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      cN0期陰莖癌患者腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃的研究進(jìn)展

      2019-10-30 02:50:24何葉疊
      中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2019年22期
      關(guān)鍵詞:轉(zhuǎn)移

      何葉疊

      [摘要]陰莖癌是一種發(fā)病率較低的惡性腫瘤,主要通過淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移,并且淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移情況是腫瘤預(yù)后的重要因素。對(duì)于臨床上無觸及或可見的增大的腹股溝淋巴結(jié)的cN0期陰莖癌患者,如何權(quán)衡腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃帶來的手術(shù)獲益與傷害,是臨床上一項(xiàng)重要的挑戰(zhàn)。cN0期患者在原發(fā)灶切除后選擇主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)或是淋巴結(jié)清掃需要經(jīng)過篩選,其中高危的患者可能需要更積極的治療。早期進(jìn)行腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃可能帶來生存獲益。改良的腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃、動(dòng)態(tài)顯像前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢等手段會(huì)減少傳統(tǒng)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃的創(chuàng)傷,但對(duì)cN0期患者行放療的證據(jù)不足。

      [關(guān)鍵詞]陰莖癌;腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃;cN0;轉(zhuǎn)移;生存獲益

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R737.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)8(a)-0027-04

      [Abstract] Penile cancer is a kind of malignant tumor with low incidence rate, which mainly metastasizes through lymph nodes, and lymph node metastasis is an important factor for the prognosis. For cN0 penile cancer patients with clinically unexposed or visible enlarged inguinal lymph nodes, it is a clinically important challenge to balance the benefits and injuries of inguinal lymph node dissection. Patients in cN0 stage who choose active monitoring or lymph node dissection after excision of the primary lesion need to be screened, and those with intermediate or high risk may require more aggressive treatment. Early inguinal lymph node dissection may bring survival benefits. Modified inguinal lymph node dissection and dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy can reduce the trauma of traditional inguinal lymph node dissection, but there is insufficient evidence for radiotherapy in patients with cN0.

      [Key words] Penile cancer; Inguinal lymph node dissection; cN0; Metastasis; Survival benefit

      陰莖癌是一種較為罕見的男性生殖系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)病率在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家約為十萬(wàn)分之一[1-2]。陰莖癌的轉(zhuǎn)移途徑主要是淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移,而腹股溝淋巴結(jié)是陰莖癌發(fā)生區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的第一站[3]。陰莖皮膚淋巴結(jié)回流至腹股溝淺表淋巴結(jié),以上內(nèi)側(cè)區(qū)為主,同時(shí)兩側(cè)交叉引流[4-5]。腹股溝深部淋巴結(jié)則收集淺表淋巴結(jié)或者陰莖深部組織的淋巴液[6]。陰莖癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況是非常重要的預(yù)后因素。cN0期陰莖癌患者總體預(yù)后較好,5年腫瘤特異性生存率為85%~100%[7-8],目前美國(guó)國(guó)立綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)以及歐洲泌尿外科協(xié)會(huì)(European As-sociation of Urology,EAU)指南對(duì)于組織學(xué)已證實(shí)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、臨床可觸及增大的腹股溝淋巴結(jié)(cN1+期)或臨床無可觸及或可見的增大的腹股溝淋巴結(jié)(cN0期)但具有高危因素的患者推薦行腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)[7-9],但腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率較高[10]。對(duì)于cN0期患者腹股溝淋巴結(jié)的具體處理方式,目前仍有不少爭(zhēng)議。

