陳文峰 韓莉 李寧
[摘要] 護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力提升在臨床應(yīng)用中具有十分重要的意義,但采用何種方式可有效提升護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力仍存在諸多爭(zhēng)議,采用基于自我效能感理論的護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力提升路徑是較為可靠的方法之一,其通過分析護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我管理效能影響因素,并通過塑造良好自身形象、塑造健康向上穩(wěn)定心態(tài)、設(shè)置科學(xué)目標(biāo)、鼓勵(lì)討論借鑒工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)、激發(fā)潛在能力及正確對(duì)待反饋等方式有效提高護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 自我效能感理論;護(hù)士長(zhǎng);核心能力;提升路徑
[中圖分類號(hào)] R47 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)09(c)-0162-04
[Abstract] The improvement of core competence of head nurses is of great significance in clinical application. However, there are still many disputes on how to effectively improve the core competence of the head nurse. It is one of the most reliable methods to use the theory of self-efficacy to improve the core competence of the head nurse. Through the analysis of the self-management effectiveness of the head nurse, it can effectively improve the core competence of the head nurse by shaping a good self-image, shaping a healthy attitude, setting scientific goals, encouraging discussion and learning from work experiences, stimulating potential ability and treating feedback correctly.
[Key words] Self-efficacy theory; Head nurse; Core competence; Improving path
自我效能理論是指?jìng)€(gè)體對(duì)周圍環(huán)境控制行為和感受能力的信念或感知[1]。常用于表示個(gè)體對(duì)自身是否具備完成某活動(dòng)的能力判斷、信念、主體自我感受及把握能力[2-3]。有研究指出,若護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我效能管理水平高,則其在日常工作中更易接受新任務(wù),能始終表現(xiàn)出足夠的毅力和飽滿的情緒狀態(tài)[4]。護(hù)理工作人員充滿自信則具有較高的自我效能管理水平,科室氣氛融洽、環(huán)境愉悅、凝聚力強(qiáng),有助于提高護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我效能[5]。本研究對(duì)基于自我效能感理論的護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力提升路徑的設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用進(jìn)行總結(jié),為護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我管理效能的提高提供參考。
1 護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心技能
核心技能是內(nèi)在的能力之一,是完成工作績(jī)效的關(guān)鍵能力。不同時(shí)期的核心能力研究豐富了核心能力理論[6]。核心能力可分為個(gè)人及組織層面核心能力[7]。Osagie等[8]最早提出個(gè)人核心能力概念,指?jìng)€(gè)體完成績(jī)效所需技能、知識(shí)、特性。而Bouncken等[9]最早提出組織層面核心能力概念,主要指組織累積性學(xué)識(shí)。核心能力是護(hù)士長(zhǎng)工作中的關(guān)鍵要素,主要包括護(hù)士長(zhǎng)個(gè)人能力、知識(shí)、個(gè)人特質(zhì)和技能[10]。
目前學(xué)術(shù)界尚未形成統(tǒng)一的護(hù)士核心能力界定,一般情況下需要護(hù)士具備特定的知識(shí)、技能、個(gè)人特質(zhì)及判斷力[11]。目前我國對(duì)護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心技能進(jìn)行界定時(shí)指出,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)可提供操作規(guī)范的護(hù)理服務(wù),組織并開展完整的整體護(hù)理服務(wù),詳細(xì)觀察并記錄病情變化及用藥反應(yīng),并組織醫(yī)師對(duì)重癥患者搶救及處理[12]。有學(xué)者對(duì)護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力框架結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力主要包括技能、知識(shí)及態(tài)度三方面,將三方面有機(jī)結(jié)合共包括8個(gè)要素,即科研、批判性思維、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、倫理與法律、臨床護(hù)理、人際關(guān)系、教育與咨詢、轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)展[13-14]。
