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      不同干預(yù)措施對(duì)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥干預(yù)效果的網(wǎng)狀Meta分析

      2023-06-25 01:48:46鞏應(yīng)霞吳慧娟許瑞賈鴻安王渭昭王慧娟苗俊芳
      關(guān)鍵詞:恐動(dòng)癥腰痛

      鞏應(yīng)霞 吳慧娟 許瑞 賈鴻安 王渭昭 王慧娟 苗俊芳

      【摘要】 目的:采用網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的方法評(píng)價(jià)不同干預(yù)措施對(duì)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥干預(yù)效果。方法:計(jì)算機(jī)檢索The Cochrane Library、PubMed、WOS、Embase、CNKI、CBM、VIP、WanFang Data數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中與腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥干預(yù)措施相關(guān)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),檢索時(shí)限從建庫(kù)至2022年1月。由2名研究者獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn)、提取資料并評(píng)價(jià)納入研究的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后,采用Stata 16.0軟件進(jìn)行網(wǎng)狀Meta分析。結(jié)果:納入16項(xiàng)研究,1 137例患者。網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,認(rèn)知行為療法、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練與常規(guī)治療相比,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。SUCRA概率排序結(jié)果顯示,由高到低依次為虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練>認(rèn)知行為療法>疼痛神經(jīng)科學(xué)教育>多學(xué)科協(xié)作療法>手法治療>物理治療>普拉提>分級(jí)活動(dòng)>常規(guī)治療>視頻鍛煉。結(jié)論:本研究證據(jù)表明,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練干預(yù)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥效果最優(yōu),其次是認(rèn)知行為療法。受納入研究數(shù)量和質(zhì)量限制,上述結(jié)論還需開(kāi)展更多高質(zhì)量的RCT來(lái)對(duì)本研究結(jié)果進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】 腰痛 恐動(dòng)癥 網(wǎng)狀Meta分析

      A Network Meta-analysis of the Effect of Different Interventions in Kinesiophobia Patients with Low Back Pain/GONG Yingxia, WU Huijuan, XU Rui, JIA Hong'an, WANG Weizhao, WANG Huijuan, MIAO Junfang. //Medical Innovation of China, 2023, 20(09): -157

      [Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the effect of different interventions in kinesiophobia patients with low back pain by using network meta-analysis. Method: Randomized controlled trials related to kinesiophobia intervention in patients with low back pain were searched in The Cochrane Library, PubMed, WOS, Embase, CNKI, CBM, VIP and WanFang Data databases. The retrieval period is from database construction to January 2022. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias in the included studies. Stata 16.0 software was used for mesh Meta-analysis. Result: A total of 16 studies involving 1 137 patients were included. Results of network Meta-analysis showed that cognitive behavioral therapy, virtual reality training, and multidisciplinary collaborative therapy were statistically significant compared with conventional treatment. The ranking results of SUCRA probability showed that the order from high to low was virtual reality training >cognitive behavioral therapy >pain neuroscience education >multidisciplinary collaborative therapy >manual therapy >physical therapy >Pilates >graded activity >routine therapy >video exercise. Conclusion: The evidence of this study indicates that virtual reality training has the best effect on motility in patients with low back pain, followed by cognitive behavioral therapy. Due to the limitations of the number and quality of the included studies, the above conclusions need to be further verified by more high-quality RCTS.

      [Key words] Low back pain Kinesiophobia Network Meta-analysis

      First-author's address: School of Nursing, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China

      doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2023.09.036

      腰痛是最常見(jiàn)的肌肉骨骼疾病之一,也是世界范圍內(nèi)導(dǎo)致疼痛、功能障礙、殘疾的主要因素之一[1-2]??謩?dòng)癥(kinesiophobia)也被稱(chēng)為運(yùn)動(dòng)恐懼癥,即對(duì)身體運(yùn)動(dòng)和活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生過(guò)度的、非理性的、使人衰弱的恐懼,這種恐懼是由于對(duì)疼痛刺激或害怕再次受傷的脆弱感造成的[3]??謩?dòng)癥在腰痛人群中的發(fā)生率較高,對(duì)腰痛患者日常活動(dòng)、情緒、生活質(zhì)量都有著不良影響[4]。有研究表明,患有腰痛且運(yùn)動(dòng)恐懼程度較高的患者發(fā)生身體殘疾的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比無(wú)運(yùn)動(dòng)恐懼癥腰痛患者高出41%[5]。腰痛患者因疼痛對(duì)功能鍛煉產(chǎn)生逃避心理,而功能鍛煉等措施在腰痛患者康復(fù)中占有重要地位[6]。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥的干預(yù)措施多樣,不同措施干預(yù)效果不一。因此,本文采取網(wǎng)狀Meta分析[7]的方法評(píng)價(jià)不同干預(yù)措施對(duì)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥的干預(yù)效果,以期為腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥的干預(yù)方法選擇提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      1.1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)納入類(lèi)型,國(guó)內(nèi)外公開(kāi)發(fā)表的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trail,RCT);(2)研究對(duì)象,臨床正式診斷為腰痛的患者;(3)干預(yù)措施,試驗(yàn)組采用虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練(虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練[8]、虛擬行走[9])、認(rèn)知行為療法(認(rèn)知功能治療[10]、認(rèn)知行為治療[11]、認(rèn)知行為團(tuán)體干預(yù)[12])、多學(xué)科協(xié)作療法(多學(xué)科項(xiàng)目干預(yù)[13]、多學(xué)科管理[14]、多學(xué)科康復(fù)計(jì)劃[15])、普拉提[16-17]、分級(jí)活動(dòng)[18-19]、視頻鍛煉(基于視頻鍛煉的遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)軟件家庭鍛煉[20]、基于視頻游戲的練習(xí)[21])、手法治療[22]、疼痛神經(jīng)科學(xué)教育[23]等干預(yù)措施;對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)治療或物理治療;(4)結(jié)局指標(biāo),主要結(jié)局指標(biāo)為恐動(dòng)癥評(píng)分表(Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia,TSK)。

      1.1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)研究對(duì)象合并下肢深靜脈曲張、危重癥、急性期和手術(shù)患者;(2)非中英文文獻(xiàn)、重復(fù)發(fā)表、TSK量表數(shù)據(jù)缺乏或不能獲取全文的研究;(3)綜述、個(gè)案報(bào)道、系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)/Meta分析、回顧總結(jié)、會(huì)議論文或?qū)W位論文等。

      1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索The Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、CNKI、VIP、WanFang Data、CBM數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中與腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥干預(yù)措施相關(guān)的RCT,檢索時(shí)限從建庫(kù)至2022年1月。中文檢索詞包括:腰痛、慢性腰痛、慢性下背痛、慢性腰背痛、慢性腰痛、恐動(dòng)癥、運(yùn)動(dòng)恐懼癥、恐懼回避信念、疼痛災(zāi)難化、干預(yù)措施、干預(yù)治療、隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)等;英文檢索詞包括:back pain,lumbago,lumbar pain,Kinesiophobia,fear of movement,fear of reinjur,panic disorder,pain catastrophizing,fear avoidance,intervention,intervening measure,randomized controlled trial。檢索

      采用主題詞與自由詞相結(jié)合的方式,同時(shí)所有檢索策略均通過(guò)多次檢索后確定,最后的檢索策略必須經(jīng)過(guò)所有作者一致同意。

      1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選及資料提取 由2名研究者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)檢索與篩選、提取資料并交叉核對(duì),出現(xiàn)分歧時(shí),邀請(qǐng)第三方協(xié)助判斷。將檢索文獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)入Endnote X9軟件去除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn),閱讀題目、摘要進(jìn)行初篩,刪除不相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn),進(jìn)一步閱讀全文,以確定是否納入。提取信息包括:研究特征(例如第一作者姓名、發(fā)表時(shí)間、國(guó)家等),患者特點(diǎn)(例如患者例數(shù)、平均年齡、性別比例等),干預(yù)措施(例如干預(yù)的形式、持續(xù)時(shí)間等),測(cè)量指標(biāo)(TSK評(píng)分)。

      1.4 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 由2名研究者按照Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0版本中推薦的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),主要評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容包括:(1)隨機(jī)序列的產(chǎn)生;(2)分配隱藏;(3)實(shí)施偏倚(研究和受試者實(shí)施盲法);(4)測(cè)量偏倚(研究結(jié)局盲法評(píng)價(jià));(5)隨訪偏倚(結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)的完整性);(6)報(bào)告偏倚;(7)其他。

