董文南 李克招 柴堯 左麗平 鄭洋濱
【摘要】 生姜一直是被廣泛使用的天然藥物之一,鮮姜中的主要功能成分姜酚,是一系列具有的酚酮官能團(tuán),烷基側(cè)鏈連接不同的碳原子個數(shù)的同系物的統(tǒng)稱。姜酚作為活性多樣的天然藥物,由于其安全、低毒的優(yōu)勢成為近幾年關(guān)注的熱點,尤其是其抗腫瘤活性獲得了越來越多的關(guān)注。隨著對姜酚藥理作用的深入研究,已證實姜酚在抗腫瘤、抗炎、抗病毒、止嘔等方面具有重要的應(yīng)用價值。藥理學(xué)研究表明,姜酚主要通過抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,調(diào)控基因和蛋白表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)信號通路,腫瘤細(xì)胞周期阻滯,受體抑制及其他等方面發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。為加強(qiáng)姜酚的抗腫瘤活性臨床研究,擴(kuò)大其應(yīng)用前景,本文對近年來國內(nèi)外姜酚相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了整理歸納,對其抗腫瘤機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展及其在臨床上的應(yīng)用做一綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 姜酚 抗腫瘤 作用機(jī)制 研究進(jìn)展
Recearch Progress on Anti-tumor Mechanisms of Gingerol/DONG Wennan, LI Kezhao, CHAI Yao, ZUO Liping, ZHENG Yangbin. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(30): -184
[Abstract] Ginger is one of the most widely used natural medicines, gingerols are the main functional component in fresh ginger which have a series of phenol acetone functional groups, and a general term for alkyl side chains connecting different numbers of carbon atoms. As a natural drug with various activities, gingerol has become a hot spot in recent years because of its safety and low toxicity, especially its antitumor activity has attracted more and more attention. With the deepening of research of its pharmacological effect, it has been proved that gingerol has important application value in anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, as well as anti-vomiting. The pharmacology studies showed that gingerol plays an important role on anti-tumor by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, regulate gene and protein expression, dominating signaling pathway, blocking cell growth cycle, receptor inhibition and other aspects. This article summarizes the related literature at home and abroad on gingerol in recent years. In order to strengthen the clinical research on the anti-tumor activity of gingerol, and expand its application prospects, this review focuses on anti-tumor mechanism and clinical application of gingerol.
[Key words] Gingerol Anti-tumor Mechanism of action Research progress
First-author’s address: Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Drug and Medical Device Quality, Nanchang 330029, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.30.043
由于中國人口的老齡化持續(xù)加重,癌癥的發(fā)病數(shù)量和種類也越來越多,成為導(dǎo)致人類死亡的重要原因[1],從天然的植物藥中尋找具有抗腫瘤作用的有效成分,作為化學(xué)藥物抗腫瘤的重要補(bǔ)充手段,一直是中藥研究者關(guān)注的焦點。
姜(Zingiber officinale Rosc.)通稱生姜,為姜科植物姜的鮮嫩莖,為多年生草本宿根植物。有發(fā)表、散寒、止嘔、化痰等功效。因其“可蔬、可和、可果、可藥,其利之博矣”,《神龍本草經(jīng)》將其列為上品?!侗静菥V目》中記載:生姜氣味辛、微溫、無毒,通神明,經(jīng)五臟除風(fēng)邪寒熱,傷寒頭痛鼻塞,去痰下氣[2]??茖W(xué)研究表明生姜發(fā)揮的藥效作用與姜酚的存在有關(guān),臨床前研究表明,這種天然產(chǎn)品可能作為各種形式的癌癥補(bǔ)充治療手段,包括結(jié)腸癌、肺癌、皮膚癌和乳腺癌等,姜酚類化合物可以作為重要的先導(dǎo)分子,用于開發(fā)治療藥物,治療各種危及生命的癌癥[3]。
1 姜酚的理化性質(zhì)
姜酚是一系列具有酚酮官能團(tuán),烷基側(cè)鏈連接不同的碳原子個數(shù)的同系物的統(tǒng)稱。水中溶解度小、化學(xué)性質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定,因此具有很強(qiáng)的生物活性和藥理作用,對多種癌癥具有抗炎、抗腫瘤作用。姜酚包括6-姜酚、8-姜酚、10-姜酚等,其中6-姜酚含量最高[4]。
