鄧婭 張咪 叢子青 張夢瑤 王貞麗 姚如永
[摘要] 目的 探討葛根素對脂多糖(LPS)誘導小鼠急性腎損傷的改善作用及其相關機制。
方法 將24只BALB/C小鼠隨機分為4組,葛根素組以50 mg/kg葛根素灌胃,地塞米松組(陽性對照)腹腔注射5 mg/kg的地塞米松,模型組和對照組灌胃給予同等容量的生理鹽水。葛根素組和地塞米松組小鼠預防性給藥1 h后,腹腔注射10 mg/kg LPS刺激12 h。采用蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色觀察各組小鼠腎組織形態(tài)學改變,同時檢測腎功能指標血尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)水平;采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)法檢測小鼠血清中炎癥因子腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和白細胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量,Western blotting法檢測腎組織中炎癥蛋白誘導型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和環(huán)氧合酶2(COX2)的表達。
結果 與對照組比較,LPS誘導急性腎損傷小鼠腎組織中可見腎小管壞死中心的產(chǎn)生,血清中BUN和Cr的水平顯著升高(F=51.55、102.75,P<0.01),血清中炎癥因子TNF-α和IL-6的含量顯著增加(F=3 338.15、1 226.85,P<0.01),腎組織中炎癥蛋白iNOS和COX2的表達顯著升高(F=21 682.77、4 497.00,P<0.01);葛根素預防給藥1 h能顯著改善LPS引發(fā)的上述變化(P<0.01)。
結論 葛根素對LPS誘導的急性腎損傷具有明顯的改善作用,同時可明顯減少炎癥因子的釋放及降低炎癥蛋白的表達,提示抗炎可能是葛根素治療急性腎損傷的藥理學基礎。
[關鍵詞] 葛根素;脂多糖類;急性腎損傷;炎癥
[中圖分類號] R285;R692.5
[文獻標志碼] A
[文章編號] 2096-5532(2021)06-0870-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2021.57.202
[開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡出版] https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.r.20211230.1017.008.html;2021-12-30 14:59:05
EFFECT OF PUERARIN IN IMPROVING ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AND RELATED MECHANISMS
DENG Ya, ZHANG Mi, CONG Ziqing, ZHANG Mengyao, WANG Zhenli, YAO Ruyong
(Department of Basic Medicine, Dazhou Vocational College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dazhou 635000, China)
[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the effect of puerarin in improving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury and related mechanisms.
Methods A total of 24 BALB/C mice were randomly divided into puerarin group (50 mg/kg puerarin by gavage), dexamethasone (positive control) group (intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg dexamethasone), model group (an equal volume of normal saline by gavage), and control group (an equal volume of normal saline by gavage). At 1 hour after prophylactic administration, the mice in the puerarin group and the dexamethasone group were given intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg) and were stimulated for 12 hours. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphological changes of renal tissue, and the levels of the renal function markers blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were also measured. ELISA was used to measure the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Western blotting was used to measure the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in renal tissue.
Results Compared with the control group, the mice with LPS-induced acute kidney injury showed the formation of renal tubular necrosis in renal tissue and significant increases in the serum levels of BUN and Cr (F=51.55,102.75;P<0.01), the serum levels of the inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 (F=3 338.15,1 226.85;P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of iNOS and COX2 in renal tissue (F=21 682.77,4 497.00;P<0.01). Prophylactic administration of puerarin for 1 hour significantly improved the above changes induced by LPS (P<0.01).
Conclusion Puerarin can significantly improve LPS-induced acute kidney injury and reduce the release of inflammatory factors and the expression of inflammatory proteins, suggesting that anti-inflammation is the pharmacological basis of puerarin in the treatment of acute kidney injury.
