魏倩囡 王素娟 劉佳奇
[摘要]目的 探討不同濃度的三溴基丙酮酸(3-BrPA)對(duì)秀麗隱桿線蟲壽命的作用以及相關(guān)衰老指標(biāo)的測(cè)試,系統(tǒng)評(píng)估其對(duì)生命狀態(tài)的影響。方法 選取同期化的秀麗隱桿線蟲作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,選擇3.125、6.250、12.500、25.000 mmol/L的3-BrPA作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,0.000 mmol/L作為對(duì)照組。線蟲壽命實(shí)驗(yàn)中,每個(gè)濃度均選擇135條線蟲,記錄并繪制各個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組的生存曲線;線蟲吞咽能力實(shí)驗(yàn)每組均選擇10條線蟲,記錄并繪制反映線蟲衰老程度的吞咽速率圖。結(jié)果 秀麗隱桿線蟲的壽命實(shí)驗(yàn)和吞咽能力實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果均顯示,3.125、25.000 mmol/L實(shí)驗(yàn)組低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);而6.250、12.500 mmol/L實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 3.125、25.000 mmol/L濃度的3-BrPA對(duì)秀麗隱桿線蟲顯示一定程度的損傷;而6.250、12.500 mmol/L濃度的3-BrPA對(duì)秀麗隱桿線蟲并沒有顯示明顯的毒副作用,且與對(duì)照組線蟲相比,其線蟲壽命并未縮短。產(chǎn)生此特殊現(xiàn)象或許和秀麗隱桿線蟲體內(nèi)丙酮酸濃度及飲食限制(DR)機(jī)制有關(guān),具體原因仍在進(jìn)一步研究。
[關(guān)鍵詞]抗癌烷化劑;三溴基丙酮酸;秀麗隱桿線蟲;抗衰老;毒副作用
[中圖分類號(hào)] R285.5 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)6(b)-0004-04
[Abstract] Objective To explores the influence of different concentrations of 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) on the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans and tests of related aging indicators to systematically assess its impact on life conditions. Methods The same period of Caenorhabditis elegans was selected as the experimental object, 3-BrPA of 3.125, 6.250, 12.500 and 25.000 mmol/L were selected as the experimental group, and 0.000 mmol/L were selected as the control group. A total of 135 cases of Caenorhabditis elegans were selected for each concentration in the nematode life test group, and the survival curves of the each experimental group and the control group were recorded and plotted in the nematode swallowing capacity experiment, 10 cases of Caenorhabditis elegans were selected in the each group, and the swallowing rate graph reflecting the aging degree of the Caenorhabditis elegans was recorded and plotted. Results Both Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan test and pharynx pumping ability test results showed that which in the experimental group of 3-BrPA of 3.125, 25.000 mmol/L were lower than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan test and pharynx pumping ability test results between the the experimental group of 3-BrPA of 6.250, 12.500 mmol/L and the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion 3-BrPA at 3.125 and 25.000 mmol/L showed a certain degree of damage to Caenorhabditis elegans; However, 3-BrPA at the concentrations of 6.250 and 12.500 mmol/L aren′t show significant toxic and side effect on Caenorhabditis elegans, and compared with the control group, the lifespan of the Caenorhabditis elegans is not shortened and prolonged. The occurrence of this special phenomenon may be related to the pyruvate concentration in the body of Caenorhabditis elegans and the mechanism of dietary restriction (DR). The specific reasons are still being further studied.