目前在臨床中評(píng)價(jià)護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心技能過程中主要采用三種方法,即心理測(cè)量模式評(píng)價(jià)、實(shí)踐技能領(lǐng)域評(píng)價(jià)及臨床理論領(lǐng)域評(píng)價(jià)[15]。采用心理測(cè)量模式評(píng)價(jià)是在事件訪談、回顧文獻(xiàn)、專家咨詢基礎(chǔ)上建立測(cè)量框架模型,在臨床工作中應(yīng)用較為流行和成熟,已成為最常見的評(píng)價(jià)護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力的方法之一,其可以多角度全方位地評(píng)估護(hù)理人員能力,具有易操作、成本低、結(jié)果可靠的優(yōu)勢(shì)[16]。但在評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)踐技能領(lǐng)域及臨床理論領(lǐng)域時(shí),其評(píng)價(jià)過程常需要消耗大量時(shí)間、人力及物力資源,并存在諸多局限[17]。
2 護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我管理效能影響因素
一般情況下,他人失敗或成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)均具有一定程度的示范效應(yīng),即看到別人通過努力獲得成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)[18]。新護(hù)士長(zhǎng)走上崗位后,多缺乏實(shí)際工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)承擔(dān)任務(wù)存一定疑慮,但當(dāng)看到其他護(hù)士長(zhǎng)獨(dú)立自主地完成工作時(shí),會(huì)隨之增強(qiáng)自己的信心。此外,有學(xué)者指出護(hù)士長(zhǎng)在被上級(jí)或下級(jí)認(rèn)可后,其自信心會(huì)增強(qiáng),會(huì)更為積極努力地工作,自我效能感得到提高。消極情緒狀態(tài)可降低個(gè)體自我效能感,積極情緒狀態(tài)可提高護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我效能感,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)行自我效能管理時(shí),應(yīng)注重積極參與日常工作,這有助于提高自我管理效能[19-20]。此外,有研究指出,自我管理效能感與目標(biāo)設(shè)置互相影響,事先設(shè)置目標(biāo)有助于護(hù)士長(zhǎng)確定衡量自我效能感水平,提高自我判斷能力[21]。
3 基于提高自我效能的護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力提升方法
有學(xué)者指出,在提高護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我效能管理時(shí),應(yīng)使護(hù)士長(zhǎng)意識(shí)到自己從事的工作是周圍工作人員及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)信任的結(jié)果,應(yīng)努力提高自身能力感,絕不能辜負(fù)大家重托及希望[22]。在提高護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我管理效能,并顯著提升護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力時(shí),應(yīng)從以下幾個(gè)方面入手:
3.1 塑造良好自身形象,塑造健康向上穩(wěn)定心態(tài)
有學(xué)者指出,在日常護(hù)理工作中,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)是護(hù)理團(tuán)隊(duì)的負(fù)責(zé)人之一,其一舉一動(dòng)、一言一行均可能強(qiáng)烈影響護(hù)理人員,并可潛移默化地影響其他醫(yī)務(wù)護(hù)理工作人員。此外,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)需要學(xué)會(huì)并懂得自我欣賞,組織協(xié)調(diào)護(hù)士工作安排,這有助于克服日常工作中遇到的困難,塑造良好自我形象,提高自我效能管理質(zhì)量[23]。有研究指出,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)揮護(hù)理品牌效應(yīng),營(yíng)銷護(hù)理團(tuán)隊(duì),打造科室護(hù)理特色[24]。護(hù)士長(zhǎng)應(yīng)對(duì)自身負(fù)責(zé)的護(hù)理業(yè)務(wù)精通,遇到緊急事情時(shí)可及時(shí)敏銳地反應(yīng)。護(hù)士長(zhǎng)應(yīng)擁有管理能力,并善于管理[25]。科學(xué)合理排班,不斷提高自我效能管理能力,并提升自我核心技能水平。一般情況下,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)是日常護(hù)理工作的帶頭人,因而護(hù)士長(zhǎng)應(yīng)努力不斷完善自我,及時(shí)調(diào)整負(fù)性情緒,杜絕感情用事,使護(hù)士長(zhǎng)本人及護(hù)理團(tuán)隊(duì)均可保持健康心態(tài)。此外,由于護(hù)士隊(duì)伍中每個(gè)人均有不同資歷,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)作為帶頭人,應(yīng)注重學(xué)習(xí)并汲取其他人員的成功工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。研究指出,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)應(yīng)注重學(xué)習(xí)管理方法,這在協(xié)調(diào)、處理問題能力及完成任務(wù)質(zhì)量上均有體現(xiàn)[26]。工作中遇到問題時(shí)應(yīng)及時(shí)向有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的護(hù)士長(zhǎng)請(qǐng)教,并結(jié)合團(tuán)隊(duì)特點(diǎn)靈活合理安排工作,養(yǎng)成及時(shí)總結(jié)的習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)健康向上的心態(tài)[27]。
