翟越 彭韻潼
2022年度四川省教育廳人文社會(huì)科學(xué)重點(diǎn)研究基地四川學(xué)前教育發(fā)展研究中心科研項(xiàng)目(CECER-2022-C08)、2022年度四川省高等學(xué)校人文社會(huì)科學(xué)重點(diǎn)研究基地——四川特殊教育發(fā)展研究中心立項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(SCTJ-2022-B-05)。
翟越,碩士研究生;研究方向:融合教育。E-mail:2242750331@qq.com。
通訊作者:彭韻潼,博士,副教授;研究方向:融合教育、特殊兒童早期干預(yù)。E-mail:392049718@qq.com。
[摘? 要]??? 關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練是一種基于應(yīng)用行為分析的綜合自然主義干預(yù)模式。文章從干預(yù)對(duì)象、研究設(shè)計(jì)、干預(yù)實(shí)施、干預(yù)效果四個(gè)方面對(duì)國(guó)外孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練干預(yù)研究,進(jìn)行梳理,發(fā)現(xiàn)該領(lǐng)域的研究仍有不足。據(jù)此提出研究設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)化、干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的合作化、干預(yù)手段的現(xiàn)代化、干預(yù)領(lǐng)域的縱深化四點(diǎn)建議。
[關(guān)鍵詞]??? 孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙;關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練;干預(yù)
[中圖分類號(hào)]??? G76
一、引言
孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙(Autism Spectrum Disorder,以下簡(jiǎn)稱 ASD)是一種廣泛性發(fā)育障礙,根據(jù)2013年美國(guó)《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)》第五版(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. DSM-5),孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙者存在社會(huì)溝通、社會(huì)交往障礙以及重復(fù)刻板的行為[1]。
關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練,(Pivotal Response Treatment, 以下簡(jiǎn)稱PRT)是一種已被證實(shí)的孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙循證實(shí)踐干預(yù)方法[2],由20世紀(jì)80年代Koegel等人首次提出的自然語(yǔ)言范式(Natural Language Paradigm, 以下簡(jiǎn)稱NLP)演變而來(lái),是一種基于應(yīng)用行為分析(Applied Behavior Analysis,以下簡(jiǎn)稱 ABA)的綜合自然主義干預(yù)模式[3]。PRT是在自然發(fā)生的情景中提供的,目的是為了促進(jìn)泛化、減少即時(shí)依賴、增加動(dòng)機(jī)和自發(fā)性[4]。PRT旨在通過(guò)七個(gè)要素來(lái)改善孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙兒童的關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)領(lǐng)域,七個(gè)要素包括:(1)吸引兒童的興趣;(2)清晰、明確的指令;(3)穿插新舊任務(wù);(4)分享控制權(quán);(5)立即強(qiáng)化;(6)強(qiáng)化嘗試;(7)自然強(qiáng)化[5](詳見(jiàn)表1)。PRT在發(fā)展初期主要有四個(gè)關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)領(lǐng)域:動(dòng)機(jī)、對(duì)多種線索的反應(yīng)、自我管理、自我啟動(dòng)[6],后又增加同理心[7],其中動(dòng)機(jī)是核心領(lǐng)域[8]。由于五個(gè)關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)領(lǐng)域的能力是社會(huì)交往、言語(yǔ)行為的基礎(chǔ),對(duì)關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的干預(yù)能夠使沒(méi)有直接干預(yù)的其他領(lǐng)域同樣得到改善[9]。因此,除了以關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域?yàn)楦深A(yù)目標(biāo)外,語(yǔ)言、共同注意、學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)、破壞性行為、社會(huì)互動(dòng)等也是PRT干預(yù)的有效領(lǐng)域[10]。
