王維東

Passage 1

[1] 新中國(guó)成立70年來(lái)，中國(guó)的人權(quán)事業(yè)取得了舉世矚目的成就。

[2] 1949年新中國(guó)成立前，中國(guó)的人均GDP僅達(dá)27美元，人均預(yù)期壽命35歲，人均受教育年限不到一年，約90%的中國(guó)人民是文盲;戰(zhàn)亂仍頻，人民生活在苦難之中。

[3] 現(xiàn)在，中國(guó)已成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，人民安居樂(lè)業(yè)，人均預(yù)期壽命由35歲增長(zhǎng)到77歲。中國(guó)已基本建立起保障公民權(quán)利的法律和政策體系。

[4] 中國(guó)把“尊重和保障人權(quán)”寫進(jìn)了憲法，社會(huì)和諧發(fā)展的水平得到了顯著提升。中國(guó)支持保障公民生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)，反對(duì)忽視經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利的趨勢(shì)，主張促進(jìn)這兩種權(quán)利的平衡保障，以發(fā)展促人權(quán)、消除貧困，中國(guó)的人權(quán)原則已得到國(guó)際的廣泛支持。

[5] 中國(guó)認(rèn)真履行國(guó)際人權(quán)義務(wù)，加入了包括6項(xiàng)核心人權(quán)公約在內(nèi)的26項(xiàng)國(guó)際人權(quán)公約。中國(guó)廣泛開展國(guó)際人權(quán)交流合作，同20多個(gè)國(guó)家開展人權(quán)對(duì)話和磋商，同聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)機(jī)制保持建設(shè)性交流。

【參考譯文】

[1] Chinas human rights effort has made tremendous progress since the PRCs founding 70 years ago.

[2] Prior to 1949， the average income of Chinese citizenry was only 27 U.S. dollars and the average life expectancy as low as age 35. The duration of formal schooling per capita was less than one year. Approximately 90% of the population was illiterate. Wars were frequent， causing our people to suffer.

[3] Today， China has become the worlds second largest economy. Its citizens enjoy a good and prosperous life. The average expected lifespan has increased from age 35 to 77. The Chinese government has basically set legal frameworks and policies for ensuring citizens rights.

[4] China has enshrined “the respect for and protection of human rights” in its Constitution， thus raising harmonious societal development to a new level. It reinforces and safeguards Chinese peoples rights to subsistence and development while countering the trend whereby citizens social and cultural rights have been ignored. It urges that a balance should be achieved between these two kinds of rights so as to better promote human rights through sustainable social-economic development and the elimination of poverty. The human rights principle upheld by China has won broad international support.

[5] China is earnestly fulfilling its international human rights obligations. So far， it has acceded to 26 international human rights conventions， including six treaties concerning core human rights. It carries out extensive international exchanges and cooperation in the field of human rights， holding dialogue and consultation with more than 20 countries on that issue and maintaining constructive exchanges with United Nations human rights bodies.

【譯評(píng)】

[1] 第一，“新中國(guó)成立”譯成the PRCs founding，較之用the new China或New China翻譯“新中國(guó)”，更為西方讀者群所接受。第二，“事業(yè)”并不總是和cause相對(duì)應(yīng)。例如“人權(quán)事業(yè)”更常見(jiàn)的譯法是the development of human rights或progress in human rights?？蓞⒄罩袊?guó)官方的人權(quán)事業(yè)白皮書英譯版，作為考前準(zhǔn)備時(shí)的平行文本。但參照不等于機(jī)械照搬。例如本段的英譯，有下文has made tremendous progress的制約，不宜譯成“Chinas development of human rights has made… progress”，更不能譯成“Chinas progress in… has made… progress”，因?yàn)橛⑽囊话悴唤邮堋澳嘲l(fā)展（向前）行為導(dǎo)致了進(jìn)步（也是向前）”這類無(wú)謂的語(yǔ)義重復(fù)（或近似）。同理，英文一般也不接受economic development（向前，向好）mounted a new stage（向好）這類表述。有時(shí)“事業(yè)”甚至可以不譯，例如把“現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)事業(yè)”簡(jiǎn)單地譯成modernization。

