狀語從句可以用來表示條件、目的、時間、讓步、地點、原因、結果、行為方式和比較。

一、 表示條件的狀語從句可以由if， unless， in case， so（as） long as， so far as， on condition that，provided （that）等詞引導。

【點撥】? 1. 在if引導的條件狀語從句中，主句中的動詞常用一般將來時，從句中的動詞用一般現在時。如：If you ask him， hell help you.如你請他 （幫忙），他會幫你的。

2. 在if引導的條件狀語從句中，主句也可含有情態(tài)動詞或是祈使句。如：If it is fine tomorrow， we can go and fly the kite.如果明天天氣好，我們可以去放風箏。Dont miss the program if you like music.如果你喜歡音樂，不要錯過這個節(jié)目。

3. if除了可以引導條件狀語從句外，還可引導賓語從句，這時if = whether意為“是否”。如：I want to know if（=whether） he is our new teacher.我想知道他是不是我們的新老師。

4. unless意思是“除非，如果不”，相當于if...not。在unless引導的條件狀語從句中，主句中的動詞常用一般將來時，從句中的動詞用一般現在時。如：Unless it rains， the game will be played.=If it doesnt rain， the game will be played.除非下雨，否則比賽將照常進行。

5. 同if引導的條件狀語從句一樣，在unless引導的條件狀語從句中，主句也可以含有情態(tài)動詞或是祈使句。如：He cant see clearly unless he wears glasses.他不戴眼鏡就看不清楚。Dont touch the machine unless the teacher allows you to.沒有老師的允許，不要亂動機器。

【高考鏈接】? 1. Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents opinion__________ he wants their support.? ?（2019天津卷13）

A. since? B. once

C. unless? D. after

2.__________ you can sleep well， you will lose the ability to focus， plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.? ?（2018江蘇卷29）

A. Once? B. Unless

C. If? D. When

3.__________ we dont stop climate change， many animals and plants in the world will be gone.? ?（2018北京卷2）

A. Although? B. While

C. If? D. Until

4. You wont find paper cutting difficult__________ you keep practicing it.? ?（2015北京卷28）

A. even if? B. as long as

C. as if? D. ever since

5. It is so cold that you cant go outside__________ fully covered in thick clothes.? ?（2015江蘇卷26）

A. if? B. unless

C. once? D. when

二、 表示目的的狀語從句可以由that， so that， in order that， lest， in case， for fear that等詞引導。

【點撥】? 1. 目的狀語從句中一般含有情態(tài)動詞。如： Lets take the front seats that（=so that=in order that） we may see more clearly.我們坐前排吧，這樣我們看得清楚一些。

2. in order that可位于句首，而so或者so that則不可以。如：In order that he shouldnt wake up his wife， he left the room quietly.為了不吵醒妻子，他悄悄地離開了房間。

3. lest， in case， for fear that常用來表示“以免，以防”等意思，從句中的動詞形式多為should+動詞原形。在這一類從句中，should一般是不能省略的，但在lest， for fear that引導的從句中should有時可以省略。如：I wont make any noise， lest（= in case= for fear that） I should disturb you.我不會制造任何噪音，以免打擾你。

4. 在in case從句中，可以不用虛擬語氣而用陳述語氣，表示可能性較大。如：Ill get some beer in case my uncle comes.（他或許會來） 試比較：Ill get some beer in case my uncle should come. （可能性很小）

【高考鏈接】? The doctor shares his phone number with the patients__________ they need medical assistance.? ?（2019江蘇卷23）

A. if only? B. as if

C. even though? D. in case

三、 表示時間的狀語從句可以由when， whenever， as， while， before， after， until， till， （ever） since， now （that）， once， so / as long as， as soon as， hardly...when， scarcely...when， no sooner...than， every time， the moment， instantly， directly， immediately等詞引導。

【點撥】? 1. 時間狀語從句用一般現在時代替或表示一般將來時。如：Hell visit you as soon as he gets there.他一到那里就會去拜訪你。

2. when意思是“當……時”，表示主句動作發(fā)生的特定時間，它引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是瞬時性的。如：The days get longer when spring comes.春天到來時，白天變長了。

3. while意思是“當……時”，強調主句動作和從句動作是同時發(fā)生的，它引導的從句的謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。如：While my mother was cooking， I was doing my homework.當我媽媽做飯時，我在做作業(yè)。