Koegel教授及其研究團(tuán)隊(duì)多年來(lái)致力于關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練有效性的干預(yù)研究,發(fā)表多篇實(shí)證研究文章并出版三十多本手冊(cè)和教材。近年來(lái),隨著美國(guó)國(guó)家孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙中心(National Autism Center, NAC)將關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練列入循證干預(yù)方法之列,國(guó)外學(xué)者對(duì)關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練的關(guān)注度越來(lái)越高,關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練干預(yù)方法在國(guó)外得到了穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。對(duì)比國(guó)外,通過(guò)檢索不難發(fā)現(xiàn),國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于PRT的研究?jī)H有三十多項(xiàng),相對(duì)缺乏。本文通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)外PRT提出至今約四十年的干預(yù)研究進(jìn)行梳理,從干預(yù)對(duì)象、研究設(shè)計(jì)、干預(yù)實(shí)施、干預(yù)效果四個(gè)方面對(duì)已有研究進(jìn)行總結(jié),以期為我國(guó)PRT相關(guān)研究及實(shí)踐提供參考借鑒。
二、研究方法
本研究根據(jù)布爾邏輯檢索式在“Web of Science”“EBSCO”數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鍵入關(guān)鍵詞“Pivotal Response Intervention”“Pivotal Response Treatment”“Pivotal Response Technology”“Pivotal Response Teaching”“Pivotal Response Therapy”“Pivotal Response Training”,并分別與“Autism” “ASD”結(jié)合,檢索日期范圍為數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)最早收入年限至2022年。文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)研究經(jīng)過(guò)同行評(píng)審;(2)研究對(duì)象包含孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙兒童;(3)使用PRT作為干預(yù)策略的實(shí)證研究(排除手冊(cè)、綜述與評(píng)論);(4)研究結(jié)論報(bào)告干預(yù)對(duì)孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙兒童產(chǎn)生了影響;(5)文獻(xiàn)為開(kāi)放獲取。最后將45篇文獻(xiàn)納入本研究,文獻(xiàn)基本信息匯總于表2。
三、研究結(jié)果
(一)干預(yù)對(duì)象
從干預(yù)對(duì)象的診斷來(lái)看,有研究者指出關(guān)于孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙的診斷,至今仍沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),目前使用較廣的是由美國(guó)精神病協(xié)會(huì)編寫(xiě)的《精神病學(xué)的診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)》[56],現(xiàn)已更新至第5版。在45項(xiàng)研究中,通過(guò)梳理發(fā)現(xiàn),通常要求被試通過(guò)《精神障礙診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)》第四版/第五版、《孤獨(dú)癥診斷觀察量表》(Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 以下簡(jiǎn)稱ADOS)第一版/第二版或《孤獨(dú)癥診斷訪談-修訂版》(Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised)診斷為ASD[57-59]。
從干預(yù)對(duì)象的年齡分布來(lái)看,45篇文獻(xiàn)中,接受PRT干預(yù)的被試共計(jì)799人,年齡為2—16歲之間,跨度較大,其中大多數(shù)研究的對(duì)象年齡集中在3—7歲之間。
從干預(yù)對(duì)象的性別來(lái)看,男性626人,女性160人,另有3篇未說(shuō)明性別。
(二)研究設(shè)計(jì)
除去未報(bào)告且無(wú)法判斷使用何種研究設(shè)計(jì)的6項(xiàng)研究,其余39項(xiàng)研究中,56.4%的研究采用單一被試實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì),33.3%的研究采用隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì),10.3%的研究采用小組前后測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì)(包括7.7%單組前后測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì),2.6%雙組前后測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì))。