒需要再復位;M c L a u c h l a n 等[14]與其結果類似。因此,橈骨干骺端骨折目前最優(yōu)的治療方法還是閉合復位、克氏針固定、管型石膏制動。
在既往研究中,沒有關于橈骨干骺端骨折克氏針固定后出現骨不連的報道。但臨床工作中橈骨遠端骨折交叉克氏針固定后骨不連發(fā)生率并不低,本組中的 3 例骨不連患兒分別發(fā)生于 2 0 1 0 年、2 0 1 2 年和 2 0 1 3 年,但并沒有具體總結相關資料。R o d r i g u e z 等[15-19]認為骨不連的主要原因為:骨折處過度的活動、斷端骨折塊大、骨折斷端血運不佳。分析本文中骨不連發(fā)生的可能原因為:( 1 ) 均為干骺端橫行骨折,非粉碎性骨折,因此,不存在斷端骨折塊過大的問題;( 2 ) 最初均采用了切開復位克氏針內固定的方法,因此,局部切開復位對骨折斷端血運有一定影響,但這種切開復位對骨折斷端的影響有限;( 3 ) 最終又進行了切開復位、自體髂骨移植和鋼板固定,獲得了骨不連處的愈合,這說明,雖然手術切開局部會損傷骨折處的血運,但要在手術時注意骨折斷端局部的血運保護,保證骨折復位后的穩(wěn)定性,骨不連處易于愈合,需注意再次骨不連的患兒,是否有與骨生長代謝相關的疾病,其對骨骼的生長發(fā)育有很大影響。筆者認為手術切開對骨折斷端血運的影響有限,本組骨不連的主要原因為:骨折斷端的不穩(wěn)定,即骨折斷端的微動。首先,根據對有髓固定組 ( 雙枚髓腔內貫穿固定組、單枚髓腔內貫穿固定組、1 枚髓腔內貫穿固定和 1 枚交叉固定組 ) 和無髓固定組 ( 雙枚交叉固定組 ) 的骨不連發(fā)生率進行比較分析,可見有髓固定組 ( 4 5 例 ) 均未發(fā)生骨不連,骨折愈合率 1 0 0%,四組之間愈合率差異明顯,可見髓內固定對于預防骨不連的發(fā)生是有作用的。其次,根據對 3 例骨不連患兒 X 線片的回顧性分析,可見此類患兒的克氏針最遠骨折固定點到骨折線的距離 ( a ) 過近,造成骨不連組克氏針最遠骨折固定點到骨折線的距離與該固定點到腕關節(jié)距離比值 ( b ) 明顯小于有無骨不連組 ( 表 3 ),這樣其抗骨折線移位的力量小,并且克氏針局部鉆孔產生的熱量可以造成針孔周邊的骨壞死,上述情況很容易造成固定點的脫針,從而失去克氏針的固定作用,失去克氏針對骨折線的固定和支撐作用,從而出現骨不連。因此,髓腔內克氏針的固定對于減少骨折斷端之間的微動和預防骨不連有顯著的作用。其主要優(yōu)點:( 1 ) 貫穿的髓內克氏針雖然沒有骨皮質的固定作用,但由于克氏針的髓腔內占位作用和骨髓腔寬度的有限性,使骨折斷端之間不會有大的移位,可以限制骨折斷端之間的活動范圍,有利于骨痂的形成;( 2 ) 貫穿的髓內克氏針的固定力臂長,固定力量可靠,其抗骨折線移位的力量大;( 3 ) 貫穿的髓內克氏針對骨折斷端周邊的骨皮質沒有損傷,因此不存在克氏針鉆孔時局部骨質溫度過高造成骨壞死的可能,因此不會降低骨骼的強度。其缺點是:貫穿的髓內克氏針由于沒有骨皮質的固定作用,因此骨折線處抗旋轉的力量小。貫穿的髓內克氏針的固定方法在橈骨不能使用鋼板穩(wěn)定固定的情況下,獲得了和橈骨鋼板固定相近的結果,均滿足了兒童骨折治療的基本原則之一,即堅強的內固定,因此,橈骨干骺端骨折使用貫穿髓腔的克氏針固定不失為一種好方法,在抗旋轉方面,建議再加入 1 枚交叉固定橈骨骨皮質的克氏針,可能結果會更好,但由于病例數有限,具體的結果還需進一步收集資料,并且由于研究對象為人,因此也無法進行直接的生物力學檢測,可制作類似的單純骨骼模型或動物模型來進行直接的生物力學測定,可以使結果更有說服力。
綜上所述,新鮮橈骨干骺端骨折后骨不連的發(fā)生率很低 ( 1 / 4 9 ),但由于骨不連治療的困難性和治療不當造成的災難性結局,因此如何減少骨不連的發(fā)生成為當前的難題。橈骨干骺端骨折切開復位后單純交叉克氏針的固定仍需慎重采用,一旦采用交叉克氏針固定,其骨皮質固定點要盡可能的遠離骨折線,克氏針最遠骨皮質固定點到骨折線的距離和該固定點到腕關節(jié)距離的比值盡可能>0.5;一旦骨折切開復位,在患兒局部條件允許的情況下以鋼板固定為主,如果沒有安放鋼板的條件或者是骨折閉合復位的情況,至少 1 枚貫穿髓腔的克氏針內固定是必不可少的,如能再加入 1 枚交叉固定骨皮質的克氏針,可能結果會更好。骨不連患兒在治療前要注意骨生長代謝相關疾病的檢查,以免在治療后又發(fā)生骨不連。
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An analysis of effective factors of nonunion after distal radius metaphyseal fracture with cross Kirschner wirefi xation
SHI Li-wei, ZHANG Li-jun, ZHAO Qun, LI Qi-wei, WANG En-bo, LI Lian-yong. Department of Pediatric
Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
Objective To retrospectively study the clinical data of the children with nonunion after distal radius metaphyseal fractures with cross Kirschner wire fixation, and to find the causes and effective factors in the treatment of nonunion. To compare the fi xation methods for both radius nonunion and fresh distal radius metaphyseal fracture, and then to suggest a reliable fi xation method for distal radius metaphyseal fracture. Methods The clinical data of both the children with radius nonunion and those with distal radius metaphyseal fractures were retrospectively analyzed. From June 2012 to June 2014, there were 49 children with fresh distal radius metaphyseal fractures. There were 40 males and 9 females, whose average age was 8.9 years at the time of treatment. Among them, 46 children weretreated by close reduction with Kirschner wire fi xation, and 3 children by open reduction with Kirschner wire fi xation. Eleven patients were treated by double Kirschner wires intramedullary fi xation through ( group A ), 11 patients by single Kirschner wire intramedullary fi xation through ( group B ), 23 patients by double Kirschner wires fi xation with one through and one cross ( group C ), and 4 patients by double Kirschner wires fi xation cross ( group D ). All the 49 patients were followed up for an average of 8.6 months ( range: 6 - 48 months ). According to Hertel’s criteria, bone union had been realized in 48 cases, with 1 case of nonunion. This case and another 2 cases, who were fi rstly treated outside the hospital