4. 在when和while引導的從句中，當主句和從句的主語一致，并且從句中有be動詞時，可以省略主語和be動詞，構成when / while + ing結構。如：When （she is） in trouble， she always asks for my help.她遇到困難時總是向我求助。While （I am） traveling， I like to buy some souvenirs.旅游時我喜歡買紀念品。

5. 當主句和從句所說的情況同時在發(fā)生變化時，通常用as， 譯為“隨著……而”，“一邊……一邊”。如：As I get older， I become wiser.隨著年齡的增長，我變得更聰明。

6. since意思是“自從……以來”。一般情況下，從句謂語動詞用一般過去式，而主句的謂語動詞用現在完成時。當主句主語是it表時間時，常用一般現在時。since引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性動詞，也可以是瞬間動詞。如：They have been friends since they were at primary school.他們從小學起就一直是好朋友。It is 50 years since they got married.他們結婚50年了。

7. till和until意思是“到……為止”，一般情況下兩者可以互換。until可以放在句首或句中，而till不可以放在句首。如果主句中的謂語動詞是瞬間動詞時，必須用否定形式，即“not... until”結構，意思是“直到……才（開始）”。如：Walk till / until you see a red house.一直走到你看到一座紅房子為止。I didnt go to bed until I finished my homework. = Not until I finished my homework did I go to bed. = It wasnt until I finished my homework that I went to bed. 直到做完作業(yè)我才上床睡覺。

8. whenever可以用every time替換。如：He likes listening to music whenever he has time.每當他有時間的時候，他喜歡聽音樂。

【高考鏈接】? 1. If you dont understand something， you may research， study， and talk to other people__________ you figure it out.? ?（2017北京卷28）

A. because? B. though

C. until? D. since

2.__________ the average age of the population increases， there are more and more old people to care for.? ?（2016天津卷7）

A. Unless? B. Until

C. As? D. While

3. There is only one more day to go__________ your favorite music group play live.

A. since? B. until

C. when? D. before

4. We need to get to the root of the problem__________ we can solve it.? ?（2015天津卷12）

A. while? B. after

C. before? D. as

5.__________ the damage is done， it will take many years for the farmland to recover.? ?（2015北京卷32）

A. Until? B. Unless

C. Once? D. Although

6. I believe you will have a wonderful time here__________ you get to know everyone else.? ?（2015陜西卷20）

A. though? B. as if

C. once? D. so that

7.? If you miss this chance， it may be years__________? you get another one.? ?（2015重慶卷4）

A. as? B. before

C. since? D. after

四、 讓步狀語從句表示即使出現從句中的情況，主句動作仍然會發(fā)生，有“退一步說……”的意思。從屬連詞有though， although， even if， even though， as， while， no matter， however， whatever等。

【點撥】? 1. though和although“雖然，盡管，即使”，在一般情況下可以互換使用。在口語中，though較常使用，although比though更正式一些。如：Ill try it， though / although I may fail.即使我可能失敗，我也要試一下。

2. though和although（從屬連詞） 引導的讓步狀語從句不能和but （并列連詞） 連用，但可以和yet （副詞） 連用。如：Though / Although youre younger than me， （yet） youre taller.雖然你比我年輕，但你比我高。

3. no matter who / what / how / when / where= whoever / whatever / however / whenever / wherever。如：No matter how （=However） hard I try， I can never catch up with him. 不管我怎樣努力，我永遠不能趕上他。

4. as引導讓步狀語從句時，從句要倒裝。① 如果從句用主系表結構，要將形容詞提到as前;② 如果表語是可數名詞單數時，把名詞提到as前面的時候要把a（n）去掉;③ 如果從句用主謂 （賓） 狀結構，要把副詞提到as前;④ 如果從句用情態(tài)動詞加不及物動詞，把動詞提到as前。如：Small as it was， the army had great fighting capacity. 這支軍隊雖然很小，戰(zhàn)斗力卻很強。Child as she is， she knows a lot. 雖然她還是個孩子，但她懂得很多。Much as I admire his courage， I dont think he acted wisely. 我雖然佩服他的勇氣，我認為他這樣做是不明智的。Try as I might， I couldnt lift the stone. 我使多大勁這石頭也搬不起來。

5. while （意思上與whereas相同） “雖然，盡管;然而，而”，在形式上引導讓步狀語從句，在概念上卻是并列句。如：She is very diligent， while he is very lazy. 她很勤奮，而他卻很懶。While respected， he is not liked. 他雖受人尊敬，但并不被人喜歡。