在單一被試實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì)中多為多基線實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì)(包括跨被試多基線實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì),跨被試、跨行為多基線實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì),跨行為多基線實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì)),也有少數(shù)為倒返實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì)??梢钥闯?,在孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙PRT干預(yù)實(shí)證研究中,主要的研究方法為單一被試實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì)和隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì)。
近年來(lái),使用隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì)將PRT策略與其他干預(yù)策略進(jìn)行對(duì)比的研究有所增加,這些研究將PRT干預(yù)策略與視頻示范、結(jié)構(gòu)化ABA、圖片交換溝通系統(tǒng)(Picture Exchange Communication System, 以下簡(jiǎn)稱PECS)、父母心理治療、藥物治療結(jié)合PRT、照常治療等策略對(duì)比研究,以探究不同干預(yù)策略對(duì)ASD兒童言語(yǔ)溝通、社交互動(dòng)、象征性游戲技能等的影響。
(三)干預(yù)實(shí)施
1.干預(yù)執(zhí)行者
PRT創(chuàng)始人凱格爾在其出版的PRT使用手冊(cè)中提到,此方法最初是由大學(xué)生、言語(yǔ)/語(yǔ)言專家、教師作為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者對(duì)ASD兒童進(jìn)行干預(yù)。隨著PRT的發(fā)展,干預(yù)執(zhí)行者逐漸拓展到家長(zhǎng),再到心理學(xué)家、兒科醫(yī)生、社會(huì)工作者等[60];Cadogan[61]等人的研究也提到PRT是一種以教師、家長(zhǎng)、同伴為中介的干預(yù)方法。
在45篇文獻(xiàn)中,治療師與家長(zhǎng)相結(jié)合為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的文獻(xiàn)共10篇,同伴為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的文獻(xiàn)7篇,治療師為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的文獻(xiàn)5篇,家長(zhǎng)為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的文獻(xiàn)5篇,言語(yǔ)/語(yǔ)言專家為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的文獻(xiàn)5篇,機(jī)器人/機(jī)器人結(jié)合治療師為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的文獻(xiàn)3篇,其余10篇文獻(xiàn)干預(yù)執(zhí)行者分別為輔助教師、研究者、護(hù)理人員等(見(jiàn)圖1)。
從文獻(xiàn)可看出,目前的研究仍以治療師、同伴、家長(zhǎng)作為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者為主,也有以言語(yǔ)/語(yǔ)言專家、研究者作為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的研究。近十多年來(lái),輔助教師、機(jī)器人、護(hù)理人員、學(xué)校教師(包括普通教育教師、特殊教育教師、輔助教師)等作為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)在PRT干預(yù)研究中。尤其2011年之后,輔助教師、護(hù)理人員為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的研究出現(xiàn);2018年后,機(jī)器人作為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的研究出現(xiàn)并呈上升趨勢(shì)。這表明PRT干預(yù)執(zhí)行者呈現(xiàn)出多元化的趨勢(shì)。
2.干預(yù)環(huán)境
PRT提倡在自然生活的情境中為ASD兒童提供干預(yù),以提高干預(yù)的維持和泛化效果[62-64]。對(duì)45項(xiàng)研究的干預(yù)環(huán)境進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),將其概括為家庭環(huán)境、學(xué)校環(huán)境、社區(qū)環(huán)境。除去3項(xiàng)以檢測(cè)個(gè)案腦功能變化為目的的研究未報(bào)道干預(yù)實(shí)施環(huán)境外,剩下42項(xiàng)研究中,36項(xiàng)研究在單一環(huán)境中實(shí)施,6項(xiàng)研究涉及在家庭、學(xué)校、社區(qū)等多個(gè)環(huán)境中實(shí)施,如Stahmer的研究涉及在家庭環(huán)境、學(xué)校環(huán)境中實(shí)施[65];Jones等人的研究在家庭環(huán)境、學(xué)校環(huán)境、社區(qū)環(huán)境三個(gè)環(huán)境中實(shí)施[66]。Kim的研究在家庭環(huán)境、社區(qū)環(huán)境中實(shí)施[67]。相較而言,單一環(huán)境中實(shí)施干預(yù)的研究占比較大,多個(gè)環(huán)境中實(shí)施的研究占比較?。ㄒ?jiàn)圖2)。