      1治療方式的選擇

      cN0期患者發(fā)生微轉(zhuǎn)移的概率在不同時(shí)代不同中心的報(bào)道大致接近。1986年McDougal等[11]報(bào)道了cN0期陰莖癌患者微轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率大約為20%。2008年Ornellas等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有24%的cN0期患者存在微轉(zhuǎn)移,并且約52%的cN0期患者會(huì)產(chǎn)生延遲的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。因此,cN0期患者在原發(fā)病灶切除后選擇主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)可避免預(yù)防性腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后并發(fā)癥帶來的困擾,但是可能延誤治療時(shí)機(jī)。目前EAU指南推薦對(duì)于低危(pT1G1)的患者進(jìn)行主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)[7]。在一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究中[13],423例cN0期患者被分成預(yù)防性腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃組、觀察組和淋巴結(jié)活檢組,淋巴結(jié)清掃組和觀察組的5年無病生存率分別為100%和76%。Djajadiningrat等[14]回顧性分析了655例僅進(jìn)行了原發(fā)病灶切除的cN0期陰莖鱗癌患者(T1G1-3 cN0 SCCP),發(fā)現(xiàn)T1G1、TIG2、T1G3的患者5年腫瘤特異性死亡率(CSM)分別為2.6%、10.0%和15.9%,而三者的5年總特異性死亡率(OCM)分別為29.5%、27.3%以及29.3%,可見在cN0T1G1期患者中即使在原發(fā)病灶切除術(shù)后未進(jìn)行腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃,其腫瘤相關(guān)性死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依然呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)較低的水平,這為T1G1期患者在切除原發(fā)病灶術(shù)后進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)提供了證據(jù)。Winters等[15]對(duì)接受腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的461例cN0期患者進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)24.0%的患者術(shù)后病理分期上升,而原發(fā)病灶淋巴管浸潤(rùn)浸潤(rùn)(LVI)是淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移強(qiáng)有力的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素,因此推薦將淋巴管浸潤(rùn)列入獨(dú)立的高危因素。Yumura等[16]對(duì)66例cN0期陰莖癌患者原發(fā)病灶切除術(shù)后進(jìn)行檢測(cè),中位隨訪時(shí)間為35.7個(gè)月,其中13例(21.2%)發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,5年無病生存率為77.3%,多因素分析顯示僅LVI與腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率相關(guān),根據(jù)EAU風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分級(jí),低危組、中危組、高危組腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率分別為12.0、17.6、55.6%,因此其認(rèn)為對(duì)于中高?;颊呓ㄗh行更積極的措施。Heyns等[17]在總結(jié)了其他文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道后提出,對(duì)于低危(G1-2、Tis、Ta、T1、無脈管浸潤(rùn))的cN0期陰莖癌患者,建議在原發(fā)病灶切除術(shù)后2年內(nèi)每3個(gè)月進(jìn)行隨訪,第3年、第4年分別每4個(gè)月、6個(gè)月隨訪,5年之后每年進(jìn)行1次隨訪。

      2手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)的選擇

      對(duì)于cN0期患者的腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃時(shí)機(jī),目前仍有爭(zhēng)論,主要有原發(fā)病治療后6周以內(nèi)進(jìn)行早期清掃,以及隨診過程中觸及腫大淋巴結(jié)后進(jìn)行延遲清掃2種觀點(diǎn)[5]。Meijer等[18]研究認(rèn)為陰莖癌患者的生存率更取決于淋巴結(jié)的情況而非局部病變程度,對(duì)于T2~T3,cN0期的患者,即刻行腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃相較于延遲清掃能提高生存率。Chipollini等[19]根據(jù)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的時(shí)間,分析了腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)和疾病特異性生存的預(yù)測(cè)因素,發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)陽(yáng)性和早期腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃是區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)的預(yù)測(cè)因素,早期清掃組和晚期清掃組5年疾病特異性生存率分別為64.1%和39.5%,其認(rèn)為3個(gè)月是腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的最佳時(shí)間窗。另外有文獻(xiàn)[20]通過檢索美國(guó)國(guó)家癌癥數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(NCDB),篩選出cN0M0期的陰莖癌患者共1919例,其中377例(19.6%)患者進(jìn)行了早期區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),其總生存率(OS)為117.9個(gè)月,43.0%的患者臨床病理分期≥T2,26.0%的患者病理學(xué)證實(shí)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,以上數(shù)據(jù)與延遲進(jìn)行淋巴結(jié)清掃的患者均有顯著性差異(OS:98.3個(gè)月,cT2≤16.1%,pN1≤0.8%),因此早期淋巴結(jié)清掃相比延遲淋巴結(jié)清掃更具有生存獲益。