[KEY WORDS]puerarin; lipopolysaccharides; acute kidney injury; inflammation
葛根是一種古老的常用傳統(tǒng)中藥,張仲景以葛根湯治“項背強”。葛根素是從豆科植物野葛或甘葛藤干燥根中提取的異黃酮類物質,具有抗炎[1]、調脂[2]、抗氧化[3]等一系列藥理作用,臨床上主要用于輔助治療冠心病、高血壓等心血管疾病[4-5]。急性腎損傷(AKI)是涉及多學科的臨床常見危重病,由多種病因(缺血、炎癥、腎毒性等)導致腎小管上皮損傷,從而引發(fā)腎功能短期急性減退[6-9]。目前關于葛根素對AKI的保護作用及相關機制研究并不深入。故本研究選用炎癥刺激劑脂多糖(LPS)構建小鼠AKI模型[10-11],探討葛根素對AKI的改善作用及相關機制?,F(xiàn)將結果報告如下。
1 材料和方法
1.1 實驗材料
1.1.1 動物 選擇24只雄性健康BALB/C小鼠,體質量為(18±22)g,由中國醫(yī)學科學院實驗動物研究所提供。
1.1.2 試劑 葛根素購自南京澤朗生物科技有限公司,純度≥98.5%(HPLC),分子式C 21H 20O 10,分子量432.38;地塞米松購于天津天藥藥業(yè)股份有限公司;LPS以及抗體誘導型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、環(huán)氧合酶2(COX2)和GAPDH均購于美國Sigma公司;二抗購于美國CST公司;ECL化學發(fā)光試劑盒購于北京中杉金橋生物技術有限公司;腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和白細胞介素-6(IL-6)酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)檢測試劑盒購于武漢華美生物工程有限公司。
1.1.3 儀器 DYCP-31DN電泳儀(北京市六一儀器廠);SynergyMx多功能酶標儀(美國BioTek公司);Biospectrum810凝膠成像系統(tǒng)(美國UVP公司);Mini-PROTEAN轉膜槽(美國BIO-RAD公司);IX73型奧林巴斯熒光顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司產(chǎn)品);羅氏Modular P800生化分析儀(上海羅氏公司)。
1.2 實驗方法
1.2.1 動物分組及處理方法 將BALB/C小鼠隨機分為對照組(A組)、模型組(B組)、葛根素組(C組)和地塞米松組(D組,陽性對照),每組6只。葛根素組小鼠灌胃給予葛根素100 mg/kg,地塞米松組小鼠腹腔注射地塞米松注射液5 mg/kg,對照組和模型組小鼠灌胃給予等容量的生理鹽水。給藥1 h后,除對照組外,其他3組小鼠均腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg)誘導AKI。12 h后處死小鼠,通過眼球取血并采集腎臟組織進行進一步的檢測。
1.2.2 腎組織形態(tài)學觀察及腎功能指標檢測 腎組織用40 g/L多聚甲醛溶液固定72 h后,行乙醇梯度脫水、二甲苯透明、浸蠟、包埋、切片(3 μm厚)、蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色,在400倍光鏡下觀察腎組織形態(tài)學變化。同時檢測血清中腎功能指標血尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)的含量。
1.2.3 血清中TNF-α和IL-6水平的ELISA檢測
按試劑盒說明書檢測血清TNF-α和IL-6水平,每份標本重復檢測3次,取平均值。
1.2.4 腎組織中iNOX和COX2表達的Western blotting檢測 稱取腎組織50 mg,用緩沖液勻漿,4 ℃下以12 000 r/min離心15 min,取上清液置另一EP管中。按照比例加入5×SDS上樣緩沖液(上清液∶5×SDS上樣緩沖液=4∶1),95 ℃變性10 min,分裝至EP管中。采用BCA法測定蛋白濃度。每孔取30 μg蛋白上樣,經(jīng)100 g/L SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)分離后,轉移至硝酸纖維素膜上,浸入封閉液中室溫孵育60 min。加入iNOS、COX2及GAPDH一抗稀釋液(1∶1 000稀釋)4 ℃冰箱過夜,再加入對應的二抗37 ℃孵育1 h,ECL顯影。以GAPDH為內(nèi)參照,用Image J軟件進行吸光度值的定量分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理