2 姜酚抗腫瘤機(jī)制
2.1 抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖 腫瘤的形成是機(jī)體細(xì)胞異常增殖的結(jié)果,異常細(xì)胞通過持續(xù)不斷地擴(kuò)增該細(xì)胞群體,破壞相應(yīng)的組織結(jié)構(gòu),最終波及整個機(jī)體[5]。體外研究表明,6-姜酚可將Hela細(xì)胞周期有效阻滯于G0/G1期,且阻滯效果隨使用的6-姜酚濃度的增加和時間的延長而提升,6-姜酚可有效降低Hela細(xì)胞Cyclin A和Cyclin D1基因的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平,表明了6-姜酚主要通過調(diào)控Cyclin D1基因達(dá)到阻滯Hela細(xì)胞周期的結(jié)果[6]。Gan等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)在人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞系HCT116細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn),6-姜酚可以通過下調(diào)周期蛋白CDK1、Cyclin B和Cdc25C以及紡錘體裝配蛋白Mad2、Cdc20和survivin的表達(dá),造成不可逆的G2/M期周期阻滯,從而發(fā)揮促凋亡作用。WENG等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),6-姜酚通過調(diào)控人基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制因子1和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9,激活尿激酶型纖溶酶型原,阻止腫瘤細(xì)胞的肝轉(zhuǎn)移過程,最終調(diào)控腫瘤的生長和凋亡。Radhakrishnan等[9]研究表明6-gingerol通過抑制NF-κB信號通路從而降低細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)的活性,從而抑制PANC-1細(xì)胞的增殖[10],達(dá)到可有效抑制結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的作用。6-gingerol抑制結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞HCT116的增殖,可能是通過抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長及抑制白三烯A4水解酶而發(fā)揮作用[11]。Rasmussen等[12]評估了10-姜酚對卵巢癌細(xì)胞(HEY, OVCAR-3, SKOV-3)生長的影響,結(jié)果表明使用10-姜酚治療的卵巢癌細(xì)胞數(shù)量呈時間和劑量依賴性下降,細(xì)胞增殖減少與細(xì)胞周期的G2期細(xì)胞百分比增加和G1期細(xì)胞百分比減少有關(guān)。同時發(fā)現(xiàn)使用10-姜酚后,卵巢癌細(xì)胞的Cyclin A、B1和D3的表達(dá)也降低。這表明10-姜酚對卵巢癌細(xì)胞生長有明顯的抑制作用,可用于卵巢癌的治療[12]。6-姜酚通過將BxPC-3和HPAC細(xì)胞阻滯在細(xì)胞周期的G1期,同時減少Cyclin A蛋白和CDK蛋白的表達(dá)量,達(dá)到抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的效果[13]。
2.2 誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡 細(xì)胞受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,以致引起細(xì)胞核功能障礙時,細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)的代謝功能停止、結(jié)構(gòu)破壞和基本功能喪失等不可逆的行為學(xué)變化,即細(xì)胞凋亡現(xiàn)象[14]。腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖能力旺盛,且無細(xì)胞凋亡等過程,導(dǎo)致其在體內(nèi)能夠按其特定的基因序列無限分裂,并且具有轉(zhuǎn)移能力,同時能躲過免疫系統(tǒng)的識別,在體內(nèi)生存下來。尋找副作用少的天然產(chǎn)物來開發(fā)輔助治療方案是必要的。體外研究表明,Lee等[15]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),6-姜酚通過PKCε 與GSK3β通路的雙重作用從而誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。10-姜酚對T4-2乳腺癌細(xì)胞系有持久的細(xì)胞毒作用[16]。體外研究表明,10-姜酚能夠誘導(dǎo)小鼠TNBC細(xì)胞凋亡,凋亡作用與劑量呈正比。10-姜酚具有良好生物體內(nèi)耐受性,它通過增加capase-3的活性,抑制自發(fā)乳腺癌代謝的大鼠的原位腫瘤生長[17]。LI等[18]探討了天然活性成分6-姜酚在治療胃癌細(xì)胞中的作用,通過MTT實驗證實6-姜酚能減少胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖作用,且呈現(xiàn)一定的劑量依賴性。采用流式細(xì)胞檢測技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)6-姜酚可誘導(dǎo)胃癌細(xì)胞凋亡,Western blot技術(shù)進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)了6-姜酚抑制STAT3信號通路的激活導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡的機(jī)制。6-gingerol通過阻斷介質(zhì)cIAP1和TRA1L的誘導(dǎo)核因子NF-κB,導(dǎo)致胃癌腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[19]。6-gingerol通過調(diào)節(jié)在凋亡過程中起關(guān)鍵作用的溶酶體-線粒體軸,組織蛋白酶D從而誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞的凋亡[20]。Chakraborty等[21]通過Hela細(xì)胞建立模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)6-姜酚能有效通過介導(dǎo)caspase家族,同時促進(jìn)Hela細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生自噬,最終誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。Lee等[22]同樣利用Hela細(xì)胞模型驗證了6-姜酚通過PI3K/AKT信號通路調(diào)控細(xì)胞線粒體促使細(xì)胞凋亡。