[Key words] Anticancer alkylating; Agent 3-Bromopyruvate; Caenorhabditis elegans; Anti-aging; Toxic side effect
隨著全球癌癥發(fā)生率和死亡率的逐年提高,癌癥已經(jīng)成為人類死亡的重要原因之一[1]。在眾多抗癌藥物中,烷化劑是最早應(yīng)用于癌癥治療的藥物,也是目前被廣泛應(yīng)用于腫瘤化學(xué)治療的常規(guī)藥物。在長(zhǎng)期臨床實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn),單功能烷化劑普遍存在治療效率較低、毒副作用強(qiáng)等缺陷,很難達(dá)到理想的化療效果[3]。近年來(lái),三溴基丙酮酸(3-BrPA)作為新一代高效低毒烷化劑,通過(guò)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞糖酵解過(guò)程中的己糖激酶Ⅱ(HK2)和甘油醛-3-脫氫酶(GAPDH),協(xié)作誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)ATP耗竭,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[4-5]。同時(shí),其抑制了琥珀酸脫氫酶(SDH)的活性,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化還原狀態(tài)失衡[6]。3-BrPA因其細(xì)胞毒性小,作用范圍廣,對(duì)多種腫瘤細(xì)胞敏感,因而被認(rèn)為是目前臨床上最有前途的抗癌烷化劑[7],而目前關(guān)于3-BrPA對(duì)生命體生存狀態(tài)(壽命)的系統(tǒng)評(píng)估尚未見深入報(bào)道。
秀麗隱桿線蟲是衰老研究的經(jīng)典模式生物,具有相對(duì)短的壽命(在20℃下2~3周)、保守的發(fā)育模式、遺傳操作容易、測(cè)序完全的基因組幾個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn),且其蛋白質(zhì)序列中約有83%與人類同源[8],同時(shí)有著極為豐富的遺傳學(xué)和發(fā)育生物學(xué)研究背景,是研究毒理學(xué)或人類疾病的良好生物模型[9-10]。所以本研究選擇秀麗隱桿線蟲作為模型生物,以評(píng)估不同濃度的3-BrPA對(duì)秀麗隱桿線蟲生存狀態(tài)的影響。
1材料與方法
1.1材料
1.1.1線蟲株和菌株 ?本實(shí)驗(yàn)所選秀麗隱桿線蟲野生型N2和大腸桿菌OP50均由美國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生研究院衰老研究所提供。
1.1.2試劑與儀器 ?3-BrPA、5-氟尿苷(5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine,F(xiàn)UDR)購(gòu)自Sigma Aldrich有限公司,氯化鈉(分析純)、無(wú)水氯化鈣(分析純)、無(wú)水硫酸鎂(分析純)、無(wú)水乙醇(分析純)、磷酸二氫鉀(分析純)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(分析純)、磷酸氫二鉀(分析純)、疊氮鈉、制霉菌素、瓊脂粉、LB營(yíng)養(yǎng)瓊脂購(gòu)自國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司;蛋白胨購(gòu)自BD公司。體視顯微鏡SZ61型購(gòu)自日本奧林巴斯(OLYMPUS)公司;超凈工作臺(tái)為新加坡ESCO實(shí)驗(yàn)室儀器設(shè)備;生化培養(yǎng)箱購(gòu)自上海一恒科學(xué)儀器有限公司。
1.2方法
1.2.1基礎(chǔ)配方 ?①NGM固體培養(yǎng)基:NaCl 3 g、瓊脂粉18 g、胰蛋白胨2.5 g加入975 ml蒸餾水,121℃滅菌20 min,冷卻至60℃左右,無(wú)菌條件下加入1 ml的5 mg/ml膽固醇乙醇溶液、1 ml的1 mol/L CaCl2、1 ml的1 mol/L MgSO4、0.67 ml 200 mg/ml硫酸鏈霉素溶液、0.17 ml的40 mg/ml制霉菌素DMF溶液和25 ml的1 mol/L pH 6.0的磷酸鉀緩沖液?;旌暇鶆蚝箐伵囵B(yǎng)皿,冷卻備用。②S-basal緩沖液:NaCl 5.85 g、K2HPO4 1 g、KH2PO4 6 g加蒸餾水至1 L,高壓滅菌備用。③LB液體培養(yǎng)基:LB肉湯10 g加入蒸餾水至500 ml,121℃高壓滅菌20 min。④LB固體培養(yǎng)基:LB營(yíng)養(yǎng)瓊脂16 g加入蒸餾水至500 ml,121℃高壓滅菌20 min,冷卻至60℃時(shí),加入200 mg/ml硫酸鏈霉素溶液0.33 ml。
