孫蓉蓉
《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》將英語思維品質(zhì)定義為“思維在邏輯性、批判性、創(chuàng)造性等方面所表現(xiàn)的能力和水平”。
批判性思維又稱思辨,是一種高階思維品質(zhì)。英語寫作是一個高強度的思維活動過程,從文章的構(gòu)思到產(chǎn)出都有思辨能力的融入。因此,英語教學(xué)活動的設(shè)計既要包含語言輸入活動又要包含語言輸出活動,先輸入再輸出。教師在制定教學(xué)目標(biāo)時要設(shè)計循序漸進的教學(xué)活動,由低階思維的訓(xùn)練逐漸過渡到高階思維的培養(yǎng)。
本節(jié)課選用2019版人教版高中英語必修三Unit 4 “Space Exploration”中Reading for Writing的語篇。寫作教學(xué)應(yīng)該挖掘語篇材料,把讀寫訓(xùn)練有機結(jié)合起來。通過閱讀啟發(fā)思辨,通過思辨促進寫作,形成“先讀后思再寫”的教學(xué)模式。
該閱讀文本是一篇典型的議論文,采用了“總—分—總”的論述結(jié)構(gòu)。學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)后,能夠:1.理解太空探索的意義和價值,分清作者的論點和論據(jù);2.掌握議論文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和語言特點;3.運用所學(xué)知識,針對是否支持太空探索這一話題寫一篇格式規(guī)范的議論文;4.分析和評判太空探索的不同立場和態(tài)度,以全面發(fā)展的觀點來評判科技發(fā)展所帶來的利與弊,培養(yǎng)思辨能力。
Step 1: Warm up & Pre-reading
教師以問題 “Why do humans explore the space?”導(dǎo)入。學(xué)生回答后,教師播放介紹中國航天發(fā)展的視頻,并提問:
1.What are the astronauts doing in this video?
2. How many years did it take China to launch the first manned spacecraft after the launch of Dong Fang Hong-1?
3. How much money did China invest in Space exploration in 2020?
最后,借助贊比亞修女Mary Jucunda寫給時任美國宇航局(NASA)馬歇爾航天飛行中心科學(xué)副主任Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger中的一句話啟發(fā)學(xué)生的討論與思考:“Is it wise to spend billions of dollars on a voyage to Mars when so many children on Earth were starving?”激活學(xué)生的與話題相關(guān)的背景知識,激活批判性思維,為后續(xù)的思維訓(xùn)練做鋪墊。
Step 2: Reading
活動1:瀏覽全文,宏觀分析文本結(jié)構(gòu)
Find out the writer’s answer to the question “Is space exploration a waste of time and money?”
Figure out the structure and underline the topic sentence in each paragraph, and summarize its main idea.
活動2:分段閱讀,理解作者的論證方法
How does the writer persuade readers to support space exploration?
活動3:How to persuade readers logically?
Writing Techniques:Show a cause-and-effect relationship
Language Features:because (of) ...; lead to ...; result from/ in ...; as a result, therefore ...
Writing Techniques:Give examples
Language Features:for example; for instance; such as ...
Writing Techniques:Make a comparison or contrast
Language Features:compared with...;
in comparison/ contrast to ...; by comparison/ contrast
活動 4:Read for logic and language
Para. 2: Firstly, ... made a difference in the fight against world hunger.(Show a cause-and-effect relationship in time order)
Para. 3: Secondly, ... promoted technological improvements that benefit us all. ?(Show a cause-and-effect relationship and give examples)
Para. 4:Finally, ... helped people to think about the world’s problems and even to find ways to solve them.(Give examples)
Step 3: Summary
How to write an argumentative essay?
① Organization:
Introduction: phenomenon + (different views) + thesis statement
Body (3 paragraphs): arguments + supporting details
Conclusion: restate the thesis statement
② Logic:
cause-and-effect
examples
comparison or contrast
③ Language:
Introduction: Some people argue that ... However, ...; Although/ While some ..., the benefits of ... still outweigh its cost.
Body:
because (of) ...; lead to ...; result in ...; as a result, ...
For example/ instance, ...
In contrast/ comparison to ... ; compared with ...; by contrast, ...
Conclusion: In closing, .../ To sum up, ... / In conclusion, .../ Therefore/ Thus ...
引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從結(jié)構(gòu)、論證的邏輯和語言特點三個方面對議論文的文體特點進行總結(jié),加深認(rèn)知,為后續(xù)寫作提供素材。
Step 4: Critiquing
活動1:Brainstorming
教師要求學(xué)生4人一組選定自己的立場和觀點,進行頭腦風(fēng)暴:
Is space exploration a waste of time and money?
For space exploration (why? ) or Against space exploration (why?)
小組討論讓組員之間的思維火花碰撞,開始進入高階思維的訓(xùn)練。
活動2:Debating
Space exploration is /is not a waste of time and money. (學(xué)會有邏輯地說服他人)
教師讓學(xué)生進行小型辯論,在辯論的過程中需要注意用完整的句子表達(dá),同時用上所學(xué)的論證方法,注意語言的使用。
Positive side:It is obvious that space exploration is a waste of time and money. Firstly...Secondly...Thirdly...
Negative side: It is clear that space exploration is not a waste of time and money and the reasons are as follows. ...
Step 5: Writing and assessing
活動1:Drafting
Are you for or against space exploration?
Introduction (thesis statement)
Body (arguments + supporting details)
Conclusion (thesis statement)
學(xué)生結(jié)合語篇所學(xué),按照議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)和論證方式,依照自己的思維線索,使用恰切詞匯、合適句型和寫作策略進行寫作輸出。該環(huán)節(jié)有效地訓(xùn)練了學(xué)生思維的邏輯性與創(chuàng)造性。
活動2:Self-evaluation and peer-view
分為四個維度:Organization,Logic,Language,Others.(表略)
Step 6:Summary and Homework
從Organization和Language兩方面總結(jié)本節(jié)課所學(xué)知識,鞏固知識與技能。課后作業(yè)是課堂作業(yè)的延伸,也是對所學(xué)知識的回顧與內(nèi)化。
責(zé)任編輯 魏文琦