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      臨安:石池春暖在雪中

      2020-02-14 05:59:13陳富強
      文化交流 2020年1期
      關鍵詞:泰順大池溫泉

      陳富強

      除了大大的太陽,溫泉是冬天里最溫暖的治愈,也是旅游線路上重要的一站。在熱騰騰的溫泉里泡著,肯定是很多泡湯愛好者最想要的度過冬天的一種方式。

      “春寒賜浴華清池,溫泉水滑洗凝脂?!?/p>

      讀過唐詩宋詞的,無人不知此詩出自白居易代表作《長恨歌》。唐憲宗元和元年(公元806年),白居易任盩厔(今西安市周至縣)縣尉。一日,他與友人陳鴻、王質(zhì)夫到馬嵬驛附近的仙游寺游覽,談及李隆基與楊貴妃事。王質(zhì)夫認為,像這樣突出的事情,如無大手筆加工潤色,就會隨著時間的推移而消失。他鼓勵白居易:“樂天深于詩、多于情者也,試為歌之,何如?”于是,白居易寫下了這首千古絕唱《長恨歌》。

      這是溫泉出現(xiàn)在古代名詩里較為典型的例子。而華清池所在的西安驪山,景色秀麗,相傳周幽王在此建驪宮,秦始皇時改為“驪山湯”,漢武帝時擴建為離宮,唐太宗營建宮殿取名“湯泉宮”,唐玄宗再次擴建后取名華清宮,因以溫泉為特征,又稱華清池。上古時期,女媧在這里“煉石補天”;西周末年,周幽王在此上演了“烽火戲諸侯”;秦始皇將他的陵寢建在驪山腳下,留下了聞名世界的秦兵馬俑軍陣;盛唐時,唐玄宗與楊貴妃在此演繹了一場凄美的愛情故事;現(xiàn)代史上,著名的“西安事變”也發(fā)生于驪山之上。

      其實浙江的溫泉也不少,安吉、寧海、泰順、武義等地都有。

      一處溫泉,賦予如此厚重的文化與政治含義的,環(huán)顧四海也不多見。不過,隨著世事變遷、滄海桑田,更多的溫泉,只是作為大自然的饋贈,以一條河流的姿態(tài),溫暖地流淌在人們的生活里了。由于溫泉是一種含有對人體健康有益的微量元素的礦物質(zhì)泉水,所以,人們習慣把泡溫泉當作冬季健康養(yǎng)生的重要選擇。這種習慣,從秦始皇時代就開始了,據(jù)說,他建“驪山湯”就是為了治療瘡傷?!端?jīng)注》也提到溫泉可治病,如“魯山皇女湯,可以熟米,飲之愈百病,道士清身沐浴,一日三次,四十日后,身中百病愈”。唐太宗晚年所著《湯泉賦》則稱:“每濯患于斯源,不移時而獲損”。

      很多年以前,我第一次抵達寧海的深甽鎮(zhèn),那兒的森林溫泉,也稱天明山南溪溫泉,是中國較為著名的溫泉。在我的記憶里,寧海森林溫泉地處某山坳,與后來擴建的建筑與景觀相比,當時的房子顯得要簡陋一些。我們?nèi)胱〉钠椒坷锞陀袦厝?。與普通的水質(zhì)不同,溫泉在皮膚上滑過,會出現(xiàn)晶瑩的水滴狀,如果從水里起身,也不似普通的熱水急速下淌,而是以相對緩慢的速度下滑。我們都說,這才是真正的溫泉。室外有池,從地底下噴涌而出的泉水,冒出白色的蒸汽,在冬季寒冷的天空下,顯得十分溫暖。

      我問接待我們的工作人員,這處溫泉是什么時候發(fā)現(xiàn)的。她說具體時間不詳,只知道1960年就開始開發(fā)了,有華東第一森林溫泉之譽。她指著我們住的平房,說這批房子應該就是那時候留下的。

      寧海籍著名畫家潘天壽曾經(jīng)到過這里,還留下過一首詩:“蹤跡十年未有閑,喜今便得故鄉(xiāng)還。溫泉新水宜清浴,愛看秋花艷滿山。”

      黃昏時分,我沿著溫泉周邊散步,有一條小道,通向山坳。越往里走,越寂靜,只聽見鳥鳴和風吹動樹葉的聲音。天色也似乎要比平原沉得早,這顯然跟兩側起伏的山巒有關。我回頭張望,可見溫泉大池上空,有繚繞的水蒸氣,恍若白云在空中盤旋。

      浙江山多,歷史上就有“七山一水二分田”之說。山多,溫泉也多。除了寧海森林溫泉,我還先后去過臨安的湍口溫泉、泰順大峽谷溫泉和武義溫泉。我發(fā)現(xiàn),這些溫泉大多有一個共同點,就是它們所處的地理位置,基本上都是山區(qū),或者是山坳,或者是峽谷。這顯然與溫泉形成的地理特征有關。