圖2? 干預(yù)環(huán)境圖
3.目標(biāo)行為
正如前文所言,對(duì)關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的干預(yù)能夠使沒(méi)有直接干預(yù)的其他領(lǐng)域同樣得到改善[68]。對(duì)45項(xiàng)研究的干預(yù)目標(biāo)行為進(jìn)行歸納,主要包括社會(huì)交往、言語(yǔ)溝通、適應(yīng)能力、腦功能變化、共同注意力、學(xué)業(yè)能力、情緒行為問(wèn)題等。在社會(huì)交往能力的改善方面,以教師、同伴為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的研究所占比例較大;在言語(yǔ)溝通能力的提高方面,研究多為通過(guò)培訓(xùn)家長(zhǎng)實(shí)施PRT;在適應(yīng)能力的改善方面,家長(zhǎng)、教師為干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的研究為大多數(shù);在個(gè)案的腦功能變化檢測(cè)方面,治療師與家長(zhǎng)相結(jié)合實(shí)施PRT的研究所占比例較大。
(四)干預(yù)效果
45項(xiàng)研究中,使用PRT進(jìn)行干預(yù)后,ASD兒童的社會(huì)交往、言語(yǔ)溝通能力、適應(yīng)能力、學(xué)業(yè)能力等得到了改善和提高。此外,有研究提出ASD兒童的焦慮情緒[69]和行為問(wèn)題也得到減少[70]。在一些隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)中,將PRT干預(yù)策略與其他干預(yù)策略對(duì)比研究得出結(jié)論:PRT干預(yù)策略和其他策略相比,ASD兒童溝通能力、社會(huì)交往等能力改善較為顯著,但與PECS組和照常治療組相比,干預(yù)后ASD兒童的言語(yǔ)能力、整體功能和癥狀減輕方面差異不顯著[71-72]。
為持續(xù)探討孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙兒童對(duì)目標(biāo)行為掌握的程度和靈活運(yùn)用程度,21項(xiàng)研究探討了干預(yù)的維持性效果,20項(xiàng)研究探討了干預(yù)的泛化效果,15項(xiàng)研究同時(shí)探討了ASD兒童目標(biāo)技能的維持和泛化效果。已有研究指出,PRT相關(guān)的大多研究集中在對(duì)溝通技能和社會(huì)互動(dòng)技能的研究上,鮮有研究關(guān)注PRT干預(yù)對(duì)ASD兒童日常生活技能、問(wèn)題行為及運(yùn)動(dòng)技能的影響[73],因此,PRT在這些方面的干預(yù)效果還需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
四、總結(jié)與展望
(一)研究設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)化
為提高干預(yù)研究的質(zhì)量和透明度,研究者們提出一項(xiàng)干預(yù)研究在設(shè)計(jì)、進(jìn)行時(shí),應(yīng)遵守干預(yù)步驟的系統(tǒng)化應(yīng)用、干預(yù)實(shí)施忠實(shí)度、評(píng)分者客觀性、評(píng)分者一致性系數(shù)、是否進(jìn)行追蹤研究等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[74-76]。45篇文獻(xiàn)中,27篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了干預(yù)實(shí)施的忠實(shí)性,31篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了觀察者一致性系數(shù),24篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告了評(píng)分者客觀性,但只有18篇文獻(xiàn)同時(shí)報(bào)告了研究干預(yù)實(shí)施的忠實(shí)性、觀察者一致性系數(shù)、評(píng)分者客觀性三個(gè)要素,表明反饋研究質(zhì)量的資料方面還需要加強(qiáng)。此外,從研究設(shè)計(jì)方面看,單一被試實(shí)驗(yàn)研究設(shè)計(jì)所占比重較大,隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)研究所占比重較小,這與前人提出很少有縱向或?qū)φ諏?shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)PRT干預(yù)效果的觀點(diǎn)一致[77]。因此,將來(lái)的干預(yù)研究可加強(qiáng)研究設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)化構(gòu)建,進(jìn)行更多的隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,并詳細(xì)報(bào)告反映研究質(zhì)量的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),進(jìn)一步提高PRT干預(yù)研究的質(zhì)量。