【高考鏈接】? 1.__________ some people are motivated by a need for success， others are motivated by a fear of failure.? ?（2016江蘇卷26）

A. Because? B. If

C. Unless? D. While

2. My grandfather still plays tennis now and then，__________ hes in his nineties.? ?（2016北京卷27）

A. as long as? B. as if

C. even though? D. in case

3.__________ online shopping has changed our life， not? all of its effects have been positive.? ?（2016浙江卷5）

A. Since? B. After

C. While? D. Unless

4.__________ scientists have learned a lot about the universe， there is much we still dont know.? ?（2015安徽卷23）

A. Once? B. Since

C. Though? D. Unless

5.__________ the students came from different countries， they got along quite well in the summer camp.? ?（2015福建卷31）

A. While? B. Unless

C. Since? D. Until

五、 引導地點狀語從句的從屬連詞有：where， wherever， everywhere。

【點撥】? 1. wherever是where加強語氣的形式，表示“無論哪里”。如：Stand wherever you like. 你愛站哪里就站哪兒。

2. 地點狀語從句可以放句首，也可放在主句后。如：Where there is a will， there is a way. 有志者事竟成。Everywhere she went， she was warmly welcomed. 她所到之處都受到熱烈歡迎。

【高考鏈接】? 1. Located__________ the Belt meets the Road， Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.? ?（2017江蘇卷23）

A. why? B. when

C. which? D. where

2.__________ he once felt like giving up， he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.? ?（2015安徽卷34）

A. Where? B. As

C. In case? D. Now that

六、 原因狀語從句是指在復合句中表示主句動作發(fā)生原因的句子。從屬連詞有because， since， as， now that， not that...but that等。

【點撥】? 1. because表示動作發(fā)生的直接原因，語氣很強，常用來回答why引導的疑問句（這時不能用since以及as）。漢語里我們習慣說“因為……所以”，但使用英語時不能將because與so 連用。如：—Why didnt he go with us today？他為什么今天沒跟我們一起去？ —Because he was too tired.因為他太累了。Because my bike was broken， I went to school by bus yesterday. 昨天因為自行車壞了，我乘公交上學。

2. 和because相比，since和as的語氣稍弱。since意思是“既然;由于;因為”，表示已知的、顯然的理由，較正式，多位于句首。如：Since it is late， I shall go home right now. （由于） 時間不早了，我得馬上回家。

3. as和since的用法大體相同，表示附帶說明的“雙方已知的原因”。如：As it is raining， youd better take a taxi.既然在下雨，你最好乘出租車。

【高考鏈接】? I really enjoy listening to music__________? it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.? ?（2016北京卷33）

A. because? B. before

C. unless? D. until

七、 表示結果的狀語從句可以由that， so that， so...that， such...that等詞引導。

【點撥】? 1. 用so that引導結果狀語從句時，從句中一般沒有情態(tài)動詞，否則應該是目的狀語從句。如：He didnt plan his time well， so（=so that） he didnt finish the work in time. 他沒有計劃好時間，結果沒按時完成這項工作。

2. “so...that”意思是“如此……以至于”。其中so是副詞，用來修飾形容詞或副詞。如：He studied so hard that he made great progress. 他如此用功，取得了很大的進步。

3. “such...that”的意思與“so...that”相同。但由于such是限定詞，所以只能修飾名詞或名詞詞組。如：Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him. 邁克是個很誠實的人，大家都相信他。

【高考鏈接】? Lets not pick these peaches until this weekend__________ they get sweet enough to be eaten.? ?（2018天津卷4）

A. ever since? B. as if

C. even though? D. so that

八、 as引導行為方式狀語從句時意為“按照”、“如同”。

【點撥】? 1. just as是as加強語氣的形式。如：We must do as the Party tells us.我們必須聽黨的話。Please do it just as I told you.請按照我告訴你的去做。

2. as if和as though意為“如同”、“好像……似的”、“仿佛……似的”。在它們引導的從句中，謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣;有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說的情況是事實或實現的可能性較大。如：He acted as if （=as though） nothing had happened. 他表現得就像沒發(fā)生什么似的。He talks as if he were my boss. （事實上他不是我的老板） 試比較：I feel as if I have a fever. （事實上是發(fā)燒了）

【高考鏈接】__________? a single word can change the meaning of a sentence， a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.? ?（2015浙江卷9）