[2] 第一，“1949年新中國(guó)成立前”英譯時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)化成prior to 1949，因?yàn)樯衔膭倓偺岬健俺闪⒑笕〉昧恕删汀?，而下文則歷數(shù)了成立前的種種不堪。譯文讀者應(yīng)能據(jù)此推斷，1949年是成立前后的分界點(diǎn)。第二，“人均”被分別變通地譯成“average… of… citizenry”、average和per capita。同樣，“中國(guó)人民”和“人民”變通為the Chinese population和our people（后面第三段里的“人民”也因地制宜地譯成its citizens）。這類變通手段在英文寫作中比比皆是。該怎樣寫英文，就該怎樣做漢譯英。

[3] “經(jīng)濟(jì)體”譯成economy足矣，不需要增詞。同理，“首任行政長(zhǎng)官”譯成the first chief executive即可;若譯為the first term of chief executive，則成了中式英文。

[4] 第一，“支持保障……生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)”或有歧義，既可表示“支持對(duì)……的保障”，也可表示“支持并保障”。reinforces and safeguards偏向第二種意思。第二，英譯未用既可表行為、亦可表態(tài)度的support來(lái)譯“支持”，而是用了只表行為的reinforce。與此對(duì)應(yīng)，英譯也用表行為的counter，而非表態(tài)度的oppose，來(lái)譯“反對(duì)”。

[5] 首先，“公約”分別變通地譯為conventions和treaties。詞典上所作的詞義區(qū)分只適用于極端或典型的情形，實(shí)際使用時(shí)未必總是謹(jǐn)守。同理，“雇員”未必總是譯成employee，也可以譯成worker;“人員”未必總是personnel，也可以是agent。此外，on that issue這一寫法是為了避免過(guò)多地重復(fù)human rights。

Passage 2

[1] 中國(guó)幅員遼闊，在漫長(zhǎng)的歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)程中，逐步形成了各地豐富多彩、極具特色的傳統(tǒng)民居建筑形式。

[2] 2005年，建筑專業(yè)的毛葛開始進(jìn)行傳統(tǒng)民居的研究工作，在見(jiàn)識(shí)過(guò)各種各樣的傳統(tǒng)民居后，她感受到傳統(tǒng)民居具有鮮明的地域特色，每座都是工匠們忘我勞動(dòng)的結(jié)果。從中，她也看到了中國(guó)人對(duì)自己生活的深深熱愛(ài)。

[3] 80年代城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程加快以來(lái)，中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)民居建筑正在大量消失，伴隨而來(lái)的還有對(duì)傳統(tǒng)建筑技藝、傳統(tǒng)建筑工具以及相關(guān)建筑知識(shí)的冷落。

[4] 作為看漫畫長(zhǎng)大的80后一代，熱愛(ài)傳統(tǒng)民居建筑的毛葛想到了通過(guò)漫畫形式向人們介紹傳統(tǒng)民居，希望讓更多人看到傳統(tǒng)民居建筑的美并加入到保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)民居的行列，引起更多人尤其是年輕人對(duì)這一學(xué)科的興趣。

[5] 她以簡(jiǎn)單有趣的漫畫形式、通俗易懂的文字創(chuàng)作了面向年輕大眾的漫畫。

【參考譯文】

[1] China is a country with a vast territory. In the great historical continuum， it has developed a large variety of traditional vernacular housing with distinctly regional features.

[2] In 2005， Mao Ge， who specialized in architecture， started research into traditional vernacular houses. When admiring many such houses， she was struck with their respective regional features. Each of them is the outcome of builders selfless devotion. Through that experience， she also witnessed Chinese peoples deep attachment to their own way of life.

[3] Since the 1980s， with the quickening of urbanization， many traditional vernacular houses have disappeared. Meanwhile， there is a collective neglect of traditional architectural techniques， instruments and knowledge.

[4] Born in the 1980s and having long been used to reading cartoon books while growing up， Mao Ge， who loves traditional vernacular architecture ever so much， hit upon the idea of introducing it to a wider readership through cartoons. That， she hopes， will encourage people to find beauty in folk housing and to start protecting them， thus arousing attention from still more people， especially the young.