      通常,溫泉的形成有兩種原理。

      因地殼內(nèi)部的巖漿作用,或受火山噴發(fā)所影響,這些因地殼板塊運動而隆起的地表,其地底下還有未冷卻的巖漿,會不斷釋放出大量的熱能。

      如果此類熱源之熱量集中,附近有孔隙的含水巖層,不僅會受熱成為高溫的熱水,而且大部份會沸騰為蒸汽,產(chǎn)生溫泉。

      第二種是由地表水滲透循環(huán)作用所形成。也就是說當雨水降到地表向下滲透,深入到地殼深處的含水層形成地下水。地下水受下方的地熱加熱成為熱水,深部熱水多數(shù)含有氣體,這些氣體以二氧化碳為主,當熱水溫度升高,上面若有致密又不透水的巖層阻擋去路,會使壓力愈來愈高,以致熱水和蒸汽處于高壓狀態(tài),一有裂縫即躥涌而上。熱水上升接近地表后壓力逐漸減少,由于壓力漸減而使所含氣體逐漸膨脹,減輕熱水的密度,這些膨脹的蒸汽更有利于熱水上升。上升的熱水再與下沉較遲受熱的冷水因密度不同所產(chǎn)生的壓力反復循環(huán)產(chǎn)生對流,在開放性裂隙阻力較小的情況下,循裂隙上升,熱水即可源源不絕涌升,終至流出地面,形成溫泉。

      在高山深谷地形配合下,谷底地下水可能壓力差點更大,因此,溫泉大多發(fā)生在山谷中河床上。浙江的溫泉基本屬于第二種狀況,臨安的湍口溫泉、泰順的大峽谷溫泉都具有上述特征。

      湍口溫泉又稱天目山溫泉,古亦名“蘆荻泉”,早在1300多年就有之。此地是一處四面環(huán)山的盆地。湍口溫泉的地下儲熱溫度為40~50攝氏度,溢出表面的水溫為30~32.5攝氏度,屬低溫熱水。降水是溫泉的主要補給來源,日出水量約3000立方米。

      湍口溫泉為無色、無臭、微澀、透明的低礦化度重碳酸型泉水。溫泉除含有常規(guī)成分外,還富含氡、氟、鍶、鋇、銃等特殊成分,有很高的醫(yī)療保健價值,對心血管、內(nèi)分泌、腸胃、關節(jié)、神經(jīng)、皮膚等均有輔助治療功效。

      湍口溫泉有湍源、塘溪、沈溪、涼溪4條小溪,在盆地匯合,然后流入昌化溪。

      我的體驗是溫泉四季可泡,但最好的季節(jié)還是在冬天。杭州至湍口駕車時間在兩小時左右,從昌化下高速,再行數(shù)公里較為狹窄的鄉(xiāng)間公路,遠遠地就可望見升騰的蒸汽。

      我們到達湍口的那天下午開始下雪,放下行李,就急不可耐地跑去泡湯。室內(nèi)若干泡池,以溫度高低區(qū)分,喜好燙的,可入高溫池,年幼的孩子則可在低溫池玩耍。

      最引人入勝的是室外池。室外有大池,也依地勢高低建了多個小池,加以玫瑰、桂花、牛奶、熏衣草等料,形成特色溫泉。我更愿意去大池,這個大池的面積,可以寬敞到展開雙臂游泳。并且在依山處挖出一個洞,洞口建了一個水簾。水簾落下的水是冷的,而池水則是熱的。穿過水簾,看外面的大池和建筑,頓時有恍如隔世之感。

      雪還在下。雪花飄向溫泉,還沒落到水面就融化了。那些雪花,有大片的,也有小片的,大片的雪花落在人的頭發(fā)上,只需要幾秒鐘的時間就泛起白色。這時,人往下一蹲,雪花就不見了。隨著暮色深沉,大池里人影憧憧,看不清人的臉,但燈的光影里,可見雪花在飛。這種體驗,可遇而不可求。這一次的雪中湍口溫泉之行,給我留下的印象可謂刻骨銘心。真是“水閣冬溫客更多,石池春暖人宜浴”。

      泰順大峽谷溫泉,也自有其與眾不同之處。

      首先是它的地理位置就已勝一籌。溫泉坐落在華東第一大峽谷北側山坡上,海拔500米,溫泉四周層巒疊翠,山高林密,四季花香,環(huán)境優(yōu)美,空氣清新,素有“浙南廬山”之美譽。

      明崇禎《泰順縣志》載:“古眼洞坑,在雅陽火熱溪旁”。清光緒戊寅年間所纂《泰順分疆錄》中述:“湯泉在雅陽水口洞旁,俗謂之火熱溪,泉從澗旁小石池中涌起,四時熱如湯,冬日尤烈?!?/p>