(二)干預(yù)執(zhí)行者的合作化
現(xiàn)有的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ASD兒童干預(yù)執(zhí)行者較為多元,家長(zhǎng)、同伴、治療師等對(duì)其干預(yù)都具有一定的效果,也有部分研究將家長(zhǎng)和治療師相結(jié)合進(jìn)行研究,但缺乏家長(zhǎng)、教師、同伴等多個(gè)主體相結(jié)合實(shí)施PRT策略的研究。Korte等人進(jìn)行的研究中,治療師對(duì)ASD兒童家長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)指導(dǎo),家長(zhǎng)對(duì)ASD兒童實(shí)施PRT干預(yù),并在干預(yù)的前15—20分鐘加入治療師控制的機(jī)器人以練習(xí)目標(biāo)行為,結(jié)果顯示機(jī)器人協(xié)助的PRT干預(yù)組在社交溝通和任務(wù)完成能力等方面的提高顯著優(yōu)于無(wú)機(jī)器人協(xié)助組[78]。這就說(shuō)明干預(yù)執(zhí)行者間相互協(xié)作能夠有效提高干預(yù)效率,未來(lái)的研究可嘗試將不同的干預(yù)執(zhí)行者間結(jié)合,以更大化提升ASD兒童的能力,幫助其更好適應(yīng)生活。
(三)干預(yù)手段的現(xiàn)代化
從當(dāng)前的研究趨勢(shì)來(lái)看,將現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)與PRT干預(yù)相結(jié)合,可以提供創(chuàng)新的方法來(lái)改善對(duì)ASD兒童的干預(yù)效果。但目前,PRT與現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)相結(jié)合的研究還是相對(duì)較少,45篇文獻(xiàn)中僅有8篇文獻(xiàn)涉及PRT干預(yù)策略與現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的結(jié)合。一方面,研究在對(duì)ASD兒童實(shí)施干預(yù)后利用功能磁共振成像技術(shù)(fMRI)或核磁共振成像(MRI)對(duì)ASD兒童進(jìn)行篩查,檢測(cè)ASD兒童的大腦神經(jīng)活動(dòng)狀況[79-83]。另一方面,PRT策略與機(jī)器人技術(shù)相結(jié)合的研究應(yīng)運(yùn)而生[84-86]。將來(lái)的研究可從以下幾個(gè)方面思考:首先,利用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)和腦電圖(EEG)等神經(jīng)影像技術(shù),評(píng)估PRT干預(yù)對(duì)腦功能和連接的影響,以深入理解干預(yù)機(jī)制。其次,整合機(jī)器人技術(shù)作為合作伙伴,為兒童提供個(gè)性化、交互式的支持和引導(dǎo),拓展干預(yù)執(zhí)行主體和干預(yù)領(lǐng)域。最后,促進(jìn)多學(xué)科合作和跨機(jī)構(gòu)合作,整合教育學(xué)、心理學(xué)、神經(jīng)科學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)等專家和研究者的知識(shí)和資源,推動(dòng)現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)與PRT干預(yù)的創(chuàng)新和應(yīng)用。
(四)干預(yù)領(lǐng)域的縱深化
在PRT的五個(gè)關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域中,動(dòng)機(jī)是最先被確定并被視為影響所有其他領(lǐng)域的核心領(lǐng)域。以動(dòng)機(jī)為核心領(lǐng)域的文獻(xiàn)研究發(fā)表較多,而其他關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域,如對(duì)多種線索的反應(yīng)、自我管理、自我啟動(dòng)、同理心的研究則是近幾年才開(kāi)始的[87]。因此,亟需對(duì)其他領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行更多研究,缺乏對(duì)這些領(lǐng)域的研究限制了研究結(jié)果對(duì)其他三個(gè)關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域(未包含同理心)的普遍適用性[88]。
另外,除核心領(lǐng)域外,多數(shù)研究得出PRT對(duì)ASD兒童的社會(huì)交往、言語(yǔ)溝通能力提高具有顯著效果,也有研究得出PRT干預(yù)可以改善ASD兒童的適應(yīng)能力、焦慮情緒、問(wèn)題行為等,但由于PRT改善ASD兒童適應(yīng)能力、焦慮情緒等的研究較少,其有效性還需要進(jìn)一步證實(shí),將來(lái)的研究可進(jìn)一步探索與深化。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]? American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder: DSM-5[M]. Washington,DC:American Publishing,2013:50-59.
[2]National Autism Center. National Standards Project,Phase 2[EB/OL]. (2015-4-30)[2023-08-01]. https://www. Nationalautismcenter.org/National-Standards-Project/Phase-2/.