3.2 設(shè)置科學(xué)目標(biāo)
有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我效能管理與目標(biāo)設(shè)置互相影響,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)能否準(zhǔn)確設(shè)置挑戰(zhàn)性目標(biāo)已成為評(píng)估自我效能管理的體現(xiàn)[28]。在日常工作中護(hù)士長(zhǎng)應(yīng)努力實(shí)現(xiàn)自己設(shè)置的目標(biāo),輔導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)樹立足夠信心,努力實(shí)現(xiàn)團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo),還應(yīng)懂得并學(xué)會(huì)預(yù)前控制,并依照之前設(shè)置的時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)定期總結(jié)匯總。在設(shè)置目標(biāo)時(shí)應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)分解目標(biāo),將任務(wù)分解到個(gè)人,充分發(fā)揮護(hù)理骨干的帶頭作用,整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)共同合作,實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)置目標(biāo)[29]。
3.3 鼓勵(lì)討論借鑒工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),激發(fā)潛在能力
臨床工作時(shí),有多種借鑒方法,除可與其他人員當(dāng)面取經(jīng)外,還可隨時(shí)隨地學(xué)習(xí)、觀察[30]。護(hù)士長(zhǎng)在定期的夜間查房、小組檢查過程中,若發(fā)現(xiàn)其他科室或護(hù)理小組出現(xiàn)問題后應(yīng)對(duì)照本科室情況進(jìn)行反思,借鑒經(jīng)驗(yàn)免于本科室出現(xiàn)同樣問題,不但可防微杜漸,還有助于提高護(hù)士長(zhǎng)自我效能管理質(zhì)量,并可增強(qiáng)團(tuán)隊(duì)效能感。護(hù)士長(zhǎng)在日常工作中應(yīng)注重開發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維,努力激發(fā)自身及所有工作人員的潛在能力。護(hù)士長(zhǎng)應(yīng)具備一定的創(chuàng)新意識(shí),更好地運(yùn)用管理技術(shù)和知識(shí),并可在臨床中實(shí)施創(chuàng)造性管理[31]。護(hù)士長(zhǎng)在工作過程中發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性思維時(shí)可能忽略會(huì)某些質(zhì)量方法,提出建議時(shí)并不一定十分超前,上級(jí)主管應(yīng)充分肯定其積極性,因其建議多為認(rèn)真思考提出的,不能一味地以高質(zhì)量的建議作為否定護(hù)士長(zhǎng)的借口,挫傷護(hù)士長(zhǎng)日常工作及思考的積極性。
3.4 正確對(duì)待反饋
一般情況下,人是通過獲得社會(huì)性評(píng)價(jià)來實(shí)現(xiàn)認(rèn)識(shí)自我的過程。日常工作中護(hù)士長(zhǎng)工作范疇較廣,反饋來自諸多方面,包括患者及家屬反饋、團(tuán)隊(duì)成員反饋、醫(yī)生反饋、護(hù)士長(zhǎng)之間反饋、上級(jí)主管反饋等。在上述各種反饋中,上級(jí)主管的反饋意見對(duì)護(hù)士長(zhǎng)的自我效能管理影響最為顯著,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)能否正確客觀地對(duì)待反饋,對(duì)提高自我效能管理質(zhì)量有著十分重要的影響[32]。因而,臨床中上級(jí)在評(píng)價(jià)護(hù)士長(zhǎng)業(yè)績(jī)時(shí),應(yīng)實(shí)事求是、把握客觀因素給予客觀評(píng)價(jià)[33]。另一方面,護(hù)士長(zhǎng)也應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)應(yīng)對(duì)上級(jí)主管的負(fù)反饋意見,學(xué)會(huì)分析自己,將消極因素轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉e極因素,將其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧?lì)自身進(jìn)步的動(dòng)力,進(jìn)一步做好本職工作,提升自我效能管理[34]。
4 小結(jié)
護(hù)士長(zhǎng)是科室護(hù)理工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,其管理水平及素質(zhì)直接關(guān)系到科室工作質(zhì)量,基于自我效能感理論的實(shí)踐可有效提升護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力。在對(duì)護(hù)士長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)時(shí),可采用基于自我效能感理論的模式進(jìn)行鍛煉,注重提高其責(zé)任感、設(shè)立科學(xué)目標(biāo)、正確對(duì)待反饋、保持穩(wěn)定心態(tài)、取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短、激發(fā)潛在能力,能夠有效改善護(hù)士長(zhǎng)核心能力。
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(收稿日期:2018-04-08 本文編輯:蘇 暢)