[5] Through simple， interesting cartoons matched by equally intelligible wording， she has created her type of cartoons for the young.

【譯評(píng)】

[1] 第一，in the great historical continuum是地道的英文短語(yǔ)。in the long river of history則有中式英文之嫌。第二，在distinctly regional features這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，distinctly必須帶-ly詞尾。再舉兩例：a distinctly Chinese face和he is typically American。

[2] 第一，“感受到……特色”不宜譯成“felt the… features”那樣的翻譯腔。第二，很難確知“她感受到”是只管到“傳統(tǒng)民居具有鮮明的地域特色”為止，還是把逗號(hào)后的“每座都是工匠們忘我勞動(dòng)的結(jié)果”也管了起來(lái)。這類模糊情形在漢語(yǔ)里很普遍，但英譯時(shí)須作明晰的處理。

[3] 第一，“城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程”中的“進(jìn)程”未必要譯出來(lái)，因?yàn)樽g了會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)of連用的情形：the quickening of the process of urbanization，導(dǎo)致行文的不流暢。第二，英譯“冷落”一詞時(shí)增補(bǔ)了形容詞collective，以示這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)峻程度。用法實(shí)例如下：“集體麻木”可譯成collective paralysis;“集體無(wú)意識(shí)”的英文對(duì)應(yīng)語(yǔ)是the collective unconscious。第三，在“傳統(tǒng)建筑技藝、傳統(tǒng)建筑工具以及相關(guān)建筑知識(shí)”這一表述中，用“相關(guān)”來(lái)指代“傳統(tǒng)建筑”，這固然已是一種簡(jiǎn)化，但英譯仍可進(jìn)一步合并同類項(xiàng)，這好比英譯“智慧沖動(dòng)和心智能力”時(shí)，可讓一個(gè)形容詞共用兩個(gè)名詞：an intellectual impulse or ability。

[4] 第一，“作為看漫畫長(zhǎng)大的80后一代”稍有語(yǔ)病。毛葛只是一代人當(dāng)中的一分子，不能譯成“as a generation of people born during…”。第二，本段中的“人們”和兩次提及的“更多人”分別譯成a wider readership、people和still more people，從而使行文更趨靈活。第三，英譯對(duì)“加入到保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)民居的行列”作了輕處理。第四，“引起……對(duì)這一學(xué)科的興趣”的英譯沒(méi)提“對(duì)這一學(xué)科”，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)意思不言自明。

[5] 請(qǐng)留意本段中matched by、equally和her type of等不動(dòng)聲色的“小過(guò)門兒”（潤(rùn)滑英語(yǔ)行文的詞語(yǔ)）。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?□

新冠病毒疫情防控相關(guān)中英詞匯

社會(huì)生活

生活必需品necessities of life / daily necessities

錯(cuò)峰上下班staggered rush hour plan

居家辦公work from home

在線教育online education

在線直播live streaming

遠(yuǎn)程辦公telecommuting

云辦公軟件cloud-based office tools

網(wǎng)上就業(yè)服務(wù)online recruitment services

開足馬力（滿負(fù)荷生產(chǎn)）go full steam ahead / operate at full capacity

有序復(fù)工resume production in an orderly manner

其他語(yǔ)匯

全球公共衛(wèi)生安全global public health security

山川異域，風(fēng)月同天While mountains and rivers separate us， we enjoy the same moon-light under the same sky. / We are miles apart but close at heart.

豈曰無(wú)衣，與子同裳 Fear not the want of armor， for mine is also yours to wear. / Together we stand， my armors thine.

疫情無(wú)國(guó)界，人間有真情Virus knows no borders， but the worst of times reveals the best in people.

投我以木桃，報(bào)之以瓊瑤 You throw a peach to me， I give you a white jade for friendship. / You toss me a peach， I give you a white jade in return.

旅行限制 travel restriction

貿(mào)易禁令 trade restriction

“鉆石公主”號(hào)郵輪 Diamond Princess cruise ship