[3][8]Koegel R L,Koegel L K. Pivotal Response Treatments for Autism:Communication Social & Academic Development[M]. Baltiomore:Paul H Brookes Publishing,2006: 218-228.
[4][63]? Suhrheinrich J. A Sustainable Model for Teachers to Use Pivotal Response Training[J]. Autism,2015(6): 713-723.
[5][6][60]Koegel R L. How To Teach Pivotal Behaviors to Children With Autism:A Training Manual[D].California: University of California,1988.
[7]呂夢(mèng),楊廣學(xué). 自閉癥PRT干預(yù)模式評(píng)析[J]. 中國(guó)特殊教育,2012(10): 38-42.
[9][68]Koegel L K,Koegel R L. Motivating Communication in Children With Autism[M]. Boston MA:Springer US: Learning and Cognition in Autism,1995: 73-87.
[10]趙慧. PRT父母訓(xùn)練對(duì)ASD兒童問(wèn)題行為干預(yù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[D].徐州: 江蘇師范大學(xué),2017.
[11]Koegel R L,F(xiàn)rea W D. Treatment of Social Behavior in Autism Through the Modification of Pivotal Social Skills[J]. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,1993(3): 369-377.
[12]Pierce K,Schreibman L. Increasing Complex Social Behaviors in Children With Autism: Effects of Peer-Implemented Pivotal Response Training[J]. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,1995(3): 285-295.
[13][65]Stahmer A C. Teaching Symbolic Play Skills to Children With Autism Using Pivotal Response Training[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.1995(2): 123-141.
[14]Pierce K,Schreibman L. Multiple Peer Use of Pivotal Response Training to Increase Social Behaviors of Classmates With Autism: Results From Trained and Untrained Peers[J]. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,1997(1): 157-160.
[15]Koegel L K,Carter C M,Koegel R L. Teaching Children With Autism Self-Initiations As a Pivotal Response[J].Topics in Language Disorders,2003(2): 134-145.
[16][62][66]Jones E A,Carr E G,F(xiàn)eeley K M. Multiple Effects of Joint Attention Intervention for Children With Autism[J]. Behavir Modification,2006(6): 782-834.
[17]Baker-Ericzén M J,Stahmer A C,Burns A. Child Demographics Associated With Outcomes in a Community-Based Pivotal Response Training Program[J]. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions,2007(1): 52-60.
[18][57]Harper C B,Symon J B G,F(xiàn)rea W D. Recess is Time-in: Using Peers to Improve Social Skills of Children With Autism[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2008(5): 815-826.
[19]Koegel R L,Vernon T W,Koegel L K. Improving Social Initiations in Young Children With Autism Using Reinforcers With Embedded Social Interactions[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2009(9): 1240-1251.
[20]? Schreibman L,Stahmer A C,Barlett V C,et al. Brief Report: Toward Refinement of a Predictive Behavioral Profile for Treatment Outcome in Children With Autism[J]. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,2009(1): 163-172.
[21]Coolican J,Smith I M,Bryson S E. Brief Parent Training in Pivotal Response Treatment for Preschoolers With Autism[J]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2010(12): 1321-1330.
[22]? Koegel L K,Singh A K,Koegel R L,Improving Motivation for Academics in Children With Autism[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2010(40): 1057-1066.
[23]Lydon H,Healy O,Leader G. A Comparison of Video Modeling and Pivotal Response Training to? ?Teach Pretend Play Skills to Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,2011(2): 872-884.
[24]Minjarez M B,Williams S E,Mercier E M,et al. Pivotal Response Group Treatment Program for Parents of Children With Autism[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2011(41): 92-101.
[25]Robinson S E. Teaching Paraprofessionals of Students With Autism to Implement Pivotal Response Treatment in Inclusive School Settings Using a Brief Video Feedback Training Package[J]. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities,2011(2): 105-118.
[26]Koegel L K,Kuriakose S,Singh A K,et al. Improving Generalization of Peer Socialization Gains in Inclusive School Settings Using Initiations Training[J]. Behavior Modification,2012(3): 361-377.
[27]Feldman E K,Matos R. Training Paraprofessionals to Facilitate Social Interactions Between Children With Autism and Their Typically Developing Peers[J]. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions,2013(3): 169-179.