1.2.2菌株培養(yǎng) ?從-80℃冰箱中取出大腸桿菌OP50,用滅菌后的牙簽鈍端輕輕蘸取OP50,點(diǎn)在LB固體培養(yǎng)基上,用接種環(huán)在LB固體培養(yǎng)基上涂布OP50,涂布多個(gè)位置,然后將涂布后的LB培養(yǎng)基放置37℃恒溫箱培養(yǎng)15 h。次日用接種環(huán)選取LB培養(yǎng)基上的單個(gè)菌株,涂在LB液體培養(yǎng)基的瓶口處,輕輕搖晃培養(yǎng)瓶,讓菌株均勻,之后置于37℃恒溫箱培養(yǎng)8~10 h。將培養(yǎng)后的OP50菌液滴加在提前制備好的NGM培養(yǎng)基上,置于超凈工作臺(tái)中生長(zhǎng)至實(shí)驗(yàn)所需的厚度。
1.2.3線蟲一般培養(yǎng)及同期化 ?N2:選取性成熟的成蟲15條,挑入至食物充足無(wú)污染的NGM培養(yǎng)基。將培養(yǎng)基放在25℃恒溫箱培養(yǎng)5 h,剔除成蟲后轉(zhuǎn)移到15℃恒溫箱繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),直至卵生長(zhǎng)到L4期;之后將L4期線蟲挑入新的加入FUDR和不同濃度3-BrPA的食物充足的NGM培養(yǎng)基上,此時(shí)線蟲記為Adult 0 d齡,然后將NGM培養(yǎng)基放在25℃恒溫箱96 h,再轉(zhuǎn)移到20℃恒溫箱繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。
1.2.4線蟲壽命實(shí)驗(yàn) ?選取同期化培養(yǎng)的野生型N2線蟲進(jìn)行壽命實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)中梯度給藥,梯度給藥濃度為0.000、3.125、6.250、12.500和25.000 mmol/L,共5個(gè)梯度,0.000 mmol/L為對(duì)照組,其余為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,每組均選取135條線蟲。濃度選擇參照前期預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,從最高濃度100.000 mmol/L以2倍遞減至最小濃度3.125 mmol/L,預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示選擇50.000、100.000 mmol/L時(shí),線蟲會(huì)在12~15 d或更短時(shí)間內(nèi)大批量死亡,不具有實(shí)驗(yàn)入組的價(jià)值。所有實(shí)驗(yàn)均重復(fù)3次,結(jié)果取平均值。
1.2.5線蟲吞咽能力實(shí)驗(yàn) ?選取同期化培養(yǎng)的野生型N2線蟲給藥時(shí)間的第5天和第10天進(jìn)行吞咽能力實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)中梯度給藥,梯度給藥濃度為0.000、3.125、6.250、12.500、25.000 mmol/L,共5個(gè)梯度,0.000 mmol/L為對(duì)照組,其余為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,每組均選取10條線蟲。計(jì)時(shí)1 min,500倍顯微鏡下記錄線蟲咽部的吞咽次數(shù),實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,結(jié)果取平均值。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組樣本均數(shù)的兩兩比較采用ANOVA分析(方差齊時(shí),采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),方差不齊時(shí),采用Games-Howell法),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 lifespan的結(jié)果
3.125、25.000 mmol/L實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組比較,實(shí)驗(yàn)組線蟲壽命縮短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);6.250、12.500 mmol/L實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組比較,實(shí)驗(yàn)組線蟲壽命并無(wú)縮短,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。3-BrPA給藥濃度為0.000、3.125、6.250、12.500、25.000 mmol/L時(shí)秀麗隱桿線蟲壽命曲線見圖1(封三)。
2.2 3-BrPA對(duì)秀麗隱桿線蟲吞咽能力的影響
在給藥的第5天和第10天測(cè)試線蟲的吞咽速率,結(jié)果顯示3.125和25.000 mmol/L的實(shí)驗(yàn)組線蟲低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);6.250、12.500 mmol/L實(shí)驗(yàn)組線蟲與對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖2)。