A. Just as? B. Even though

C. Until? D. Unless

九、 引導比較狀語從句的從屬連詞有as和than。

【點撥】? 1. 原級比較時用as+形容詞或副詞原級+as，用于兩個項目之間的比較，表示“一方與另一方同樣地……”， 否定形式為not as...as或者not so...as，表示“一方不如另一方那樣……”。這兩種結構中的第一個as （或so） 為副詞，修飾它后面的形容詞或副詞;第二個as為從屬連詞，引導比較的另一方。如：German is as difficult （a language） as English.德語和英語一樣難學。It is not so / as easy as you think.這不如你想像的容易。

2. more...than結構 （此處more代表加er或用more的比較級）。形容詞或副詞比較級+than+比較對象，也用于兩者之間的比較，表示一方超過另一方。表示一方不及另一方時，可用less...than。如：He is taller than I am.他比我高。She is more beautiful than her sister.她比姐姐漂亮。The car is running less smoothly than it used to.這輛小汽車開起來沒有以前平穩(wěn)了。

3. 在形容詞或副詞的比較級前可用加much， far， a lot， still， slightly， even， a little， a bit， （three） years， （five） times等副詞或詞組，以表明兩者之間相差的程度。如：Unite to win still greater victories！團結起來，爭取更大的勝利！The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games were far（=much=a lot） better organized than any of the other modern games. 2008北京奧運會的組織工作比以往任何一屆現代奧運會都要好得多。

4. that與those 可用來指代上文提到過的東西，以避免重復這個名詞。該用法在比較結構中尤為常見。如：The air of hills is cooler than that of plains. （that指the air）

The cars made in your company are better than those turned out in theirs. （those指those cars）

小試牛刀

1.? The color varies__________ the temperature increases.

A. before? B. after

C. during? D. as

2.? Today was__________ that I couldnt bring myself to complete my chores.

A. so fine day? B. such fine day

C. such a fine day? D. so a fine day

3.? ?Not until the early years of 19th century__________ what heat is.

A. man knew? B. did man know

C. man had known? D. does man know

4.__________? you object， Ill reconsider the plan.

A. Because? B. For

C. As? D. So

5.? Ill stay here tonight__________ there is a room free.

A. as far as? B. as long as

C. in case? D. for fear that

6.? Jean worked just so much__________.

A. like what she was told to

B. as she was told to

C. as to what she tried to do

D. like she was told to

7.? Although it is raining hard，__________.

A. I am still going out

B. and I am still going out

C. that I am still going out

D. but I am still going out

8.? They criticized him__________ he should make the same mistake again.

A. unless? B. so that

C. lest? D. in case of

9.__________? landing， the aircraft exploded.

A. As? B. When

C. As soon as? D. Just as

10.? Although he was regarded as an important writer，__________ any more.

A. though few people read his works

B. but few people read his works

C. and his works are not widely read

D. his works are not widely read

11.? —Why did you do it？

—__________they asked me to do it.

A. Because? B. Since

C. As? D. For

12.? You really can fly to London tonight__________ you dont mind changing planes in Paris.

A. provided? B. unless

C. except? D. as soon as

13.? Take this baggage and__________ you can find enough space.

A. hang it which? B. hang it in which

C. hang it wherever? D. hang in where

14.__________? air can be compressed， it is clear that between the molecules of air there are free spaces.

A. Since? B. When

C. Due to? D. Unless

15.? We must improve the farming method__________ we may get high yields.

A. therefore? B. as

C. in order that? D. if

16.? The young hikers went__________ they got lost.

A. as far as? B. too far this is why

C. very far therefore? D. so far that

17.__________? the problem is， he faces it with patience.

A. Whatever? B. No matter

C. Despite? D. Although

18.? He had no sooner finished his speech__________ he withdrew.

A. then? B. than

C. and? D. as

19.__________? you are free tonight， why not drop in and play chess with me？

A. For? B. Because

C. Since? D. Even if

20.? You will not be able to succeed__________ than you do now.

A. except you work harder

B. unless you dont work harder

C. unless you work harder

D. provided you work harder

參考答案

一、1—5 CBCBB

二、D

三、1—5 CCDCC 6—7 CB

四、1—5 DCCCA

五、1—2 DA

六、A

七、D

八、A

小試牛刀： 1—5 DCBCB 6—10 BACBD

11—15 AACAC 16—20 DABCC

（作者：吳濤，江蘇省南京市第三高級中學）