應用SPSS 23.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)的錄入和統(tǒng)計學分析。計量數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,多組比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用SNK-q檢驗。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 葛根素對LPS誘導的AKI的影響
HE染色顯示,與對照組相比,模型組小鼠注射 LPS后在腎組織中可觀察到腎小球萎縮,腎小管空泡樣變、結構破壞,部分腎小管上皮細胞凋亡甚至壞死;與模型組相比,葛根素組和地塞米松組小鼠腎組織中上述病變顯著減輕(圖1)。
模型組小鼠血清中BUN和Cr的水平較對照組顯著升高,而葛根素組和地塞米松組兩者水平較模型組明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=51.55、102.75,P<0.01)。見表1。
2.2 葛根素對AKI小鼠腎組織中炎癥因子和炎癥蛋白的影響
模型組小鼠血清中炎癥因子TNF-α和IL-6的含量較對照組顯著增加,葛根素組和地塞米松組小鼠血清中TNF-α和IL-6的含量較模型組顯著降低,差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=3 338.15、1 226.85,P<0.01)。見表2。
同樣,模型組小鼠腎組織中炎癥蛋白iNOS和COX2的表達較對照組顯著升高,葛根素組和地塞米松組小鼠腎組織中iNOS和COX2的表達較模型組顯著降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=21 682.77、4 497.00,P<0.01)。見圖2、表3。
3 討論
腎臟是人體內(nèi)重要的排毒器官。近年來,抗生素、免疫抑制劑等藥物在臨床上的廣泛使用大大增加了腎臟的負擔[12]。此外,膿毒血癥、造影檢查以及介入術應用的普及,也對腎臟造成了不同程度的損傷[13]。相關研究表明,腎臟損傷與全球排名前兩位的致命疾病心血管疾病和腫瘤都在一定程度上有著密切的聯(lián)系,是其常見的并發(fā)癥[14-16]。高糖血癥、高脂血癥及抗腫瘤化療藥物都對腎臟有很大的刺激作用[17]。因此,尋找能夠減輕AKI的藥物具有很重要的意義。
近年來,針對AKI與炎癥反應的關系開展了大量的研究[18-19]??傮w而言,直接或者間接控制炎癥反應強度可以顯著減輕AKI。本實驗選用炎癥刺激劑LPS誘導小鼠建立AKI模型,以尋找有效的抗炎藥物來改善AKI。
葛根素是從傳統(tǒng)中藥葛根中分離的一種異黃酮類活性成分。大量研究表明,葛根素具有抗氧化、舒張平滑肌、改善微循環(huán)等作用[20]。葛根素臨床上用于治療心腦血管疾病特別是心絞痛、心肌梗死有很好的療效[21]。此外葛根素還具有抗腫瘤作用,能夠明顯抑制肺癌、胃癌、結腸癌、肝癌細胞的生長并誘導其凋亡[22-23]?;谛难芗膊∨c腎損傷的密切聯(lián)系,我們猜測葛根素對腎損傷也有很好的改善作用。在本研究中,模型組AKI小鼠的腎臟表現(xiàn)為腎小球萎縮,腎小管結構破壞及局灶性壞死中心的出現(xiàn),葛根素預處理顯著減輕了腎小球和腎小管損傷,這提示葛根素具有改善腎損傷的作用。有研究表明,葛根素有很好的抗炎作用且能夠通過抗炎來改善心血管方面的疾病[5]。本文的研究結果也顯示,葛根素預處理使AKI小鼠血清中炎癥因子TNF-α和IL-6的水平顯著降低,同時使腎組織中炎癥蛋白iNOS和COX2的表達也明顯下降。上述研究提示,葛根素可能通過抗炎癥機制減輕LPS誘導的AKI。
隨著現(xiàn)代藥理學研究的發(fā)展,葛根素的臨床療效已經(jīng)得到越來越多的認可,其藥理作用也受到越來越多研究者的重視,但相對于心血管研究領域,葛根素在腎損傷方面的相關研究不是很多,因此開展葛根素治療腎損傷疾病方面的應用研究具有重要的實用價值。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)