文汕頭市潮南區(qū)兩英中學(xué) 倪培英

這三年在高考英語備考中筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)我校的學(xué)生對于解答閱讀理解題準(zhǔn)確率不高，缺乏背景知識，且對語篇的理解不透徹?！镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)》對高中階段必修的理解性技能有如下規(guī)定：①從語篇中提取主要信息和觀點(diǎn)，理解語篇要義；②理解語篇中顯性或隱性的邏輯關(guān)系；③把握語篇中主要事件的來龍去脈；④抓住語篇中的關(guān)鍵概念和關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)；⑤根據(jù)語篇標(biāo)題預(yù)測語篇的主題和內(nèi)容；⑥根據(jù)上下文線索或非文字信息推斷詞語的意義；⑦借助話語中的語氣和語調(diào)理解說話者的意圖等。閱讀是我國考生學(xué)習(xí)和使用外語的最主要途徑，因此，在高考中閱讀理解題所占的權(quán)重較大。

閱讀理解題主要的考查點(diǎn)為：細(xì)節(jié)理解、語義理解、主旨理解、推理判斷等，相對比較之下，難度最大而且最容易出錯的應(yīng)該是推理判斷題。這類試題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測作者未明確提到的事實或某事件發(fā)展的趨勢。主要是要求考生推斷隱含意義，有時也會要求考生推斷文章出處、識別語篇類型，以及推斷文中人物或組織的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度等。

考點(diǎn)一：推斷隱含意思

該類題一般是根據(jù)文章字面的語句推斷出作者更深一層的含義，要求考生根據(jù)一些零碎的信息對語篇進(jìn)行更深層次的理解，其常見的設(shè)題方式為“We can infer that...”“What can we infer about...?”“What can we infer from...?”“What can we learn about...?”“What do we learn about...?”“What will probably...?”

【典型例題剖析】2019年全國I卷

Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀)about themselves.

“Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”

We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to____.

A.help students see their own strengths

B.assess students’ public speaking skills

C.prepare students for their future jobs

D.inspire students’ love for politics

解析：A.推理判斷題.根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.”和最后一段“boasting about yourself,and your best qualities”可推知，Whaley老師發(fā)起總統(tǒng)競選活動是為了幫助學(xué)生建立自信，看到自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，“strength”意為“優(yōu)點(diǎn)”，故答案選A。

解答這類試題，一定要根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索去推斷，而不是主觀臆想，要做到推測有理，判斷有據(jù)。因此，首先要在文中找到依據(jù)，然后理解其字面意思，再據(jù)此進(jìn)行邏輯推理，做出判斷，最后比較各選項，確定正確選項。即“一找二理，三推四比”。

考點(diǎn)二：推斷文章出處

該類題偶爾會在全國卷出現(xiàn)，題干中常有“come from”或“take from”，要求考生根據(jù)文章的中心思想推斷出文章的出處，應(yīng)對全文進(jìn)行理解，找出關(guān)鍵詞塊，再對選項進(jìn)行理解，確定正確選項。

【典型例題剖析】2019年全國I卷

As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物測量)technologies — like fingerprint scans — to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.

......

Where is this text most likely from?

A.A diary. B.A guidebook.

C.A novel. D.A magazine.

解析：D.推理判斷題.根據(jù)首段提到的“data and identity theft”和“fingerprint scans”這些關(guān)鍵詞，再結(jié)合文章的主旨可知，本文介紹一種防止個人身份和數(shù)據(jù)在電子空間被盜的高科技智能鍵盤，由此可推斷本文最有可能刊登在 (科學(xué))雜志上。

解答這類試題，最主要是能抓住文章的中心思想，要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容、文體特征或某些關(guān)鍵詞去推斷。

考點(diǎn)三：識別語篇類型

這種題型主要是要求考生識別出文章是通知、報告、日記、科幻小說等各種不同的類型，在全國卷中出現(xiàn)的比較少，難度也不會很大，主要是抓住文章的主旨大意，再根據(jù)選項進(jìn)行排查，最終確定正確選項。

【典型例題剖析】2014年全國課標(biāo)I卷

The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF)is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge.The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing...

Students are being dared to draw a picture...

Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony...

...The program guidelines and other related information are available at: http:// cambridgesciencefestival.org.

What type of writing is this text?

A.An exhibition guide.

B.An art show review.

C.An announcement.

D.An official report.

解析：C.推理判斷題.由第一句“The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF)is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge.劍橋科學(xué)節(jié)很高興地通知您第六屆創(chuàng)意挑戰(zhàn)大賽”可知，這是一則通知，關(guān)鍵詞是“inform you of...”。故選C項。其他選項“展覽指南”“藝展評論”“官方報告”易排除。

這類試題的答題技巧可根據(jù)首句、文體特征和某些關(guān)鍵詞來識別出語篇所屬的類型。

考點(diǎn)四：推斷文中人物或組織的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度

該類試題要求考生閱讀文章中人物或組織相關(guān)的話語或描述，以此來推斷出該人物或組織的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，題目的題干中常出現(xiàn)“opinion”“attitude”“feel about”等詞。

【典型例題剖析】2019年全國I卷

In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.

30.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？

A.It’ll be environment-friendly.

B.It’ll reach consumers soon.

C.It’ll be made of plastics.

D.It’ll help speed up typing.

解析：B.推理判斷題.該題要求推理文中人物researchers的觀點(diǎn)，根據(jù)最后一段“the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive,plastic-like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near future”可知，實現(xiàn)智能鍵盤商業(yè)化很容易，并且其造價并不昂貴，因此研發(fā)團(tuán)隊希望在不久的將來能將其投放市場；再對比選項“它將是環(huán)保的”“它很快就會到達(dá)消費(fèi)者手中”“它將由塑料制成”“它有助于加快打字速度”，故答案為B。

解答該類題型考生首先應(yīng)找出該人物或組織相關(guān)的話語或描述，或者所引用的句子和事例，理解語篇深層的含義，再根據(jù)選項進(jìn)行排除，確定正確選項。

總結(jié)

近幾年的高考試卷也一直秉承“突出語篇，強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)用，注重實際”的設(shè)計原則，將考試的重點(diǎn)放在語篇上，側(cè)重考查學(xué)生的閱讀能力，檢測學(xué)生對語篇的解析和領(lǐng)悟能力。因此推理判斷題通常要求考生不僅要理解語篇的文字信息，而且還要進(jìn)行一定的推理和判斷，并以此推斷出文章的隱含意思?？忌谧鞔鹪擃愵}型的時候，切記不要加入個人的主觀思想在其中，這種題型屬于主觀性很強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題，很多時候在作答的時候就把個人的想法考慮在內(nèi)，因此導(dǎo)致得分率低，一定要根據(jù)文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息，按照作者的思想傾向，特別是要根據(jù)一些含有某些感情色彩的單詞和自己已獲得的相關(guān)知識進(jìn)行推理判斷，最終得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論，做到有理有據(jù)。