2.3 調(diào)控基因和蛋白表達(dá) 姜的抗癌活性歸因于其能夠調(diào)節(jié)幾個信號分子如NF-κB,STAT3,MAPK,AMPK,PI3K,ERK1/2,Akt,TNF-α,COX-2,細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1,CDK,MMP-9,生存素,cIAP-1,XIAP,bcl-2以及其他細(xì)胞生長調(diào)控蛋白[23]。劉鑫等[24]使用Western blot技術(shù)進(jìn)行檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)8-姜酚和10-姜酚可通過下調(diào)MDA-MB-231和MCF-7細(xì)胞周期中G1期Cyclin D1和CDK4蛋白表達(dá),同時降低MAPK信號通路中ERK的磷酸化水平,增強(qiáng)P38的磷酸化水平,證明生姜中提取出的8-姜酚和10-姜酚具有明顯的抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞活性作用。FAN等[25]研究了6-姜酚對骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的抗癌作用,采用MTT法測定細(xì)胞存活率,免疫印跡法測定磷酸化和蛋白水平,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測定細(xì)胞周期,定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)測定基因mRNA表達(dá)的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)使用6-姜酚治療可顯著降低骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的存活率,且呈劑量依賴性,與此同時,在亞G1期阻滯的細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增加,同時激活caspase cascades,調(diào)節(jié)Bcl-2和Bax。此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)6-姜酚抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的生長,其抗癌活性與6-姜酚誘導(dǎo)的蛋白激酶(AMPK)信號通路的激活有關(guān),從而發(fā)現(xiàn)了AMPK參與6-姜酚抗癌作用的機(jī)制。Pournaderi等[26]使用戊酸雌二醇誘導(dǎo)的PCOS大鼠為模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)6-姜酚對可通過降低COX-2的表達(dá),從而降低大鼠卵巢囊腫的發(fā)生。Kim等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),姜酚可以下調(diào)p38蛋白酶的磷酸化水平,抑制COX-2蛋白的表達(dá),抑制NF-κB蛋白的激活,從而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。同樣,Surh等[28]認(rèn)為姜酚的抗腫瘤作用,是通過調(diào)控COX-2基因,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞有絲分裂。6-姜酚在小鼠上皮細(xì)胞中,通過作用于Activiator protein 1蛋白,進(jìn)而阻止腫瘤擴(kuò)散過程[29]。有研究表明姜酚作用于人結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞(HCT116、SW480和LoVo細(xì)胞)后,細(xì)胞活力降低,且細(xì)胞凋亡呈劑量依賴性,可能是由于激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子3ATF3在蛋白和mRNA水平上的表達(dá)以及增加ERK1/2在人類結(jié)腸直腸癌細(xì)胞中ATF3的表達(dá)[30]。
2.4 調(diào)節(jié)信號通路 6-gingerol可以抑制腎癌細(xì)胞生長周期,通過體內(nèi)和體外的方式抑制AKT-GSK 3β-cyclin D1信號通路,表明6-gingerol對腎細(xì)胞癌的治療發(fā)揮作用[31]。6-姜酚通過調(diào)節(jié)PI3K-Akt、Jak-STAT通路,使巨噬細(xì)胞向M1極化,同時通過Toll樣受體通路促進(jìn)M2巨噬細(xì)胞自噬[32]。生姜作為藥食兩用安全性高,在促進(jìn)公眾健康方面扮演著越來越重要得角色,6-姜酚潛在參與了多種信號通路,體內(nèi)外研究表明,生姜提取物6-姜酚發(fā)揮重要的作用[33]。張芳[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),6-姜酚通過調(diào)控Death Receptor信號通路、線粒體信號通路、PI3K/AKT/AMPK/m TOR信號通路中相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)Hela細(xì)胞的凋亡。研究結(jié)果表明,姜酚能夠?qū)B355視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞的生長抑制作用且呈依賴性。能夠激活PI3K/Akt信號通路,影響其蛋白表達(dá)水平[34]。WENG等[8]通過體外研究證明,6-gingerol是通過抑制MAPK和PI3k/Akt途徑,進(jìn)而下調(diào)NF-κB和STAT3活性,最終導(dǎo)致肝癌細(xì)胞無法生長。Habib等[35]通過Wistar小鼠肝癌模型試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),姜提取物能夠下調(diào)NF-κB和TNF-α信號通路,證明了姜治療肝癌和抗炎的作用。