3討論
Wood等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),在大腸桿菌OP50中加入抗生素會(huì)影響線蟲壽命,為避免3-BrPA藥物自身抗菌性會(huì)影響壽命實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,因此在實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組均加入2 mmol/L的卡那霉素。線蟲壽命實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,3-BrPA的給藥濃度為3.125 mmol/L或25.000 mmol/L時(shí),線蟲壽命縮短,提示藥物自身毒性會(huì)損傷線蟲壽命。3-BrPA的給藥濃度在6.250、12.500 mmol/L時(shí),線蟲壽命并未縮短,提示在特定濃度線蟲壽命并不受藥物損傷。
線蟲吞咽能力實(shí)驗(yàn)是線蟲抗衰老實(shí)驗(yàn)的一種,正常生理狀況下,線蟲的吞咽速率反映線蟲進(jìn)食的能力,進(jìn)而間接反映線蟲的衰老程度。線蟲吞咽能力結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,3-BrPA的給藥濃度為3.125 mmol/L或25.000 mmol/L時(shí),線蟲吞咽速率下降,衰老加速;而當(dāng)3-BrPA的給藥濃度在6.250、12.500 mmol/L時(shí),線蟲的吞咽速率無(wú)明顯變化,衰老無(wú)明顯加速。線蟲吞咽能力實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與壽命實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致。
3-BrPA在3.125 mmol/L或25.000 mmol/L濃度時(shí),線蟲壽命縮短,其加速衰老的機(jī)制可能與抗腫瘤的機(jī)制一致。3-BrPA通過(guò)抑制糖酵解過(guò)程的酵解酶阻止細(xì)胞得到能量,從而誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。3-BrPA的抗腫瘤作用在體內(nèi)外均被證實(shí)[12-14],最新研究顯示,3-BrPA可以抑制多種腫瘤的惡性發(fā)展[15-17]。3-BrPA在6.250、12.5000 mmol/L濃度時(shí),線蟲壽命并不受影響,衰老并未加速,與抗腫瘤機(jī)制及此前的毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果不一致,此特殊現(xiàn)象或許與丙酮酸水平及飲食限制(DR)有關(guān)。
Mouchiroud等[19]的實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,丙酮酸穩(wěn)態(tài)在秀麗隱桿線蟲的壽命控制中起著核心作用,丙酮酸增多可以在一定程度上延長(zhǎng)秀麗隱桿線蟲的壽命。因此,除了高濃度的3-BrPA自身的毒性會(huì)導(dǎo)致秀麗隱桿線蟲壽命縮短外(付喜梅[18]等的研究認(rèn)為,高濃度的3-BrPA對(duì)線蟲具有毒性作用,低濃度的3-BrPA能抑制秀麗隱桿線蟲幼蟲發(fā)育),3-BrPA引起的丙酮酸減少可能是導(dǎo)致秀麗隱桿線蟲壽命縮短的其中一個(gè)原因。DR是延長(zhǎng)壽命的重要干預(yù)措施,即減少熱量攝入而無(wú)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良[20]。Maeda等[21-23]的研究顯示,DR不僅可以延長(zhǎng)壽命,而且可以延緩與年齡有關(guān)的疾病如癌癥的發(fā)生,而3-BrPA引起的細(xì)胞內(nèi)ATP攝入減少,類似于DR的狀態(tài)。在特定的濃度下,3-BrPA可能通過(guò)丙酮酸模擬DR狀態(tài)作用于某個(gè)特定的基因,最終導(dǎo)致在特殊濃度范圍內(nèi)秀麗隱桿線蟲的壽命無(wú)損傷,具體機(jī)制目前尚無(wú)法確定。
對(duì)于此種現(xiàn)象涉及的3-BrPA的具體作用機(jī)制,接下來(lái)將會(huì)進(jìn)一步加大實(shí)驗(yàn)的樣本量,并深入測(cè)試與丙酮酸相關(guān)基因及上下游調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,以期對(duì)糖代謝及衰老與長(zhǎng)壽等研究領(lǐng)域發(fā)現(xiàn)新的機(jī)制,并對(duì)進(jìn)一步開發(fā)新的抗腫瘤藥物提供啟示性線索。
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(收稿日期:2020-01-13 ?本文編輯:祁海文)