[28][83]Voos A C,Pelphrey K A,Tirrell J,et al. Neural Mechanisms of Improvements in Social Motivation After Pivotal Response Treatment: Two Case Studies[J].Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2013(11): 1-10.
[29]Koegel R L,Bradshaw J L,Ashbaugh K,et al. Improving Question-Asking Initiations in Young Children With Autism Using Pivotal Response Treatment[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2014(4): 816-827.
[30]Mohammadzaheri F,Koegel L K,Rezaee M,et al. A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparison Between Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) and Structured Applied Behavior Analysis(ABA) Intervention for Children With autism[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2014(9): 2769-2777.
[31][72]Schreibman L,Stahmer A C. A Randomized Trial Comparison of the Effects of Verbal and Pictorial Naturalistic Communication Strategies on Spoken Language for Young Children With Autism[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2014(5): 1244-1251.
[32]Hardan A Y,Gengoux G W,Berquist K L,et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Pivotal Response Treatment Group for Parents of Children With Autism[J]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2015(8): 884-892.
[33]Mohammadzaheri F,Koegel L K,Rezaei M,et al. A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparison Between Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) and Adult-Driven Applied Behavior Analysis(ABA) Intervention on Disruptive Behaviors in Public School Children With Autism[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2015(11): 2899-2907.
[34][79]Ventola P,Yang D Y J,F(xiàn)riedman H E,et al. Heterogeneity of Neural Mechanisms of Response to Pivotal Response Treatment[J]. Brain Imaging and Behavior,2015(9): 74-88.
[35][80]Venkataraman A,Yang D Y J,Dvornek N,et al. Pivotal Response Treatment Prompts a Functional Rewiring of the Brain Amongst Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Neuroreport,2016(14): 1-11.
[36][71][81]Yang D,Pelphrey K A,Sukhodolsky D G,et al. Brain Responses to Biological Motion Predict Treatment Outcome in Young Children With Autism[J].Translational Psychiatry,2016(11): 1-9.
[37][69]? Lei J,Sukhodolsky D G,Abdullahi S M,et al. Reduced Anxiety Following Pivotal Response Treatment in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,2017(43-44): 1-7.
[38]Kim S,Lyons G L,Lequia J,et al. Preliminary Study of Social Skills Generalization With Pivotal Response Treatment[J]. International Journal of Special Education,2017(1): 55-87.
[39][59]? Verschuur R,Huskens B,Verhoeve-n L,et al. Increasing Opportunities for Question-Asking in School-Aged Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Effectiveness of Staff Training in Pivotal Response Treatment[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2017(2): 490-505.
[40]Brock M E,Dueker S A,Barczak M A. Brief Report: Improving Social Outcomes for Students With Autism at Recess Through Peer-Mediated Pivotal Response Training[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2018(6): 2224-2230.
[41]Rezaei M,Moradi A R,Tehrani-Doost M,et al. A Pilot Study on Combining Risperidone and Pivotal Response Treatment on Communication Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Advances in Autism,2018(2): 56-65.
[42][70]Rezaei M,Moradi A R,Tehrani-Doost M,et al. Effects of Combining Medication and Pivotal Response Treatment on Aberrant Behavior in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Children,2018(2): 1-8.
[43][86]Van Straten C L,Smeekens I,Barakova E,et al. Effects of RobotsIntonation and Bodily Appearance on Robot-Mediated Communicative Treatment Outcomes for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,2018(22): 379-390.
[44]? Gengoux G W,Abrams D A,Schuck R,et al. A Pivotal Response Treatment Package for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: An RCT[J]. Pediatrics,2019(3):1-10.
[45][82]Hegarty J P,Gengoux G W,Berquist K L,et al. A Pilot Investigation of Neuroimaging Predictors for the Benefits From Pivotal Response Treatment for Children With Autism[J]. Journal of Psychiatric Research,2019(111): 140-144.
[46][67]Kim S. Pivotal Response Treatment for Prompting Social Behaviors of Korean American Children With Autism[J]. Exceptionality,2019(1): 47-64.