      1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 運(yùn)用Stata 16.0軟件進(jìn)行網(wǎng)狀Meta分析,對(duì)連續(xù)性變量采用均數(shù)差(MD)及95%置信區(qū)間(CI)為效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行分析。采用SUCRA(surface under the cumulative ranking)進(jìn)行概率排序,根據(jù)SUCRA值呈現(xiàn)干預(yù)措施。SUCRA的累積排序概率越大,其治療效果就越佳[24]。當(dāng)存在閉合環(huán)時(shí),進(jìn)行不一致性檢驗(yàn),若P>0.05,則無(wú)顯著性差異;同時(shí)采用節(jié)點(diǎn)劈裂法進(jìn)行局部不一致性檢驗(yàn),P>0.05時(shí)說(shuō)明局部不一致性,無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果 根據(jù)檢索策略,初步檢索出相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)5 258篇,用Endnote X9軟件去除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)1 559篇,根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),閱讀相關(guān)題目及摘要,排除不相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),最后納入16篇文獻(xiàn),文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖1。

      2.2 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征 本研究共納入16篇文獻(xiàn),其中英文文獻(xiàn)15篇,中文文獻(xiàn)1篇,共1 137例慢性腰痛患者,納入文獻(xiàn)基本特征見(jiàn)表1。

      2.3 納入文獻(xiàn)的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 納入分析的16項(xiàng)研究中2項(xiàng)研究未提及明確的隨機(jī)方法,10研究提及分配隱藏,10項(xiàng)研究提及盲法。納入16篇文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)完整性較好,納入文獻(xiàn)的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)見(jiàn)表2。

      2.4 網(wǎng)狀Meta的分析結(jié)果

      2.4.1 網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系圖 圖中的每個(gè)圓點(diǎn)代表一種干預(yù)措施,圓點(diǎn)越大表明此干預(yù)措施包含樣本量越大。由圖可見(jiàn)圓點(diǎn)1面積最大,1-3、1-5、1-7、1-8之間的連線較粗,表明納入研究中干預(yù)措施1-3、1-5、1-7、1-8之間比較的研究出現(xiàn)頻率較多,各干預(yù)措施之間的網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系見(jiàn)圖2。

      2.4.2 一致性檢驗(yàn) 16項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果報(bào)道了10種不同干預(yù)措施之間TSK評(píng)分比較,檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示P=0.342 4,P>0.05,不一致性檢驗(yàn)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,即本研究結(jié)果一致性較好。

      2.4.3 網(wǎng)狀Meta分析森林圖 當(dāng)MD的95%CI包含0時(shí),說(shuō)明兩種干預(yù)措施比較無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,反之,則有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,認(rèn)知行為療法與常規(guī)治療相比、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練與常規(guī)治療相比,兩種干預(yù)措施應(yīng)用效果差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,分級(jí)活動(dòng)與虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練相比、視頻鍛煉與虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練相比應(yīng)用效果差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其余干預(yù)措施兩兩比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)圖3。

      2.4.4 結(jié)果排序 不同干預(yù)措施的SUCRA由高到低依次為虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練(SUCRA=86.7)、認(rèn)知行為療法(SUCRA=77.9)、疼痛神經(jīng)科學(xué)教育(SUCRA=71.5)、多學(xué)科協(xié)作療法(SUCRA=61.5)、手法治療(SUCRA=54.8)、物理治療(SUCRA=42.9)、普拉提(SUCRA=40.2)、分級(jí)活動(dòng)(SUCRA=30.3)、常規(guī)治療(SUCRA=22.5)、視頻鍛煉(SUCRA=16.4)。不同干預(yù)措施對(duì)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥影響效果SUCRA累積概率排序圖見(jiàn)圖4。

      2.4.5 發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)價(jià) 漏斗圖可見(jiàn)兩側(cè)基本對(duì)稱(chēng)分布,說(shuō)明本研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較小,見(jiàn)圖5。

      3 討論

      3.1 納入研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 本文納入的16篇文獻(xiàn)均為RCT,其中14篇研究均報(bào)告了產(chǎn)生隨機(jī)序列的具體方法,16項(xiàng)研究數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果完整,方法質(zhì)量學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)為B級(jí)文獻(xiàn)。納入研究中的試驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組的基線資料差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