      既然此處溫泉冬日尤烈,我便在冬季去。

      室外溫泉面向峽谷,是別處溫泉不具有的絕佳位置,浸在水里,可眺四野山色,雖然凜冽,但身體卻無比溫暖。尤其是夜色中,可眺都市難得一見的星光。天空是幽幽的藍,遠處的山,是重重疊疊的影。出浴后,若能看上一出泰順木偶戲,那就再也愜意不過。

      紹圣年間,蘇東坡被貶惠州,他在惠州白水山看到有一道溫泉瀑布。瀑布氣勢雄偉,從天而降。當?shù)卦S多老百姓喜歡在溫泉瀑布下沐浴。蘇東坡和他兒子蘇過被百姓沐浴場景所感染,也寬衣解帶,躍入溫泉瀑布。浴后,蘇東坡還作詩一首,其中兩句“仰視江搖山,俯見月在衣”深得清乾隆時大學士紀曉嵐欣賞,評語云:“極平淺而有深味,神似陶公。”

      Waking up to the sunshine cascading into the room is not the only truly natural way of keeping warm in freezing days of the year. Take off all your clothes and let your cares evaporate in the steam of a hot spring is equally natural, and soul-healing.

      A textual approach to , the most widely-known masterpiece of the Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi (772-864), can lead to the conclusion that the more privileged living in the Tang Dynasty (618-907) did a wonderful job of health-preserving through something created by Mother Nature. One of the lines of the poem portrays Lady Yang coming out of her hot spring bath with her skin as smooth as that of a newborn. The hot spring mentioned in the poem is the Huaqing Pool, sited in Lishan in present-day Xian, which is believed to have been first built by one of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty (1046-771BC) and officially renamed as “Lishan Hot Spring” by First Emperor of the Qin (221-207BC). Throughout its history of thousands of years, this steamy pool witnessed numerous stormy chapters in the history of China, with the poignant love story of Emperor Xuanzong and Lady Yang forever lingering and stirring the more sensitive among people today.

      The therapeutic effect of hot spring is repeatedly mentioned in ancient literature. Legend has it that First Emperor of Qin built the hot spring site to treat his skin ulcer.

      History and legends aside, Anji, Ninghai, Taishun and Wuyi in Zhejiang Province boasts excellent hot springs. All these sites have guesthouses that cater to both backpackers and top-class guests.

      The hot spring I chanced upon years ago during my stay in a far-flung town tucked away in the depths of Tianming Mountain in Ninghai is of supreme quality. It is called Nanxi Hot Spring and is one of the best hot springs in eastern China. The receptionist was clueless about when the massive quantities of underground hot water were discovered, but the development of the site as a hot spring destination began in the 1960s. The famous master painter Pan Tianshou (1897-1971), a native of Ninghai, wrote a poem singing of the hot spring. Tourists visiting Ninghai shouldnt miss a chance to soak their tired bones in this panacea.

      Many places in Zhejiang are mountainous, which geologically explains the provinces ample hot spring resources. Hot springs fall into two categories. They are either created by volcanic eruptions or a result of the circulation and permeation of surface water. Most of the hot spring sites in Zhejiang are in the second category.

      The history of Tuankou Hot Spring, located in a basin at the foot of Mount Tianmu in Linan, dates back to at least 1,300 years ago. Rainfall is the main source of the spring. It is a great place to enjoy a dip in authentic hot spring either for pure relaxation or for therapeutic purposes. The hot water system is composed of four streams that converge in the basin before streaming down into the Changhua River. The hot spring is open to bathers throughout the year, but the best time to visit is winter. Exiting an expressway and driving along a country road for a while, youll be welcomed by plumes of steam rising up from the valley in the distance and luring you into a wonderland.

      The site has a string of pools of different temperatures, but the bigger, outdoor variety with herbal treatments is a must-try. The layout that follows the natural topography includes a “water curtain”. Speaking from my experiences, Id say a snowy day is the best time to visit the hot spring. Relaxing in a hot pool and watching snowflakes dance into the pool makes one feel like in heaven.

      Sited on the north side of the “Number One Grand Canyon in Eastern China”, the Grand Canyon Hot Spring in Taishun in southwestern Zhejiang have impressed hot spring enthusiasts since the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) times of China. ?compiled in the Chongzhen years of the Ming Dynasty mention the site as “a cavity near the Fervent River in Yayang”. The exceptionally high temperature of the hot spring in winter days is mentioned in ?composed in the Guangxu years of the Qing Dynasty.

      After a long day of sightseeing and hiking, you can soak your tired bones in the tranquilizing waters that face an ethereal view set against layer upon layer of peaks. Feeling the crustal heat permeate the blood vessels into the soul and inhaling refreshing air generated by the rolling mountains under the starry sky makes one feel surreal. And your hot spring trip in Taishun can have a cultural finale with the enjoyment of watching a Taishun Puppet show.

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