      3減少傳統(tǒng)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃創(chuàng)傷的方式

      3.1改良腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃

      對(duì)于cN0期陰莖癌患者,改良的腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)是一項(xiàng)可以選擇的術(shù)式[21]。1985年Fraley等[22]最早提出了這個(gè)概念。2008年Leijte等[23]一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腹股溝前哨淋巴結(jié)僅見于腹股溝上內(nèi)側(cè)區(qū)、上外側(cè)區(qū)和中央?yún)^(qū)(根據(jù)Daseler5分區(qū)法),下側(cè)2個(gè)區(qū)域均未見到前哨淋巴結(jié),這也為改良清掃術(shù)的清掃范圍提供了依據(jù)。由于縮小了傳統(tǒng)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍,改良清掃術(shù)較大限度減少了傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)方式帶來的并發(fā)癥[10,13,24]。有研究者對(duì)31例接受改良腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃的cN0期陰莖癌患者進(jìn)行了3年隨訪,均未發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)情況[25]。另有研究對(duì)12例接受了改良腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期隨訪的結(jié)果中未發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重和長(zhǎng)期的并發(fā)癥,也沒有復(fù)發(fā)[10]。改良腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃可以選擇進(jìn)行術(shù)中冰凍來決定是否擴(kuò)大清掃范圍[26]。

      3.2動(dòng)態(tài)顯像前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢

      動(dòng)態(tài)顯像前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢(DSNB)是通過在原發(fā)腫瘤周圍皮下注射99m锝納米膠體,術(shù)前淋巴閃爍顯像、術(shù)中皮內(nèi)藍(lán)染技術(shù)和γ射線探頭對(duì)前哨淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行識(shí)別來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。DSNB需要一定的學(xué)習(xí)曲線,不同中心報(bào)道的DSNB的敏感度差異較大[21]。Zou等[27]對(duì)27篇相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)共3545項(xiàng)相關(guān)病例進(jìn)行了Meta分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在cN0期陰莖癌患者中,DSNB的敏感度和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別88.0%和99.0%,并且與操作人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)密切相關(guān),SPECT/CT、術(shù)中伽馬探頭以及三維影像重建均可用于協(xié)助進(jìn)行DSNB,此外,術(shù)前超聲檢查、針吸活檢、手術(shù)探查等操作也是對(duì)cN0期患者腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的排除方法。相關(guān)研究報(bào)道指出DSNB的假陰性率達(dá)到12.0%~15.0%[25,28-29],這可能使這部分患者延誤治療而導(dǎo)致不良后果。而在有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的中心進(jìn)行DSNB可以將假陰性率降低至4.8%[30],并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率在10.0%以內(nèi),并且都能通過保守治療妥善解決[31]。

      3.3放射治療

      Kulkarni等[32]曾對(duì)cN0期陰莖癌患者做過一項(xiàng)前瞻性非隨機(jī)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃組、放療組和觀察組的5年生存率分別為74.0%、66.0%和63.0%。在一些其他的相關(guān)研究中,cN0期陰莖癌患者的輔助放療后淋巴結(jié)出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移的概率為22.0%~25.0%[33,34],與cN0期陰莖癌患者發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)微轉(zhuǎn)移的概率相似,說明放療并不能降低cN0期陰莖癌患者腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率。結(jié)合目前已有的研究報(bào)道,對(duì)于cN0期陰莖癌患者不推薦行輔助放療。

      4小結(jié)

      cN0期的陰莖癌患者總體預(yù)后較好,但仍存在淋巴結(jié)微轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)于低危的cN0期陰莖癌患者,可以進(jìn)行隨訪監(jiān)測(cè),對(duì)于存在中高危因素的cN0期患者推薦行腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃。早期進(jìn)行腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃相對(duì)于延遲清掃,更能帶來生存獲益。對(duì)于cN0期陰莖癌患者,可以推薦行改良的腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)以及DSNB,以減少傳統(tǒng)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃帶來的并發(fā)癥。對(duì)于cN0期陰莖癌患者目前不推薦行輔助放療。

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      (收稿日期:2019-02-26? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)

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