      3.2 虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練對(duì)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥效果最佳,可作為優(yōu)先選擇 網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果和SUCRA結(jié)果表明,相比其他干預(yù)措施,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練對(duì)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥的效果最優(yōu)。有研究表明,恐動(dòng)癥是加重腰痛患者繼續(xù)發(fā)展的最強(qiáng)預(yù)測(cè)因子之一[25-28]。短期內(nèi)避免運(yùn)動(dòng)可降低疼痛焦慮而有益于腰痛患者,但長(zhǎng)期而言,有限的活動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致脊柱關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)Y(jié)締組織縮短、周?chē)∪獾奈s[29-31]。腰痛患者負(fù)面想法和信念會(huì)使患者出現(xiàn)恐懼回避行為,阻礙康復(fù)進(jìn)程[32]。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)治療是一種有效的疼痛分散治療,它專(zhuān)注于外部刺激而不是身體運(yùn)動(dòng),主要任務(wù)是通過(guò)分散注意力來(lái)減少對(duì)疼痛的注意力[33-34]。有研究表明,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練是有效的干擾因素,可以顯著降低干預(yù)過(guò)程中的疼痛等不舒適感[35-38]。Bordeleau等[39]最近發(fā)表的一篇Meta分析表明虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練不僅可以有效地改善腰痛的疼痛強(qiáng)度,還對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)活動(dòng)有積極影響,以一種有趣且有吸引力的方式參與康復(fù)鍛煉,虛擬環(huán)境提供的互動(dòng)元素和反饋可以增加患者對(duì)練習(xí)的堅(jiān)持[33,40]。此外,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)被認(rèn)為對(duì)腰痛患者是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)高效的工具[41]。因此,與常規(guī)治療方法相比,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練具有一定優(yōu)勢(shì),可以分散疼痛的注意力,激發(fā)患者參與度,并鼓勵(lì)繼續(xù)積極參與治療。

      3.3 認(rèn)知行為療法對(duì)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥效果顯著 認(rèn)知行為療法干預(yù)效果顯著。認(rèn)知行為療法由4部分組成:患者對(duì)疼痛及其疼痛感的認(rèn)知和理解、學(xué)習(xí)積極的應(yīng)對(duì)策略、維持應(yīng)對(duì)策略、處理疼痛和挑戰(zhàn)性情境的問(wèn)題的解決方法。Wenzel等[42]認(rèn)為,認(rèn)知行為療法可以改變不適應(yīng)行為,克服回避行為,從而改善自我護(hù)理。在Yang等[43]的Meta分析中指出認(rèn)知行為療法能夠有效改善慢性腰背痛(CLBP)患者的疼痛、殘疾、恐懼回避和自我效能。認(rèn)知行為療法通過(guò)人與人之間的交流互動(dòng),改變不良認(rèn)知和行為,建立正確的康復(fù)觀念,促進(jìn)早日康復(fù)。

      3.4 其他干預(yù)措施對(duì)慢性腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥干預(yù)效果尚不確定 本研究結(jié)果表明,視頻訓(xùn)練、手法治療、普拉提、疼痛神經(jīng)科學(xué)教育、分級(jí)活動(dòng)與常規(guī)治療相比,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;視頻訓(xùn)練、手法治療、普拉提、疼痛神經(jīng)科學(xué)教育、分級(jí)活動(dòng)與物理治療相比,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。目前,暫無(wú)足夠證據(jù)證明除虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練、認(rèn)知行為療法以外的干預(yù)措施對(duì)腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥改善有顯著效果。本Meta分析中納入視頻鍛煉2篇、手法治療1篇、普拉提3篇、疼痛神經(jīng)科學(xué)教育1篇、分級(jí)活動(dòng)2篇,排除了低質(zhì)量的原始文獻(xiàn)后,納入研究少,尚不能證實(shí)其對(duì)慢性腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥干預(yù)有效性,需未來(lái)進(jìn)行高質(zhì)量原始研究證明其顯著性。

      3.5 本研究的局限性 (1)納入的部分文獻(xiàn)未進(jìn)行分配隱藏,可能存在實(shí)施、測(cè)量偏倚。(2)納入的不同干預(yù)措施文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量較少,網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系圖形成的閉合環(huán)偏少。(3)同一種干預(yù)措施因研究人員理解不同,故研究人員具體實(shí)施方案稍微有所差別。

      4 結(jié)論

      當(dāng)前研究表明,對(duì)慢性腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥進(jìn)行干預(yù)時(shí),虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)訓(xùn)練是目前最優(yōu)的干預(yù)措施,其次是認(rèn)知行為協(xié)作療法。因此,在對(duì)患者進(jìn)行干預(yù)時(shí),可根據(jù)實(shí)際需求選擇更為適宜的措施來(lái)改善慢性腰痛患者恐動(dòng)癥的影響,以實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的干預(yù)效果。受納入研究數(shù)量和質(zhì)量限制,上述結(jié)論還需開(kāi)展更多高質(zhì)量的RCT來(lái)對(duì)本研究結(jié)果進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。

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      (收稿日期:2022-10-18) (本文編輯:張明瀾)

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