with nonunion conf i rmed in our hospital, were taken as the radius nonunion group ( group E ). There were 3 patients with nonunion. Open reduction with Kirschner wire fixation were firstly performed. Six months after the operation, there was no bony callus. The diagnosis of radius nonunion was conf i rmed. In the second operation, all the patients were treated by open reduction with plate immobilization and autogenous bone graft in the nonunion. The plaster cast was used after the operation. After removal of the plaster cast, limb weight-bearing exercise gradually began. The patients had the regular follow-up of 2 years, the same as that for the patients with nonunion. The clinical data, imaging diagnosis, treatment methods and outcomes of all the patients were analyzed. All the data were processed by statistical software SPSS19.0, and χ2test and t-test were used to compare the differences among groups. Results The 3 nonunion children were followed up. Radius nonunion occurred again in 1 patient at 7 months after the fi rst surgery. The parathyroid hormone was increased before the second surgery. The therapy of the second surgery was open reduction with intramedullary fixation, and autogenous bone graft in the nonunion, at the same time the hyperparathyroidism was given in the Department of Endocrinology. The fi nal nonunion was cured at 6 months after the second operation. In the remaining 2 patients with no diseases related to bone growth or metabolism, the fi nal nonunion was cured at 2.5 months after the fi rst surgery. The other 49 children with fresh distal radius metaphyseal fractures were followed up. The mean follow-up was 8.6 months. A total of 48 patients were cured, and nonunion occurred in 1 patient. The patient was in the group of 4 patients treated by double Kirschner wires fi xation cross. No patients had nonunion in the other 3 groups. The overall effective rate was 97.9%. The data of intramedullary fi xation group and non-intramedullary fi xation group were compared by χ2test, and there were statistically signif i cant differences. It was presented that intramedullary fi xation was superior to non-intramedullary fi xation. Based on the comparison of X-ray in the patients with nonunion and those without nonunion, the ratio of the distance from the distal fi xation point to the fracture line to the distance from the distal fi xation point to the wrist was calculated. The ratio of nonunion group was obviously lower than that of the union group according to the analysis by t test, and there were statistically signif i cant differences. Conclusions The therapy with cross Kirschner wire fi xation after the open reduction for distal radius metaphyseal fracture should be carefully used. If cross Kirschner wire fi xation will be used, the distal fi xation point should be as far as possible from the fracture line. The ratio of the distance from the distal fi xation point to the fracture line to the distance from the distal fi xation point to the wrist should be 0.5 at least. If the patients with fractures are treated by open reduction, rigid plate fi xation is the best choice in the case of well local conditions. If there are bad local conditions or the patients are treated by close reduction, at least one Kirschner wire intramedullary fi xation through the radius is necessary. We have to pay attention to the diseases related to bone growth and metabolism before operation for the nonunion patients, in order to avoid the occurrence of nonunion after the treatment.
Radius; Fractures, Bone; Internal Fixators; Metaphyseal; Nonunion
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2017.07.006
R726.8, R687.3
2017-03-27 )
( 本文編輯:李慧文 )
1 1 0 0 0 0 沈陽,中國醫(yī)科大學附屬盛京醫(yī)院 小兒骨科