[47][78][84]De Korte M W P,Van Den Berk-Smeekens I,van Dongen-Boomsma M,et al Self-Initiations in Young Children With Autism During Pivotal Response Treatment With and Without Robot Assistance[J]. Autism,2020(8): 2117-2128.
[48]? [58]McDaniel J,Yoder P,Crandall M,et al. Effects of Pivotal Response Treatment on Reciprocal Vocal Contingency in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder[J]. Autism,2020(6): 1566-1571.
[49][85]Van Otterdijk M T H,De Korte M W P,Van Den Berk-Smeekens I,et al. The Effects of Long-Term Child–Robot Interaction on the Attention and the Engagement of Children With Autism[J].Robotics,2020(4): 1-15.
[50]Boudreau A M,Lucyshyn J M,Corkum P,et al. Peer-Mediated Pivotal Response Treatmentat School for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder[J].Canadian Journal of School Psychology,2021(1): 34-50.
[51]De Korte M W P,Van Den Berk-Smeekens I,Buitelaar J K,et al. Pivotal Response Treatment for School-Aged Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial[J].Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2021(1): 4506-4519.
[52]Verschuur R,Huskens B,Didden R.Training Teachers to Implement Classroom Pivotal Response Teaching During Small-Group Instruction: A Pilot Study[J]. Developmental Neurorehabilitation,2021(2): 85-97.
[53]Mohammadzaheri F,Koegel L K,Bakhshi E,et al. The Effect of Teaching Initiations on the Communication of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2021(6): 1-12.
[54]? De Korte M W P,Kaijadoe S P T,Buitel-aar JK,et al. Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT)-Parent Group Training for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Qualitative Study on Perspectives of Parents[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2022(12): 5414-5427.
[55]? Vincent L B,Asmus J M,Lyons G L,et al. Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Reverse Inclusion Social Skills Intervention for Children on the Autism Spectrum[J]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2022(7): 1-16.
[56]張福娟,賀莉. 自閉癥兒童的診斷與評(píng)估[J]. 現(xiàn)代康復(fù),2001(11): 100-101.
[61][74]Cadogan S,McCrimmon A W. Pivotal Response Treatment for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Research Quality[J]. Developmental Neurorehabilitation,2015(2): 137-144.
[64]Kim S,Bradshaw J,Gengoux G W,et al. Pivotal Response Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders[M].Baltiomore:Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company,2019: 22-23.
[73][77]王敏,吳冬連,葛新斌. 關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)孤獨(dú)癥兒童的干預(yù)有效性——基于國(guó)外2001-2021年隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)證據(jù)的Meta分析[J]. 中國(guó)特殊教育,2023(1): 69-81.
[75]Borrelli B, Sepinwall D, Ernst D, et al. ANew Tool to Assess Treatment Fidelity and Evaluation of Treatment Fidelity Across 10 Years of Health Behavior Research[J]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2005(5): 852-859.
[76]Cuijpers P, Noma H, Karyotaki E, et al. Effectiveness and Acceptability of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Delivery Formats in Adults With Depression: A Network Meta-Analysis[J]. JAMA Psychiatry, 2019 (7): 700-707.
[87][88]Ona H N,Larsen K,Nordheim L V,et al. Effects of Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders(ASD): A Systematic Review[J]. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2020(1): 78-90.
A Review of Foreign Researches on Pivotal Response Treatment in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
ZHAI Yue? PENG Yuntong
(College of Teachers, Chengdu University? Chengdu? 610106 )
Abstract:? Pivotal response treatment is an integrated naturalistic intervention model based on applied behavior analysis. This paper retrieved the intervention studies of foreign pivotal response treatment methods from the proposal to 2022. 45 selected studies were reviewed from four aspects of intervention object, study design, intervention implementation and intervention effect, and it finds that there are still deficiencies in researches in this field. According to this, four suggestions are put forward for the systematization of research design, the cooperation of intervention practitioners, the modernization of intervention methods, and the deepening of intervention fields for follow-up researches.
Key words:? ?autism spectrum disorder; pivotal response treatment; intervention
(特約編校? 孫? 敏)