2.5 腫瘤細(xì)胞周期阻滯 Kim等[36]運用流式細(xì)胞檢測技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)8-姜酚和10-姜酚可阻滯MDA-MB-231、MCF-7細(xì)胞G1周期,給予一定量的8-姜酚和10-姜酚發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞MAPK通路的ERK蛋白磷酸化水平降低、P38蛋白磷酸化水平升高,進(jìn)而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增長。楊崇等[37]以乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞為模型,用MTT法測定活性,發(fā)現(xiàn)8-姜酚具有明顯的抑制腫瘤增殖活性作用。其作用機(jī)制可能為8-姜酚通過誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生ROS,導(dǎo)致MAPK信號通路中P38的磷酸化激活,引起乳腺癌細(xì)胞周期阻滯。李丹[38]在研究姜提取物的實驗中,用40 μg/mL的姜酚提取物處理結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞DLD1和HCT15后,用流式細(xì)胞檢測技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)83.68%的細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡,且姜酚能將細(xì)胞阻滯在G1期。Bo等[39]在研究姜酚在RB355人視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤癌細(xì)胞中的抗增殖活性時,對姜酚對細(xì)胞凋亡誘導(dǎo)、細(xì)胞周期阻滯和PI3K/Akt信號通路的影響進(jìn)行了評估,結(jié)果表明姜酚對RB355人視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤癌細(xì)胞具有明顯的抑制作用,且呈劑量依賴性和時間依賴性并且將細(xì)胞阻滯在G2/M期,這些作用是通過調(diào)控PI3K/Akt信號通路來實現(xiàn)的。LIN等[40]在研究6-姜酚對結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤作用時發(fā)現(xiàn),6-姜酚能夠顯著降低人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞LoVo的細(xì)胞活力,且呈劑量依賴性。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析顯示,6-姜酚對LoVo細(xì)胞的G2/M期阻滯明顯,對亞G1期影響不大。此外還發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)6-姜酚處理后,負(fù)細(xì)胞周期調(diào)節(jié)因子p27(Kip1)和p21(Cip1)水平、細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧(ROS)和p53的磷酸化水平均升高,表明6-姜酚可引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平增加,同時上調(diào)p53、p27(Kip1)和p21(Cip1)水平,從而導(dǎo)致LoVo細(xì)胞周期阻滯,導(dǎo)致CDK1、cyclin A和cyclin B1水平下降,提示6-姜酚對結(jié)腸癌的治療有一定的益處。
2.6 受體抑制及其他 體外實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)6-gingerol有效抑制裸鼠的腫瘤生長,其作用機(jī)制是通過抑制白三烯受體LTA(4)H活性來實現(xiàn)的[41]。Bernard等[42]比較了[10]-姜酚與[8]-姜酚、[6]-姜酚對人、小鼠乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長的抑制作用,酶比色法測定發(fā)現(xiàn)[10]-姜酚具有比[6]-姜酚更強(qiáng)的抑制作用,對[10]-姜酚的進(jìn)一步研究表明,它能抑制雌激素受體(MCF-7,T47D)和HER2過表達(dá)從而抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長。姜酚通過調(diào)節(jié)Toll樣受體通路降低M2巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬能力,促進(jìn)其自噬[43-44]。6-姜酚通過調(diào)節(jié)微管結(jié)構(gòu)中的p-VEGFR2/VE-cadherin/β-catenin/肌動蛋白從而抑制腫瘤惡化。6-姜酚促進(jìn)腫瘤血管正?;?,改善腫瘤微環(huán)境,降低微血管結(jié)構(gòu)熵(MSE),促進(jìn)化療藥物進(jìn)入腫瘤核心,從而減少腫瘤生長和轉(zhuǎn)移[45]。
3 展望
世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)預(yù)測到2030年,全球每年將有2160萬新發(fā)癌癥病例,同時有1030萬患者死于癌癥[46]。而天然化合物,在提高生活質(zhì)量,延長生存時間,減少副作用方面逐漸發(fā)揮出了明顯的優(yōu)勢。大量研究證實生姜中的化合物具有抗腫瘤作用,且姜酚抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制多種多樣,能夠為不同類型的癌癥提供更廣泛的預(yù)防和治療選擇[47]。但對姜酚的抗腫瘤研究主要局限于體外研究,姜酚抗腫瘤作用的機(jī)制還處于初步研究階段,同時將實驗藥物轉(zhuǎn)換成臨床藥物也是一個難題。應(yīng)該繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)姜酚的體內(nèi)研究,加強(qiáng)相關(guān)信號通路、調(diào)控的靶點、深入臨床方面的研究,為多靶點的腫瘤治療指示一個新方向。
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(收稿日期:2021-01-11) (本文編輯:姬思雨)