錢煒春,張豐富,丁競競,賈海波
(1.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南京醫(yī)院南京市第一醫(yī)院心臟內(nèi)科,江蘇 南京 210006;2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210000)
兒童及青年預(yù)激綜合征患者的臨床及電生理特點分析
錢煒春1,張豐富1,丁競競2,賈海波1
(1.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南京醫(yī)院南京市第一醫(yī)院心臟內(nèi)科,江蘇 南京 210006;2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210000)
目的評價小于30歲的預(yù)激綜合征(WPW)特別是小于18歲患者的電生理特性及射頻消融的效果。方法300例預(yù)激綜合征患者入選,按照年齡分為三組,A組6~17歲,B組18~29歲,C組30~75歲。通過回顧醫(yī)療記錄的方法分別評價三組的臨床特點、電生理特性及治療效果。結(jié)果在所有的預(yù)激綜合征患者中,110例(36.67%)小于30歲。B組中男性多于女性(男:女=50:13),A組中性別差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(男:女=24:23)。左側(cè)旁道在A組(25.5%,12/47)中的比例小于B組(50.8%,32/63)及C組(55.8%,106/190),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=14.3,P=0.03)。三組患者的射頻消融手術(shù)成功率為A組87.2%(41/47),B組92.1%(58/63),C組94.2%(179/190),A組低于B組和C組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=11.6,P=0.02)。結(jié)論此研究闡述了兒童及青年預(yù)激綜合征患者不同的臨床及電生理特性,兒童左側(cè)旁道發(fā)病率較低,且手術(shù)成功率相對較低。
預(yù)激綜合征;旁道;電生理;導(dǎo)管射頻消融
預(yù)激綜合征的人群發(fā)病率為0.1%~0.3%[1]。預(yù)激綜合征易發(fā)生陣發(fā)性室上性心動過速,發(fā)生率大于40%將極大降低患者的生活質(zhì)量。射頻消融術(shù)是針對預(yù)激綜合征一個安全而有效的根治方法,其成功率達(dá)95.0%以上[2-5]。通過電生理檢查的方法可以明確預(yù)激綜合征患者的旁路電生理特性,如旁路的位置,從而指導(dǎo)射頻消融術(shù)[6-8]。已有研究提示不同年齡的患者表現(xiàn)出不同的臨床及電生理特點[9-15]。本研究的目的是闡述小于30歲,特別是小于18歲的預(yù)激綜合征患兒的電生理特性及其射頻消融的效果。
1.1 一般資料 選取2009-2012年在南京市第一醫(yī)院行電生理檢查及射頻消融術(shù)的年齡為7~75歲的300例預(yù)激綜合征患者。
1.2 方法 患者按年齡分為三組,A組6~17歲,共47例;B組18~29歲,共63例;C組30~75歲,共190例。所有患者均行電生理檢查明確旁路的位置,其中一部分患者同時測定旁道的有效不應(yīng)期。旁道的有效不應(yīng)期(ERP)定義為通過遞增起搏法得出的使旁道出現(xiàn)室房分離的最長聯(lián)律間期。通過連續(xù)性、遞增起搏心房或者心室刺激誘發(fā)房室折返性心動過速及房顫。本研究中所有患者經(jīng)電生理檢查明確旁道的位置后,出現(xiàn)手術(shù)指征(心動過速、房顫發(fā)作等),或此患者要求消除預(yù)激波恢復(fù)正常心電圖,均行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)射頻消融術(shù)。射頻消融成功定義為預(yù)激波消失,通過心房順行刺激及心室逆行刺激無偏心性傳導(dǎo)出現(xiàn)至少30 min以上。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS11.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件完成數(shù)據(jù)分析,三組患者的年齡比較選用One-Way ANOVA檢驗,臨床及電生理頻數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)使用χ2檢驗,ERP的相關(guān)性分析使用Pearson相關(guān)檢驗,以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 三組患者的臨床資料比較 所有患者的臨床數(shù)據(jù)見表1。A組男性24例,女性23例;B組中男性50例,女性13例;C組中男性126例,女性64例。B組及C組中的男性多于女性,A組中男女比例差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。此次研究隨訪時間均為(12.0±2.1)個月。
表1 不同組間的臨床數(shù)據(jù)比較[,例(%)]
表1 不同組間的臨床數(shù)據(jù)比較[,例(%)]
24(51.1) 50(79.4) 126(66.3) 23(48.9) 13(20.6) 64(33.7) 2(4.3) 4(6.3) 2(1.1) 42(89.4) 55(87.3) 177(93.2) 3(6.4) 4(6.3) 11(5.8) A組(n=47) B組(n=63) C組(n=190)統(tǒng)計值P值13.2±2.6 23.3±3.6 47.4±10.1 436.6<0.001 9.7 0.01 3.7 0.4
2.2 三組患者的電生理數(shù)據(jù)比較 患者的電生理數(shù)據(jù)見表2。通過電生理檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn),A組發(fā)生心房纖顫的比例低于B組和C組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=12.9,P=0.01)。三組患者中,前間隔旁道患者在各組中所占比例非常接近。而左側(cè)旁道患者在各組中所占比例:A組明顯低于B組及C組,三組患者旁道位置的構(gòu)成差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=14.3,P= 0.03)。三組患者的手術(shù)成功率:A組低于B組和C組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=11.6,P=0.02)。A組中出現(xiàn)5例特殊類型,3例為先天性心臟病,均為埃勃斯坦畸形,2例為擴(kuò)張性心肌病,而B組及C組中均未見合并特殊類型心臟疾病。本研究共測試了20例患者的ERP,其中B組4例,C組16例。旁道的ERP與年齡的關(guān)系經(jīng)Pearson相關(guān)檢驗,提示可能呈正相關(guān),但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(r=0.4,P=0.09)。
表2 不同組間電生理及射頻消融數(shù)據(jù)[例(%)]
預(yù)激綜合征是一種先天性的發(fā)育異常[16]。預(yù)激綜合征在嬰兒期常自行消失而在兒童期時可能會再次出現(xiàn)[17-19]。從本研究可以看出,兒童預(yù)激綜合征的特點有:(1)無性別差異;(2)左側(cè)旁道的發(fā)生率比其他年齡組低;(3)手術(shù)成功率相對較低。
流行病學(xué)研究表明,預(yù)激綜合征的發(fā)病率在不同性別中是有差異的。然而,有研究報道表明14歲以下男性兒童預(yù)激綜合征的比例為47.0%,女性的比例為53.0%,無性別差異。而隨著年齡的增加,男性預(yù)激綜合征患者的比例逐漸增多。在15~16歲年齡段的男性患者的比例為60.0%,17歲以上患者中該比例為69.0%[20-21]。本研究亦證實在兒童患者中預(yù)激綜合征無性別差異,而成年預(yù)激綜合征男性患者比例大于女性。
本研究探討了多種旁道類型與年齡的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)左側(cè)旁道的發(fā)生率與年齡有一定關(guān)系。Brembilla-Perrot等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著預(yù)激綜合征患者年齡的增大,左側(cè)旁道的發(fā)生率亦隨之升高。本研究也有相似的結(jié)果,大于18歲的左側(cè)旁道患者所占比例高于小于18歲患者。而前間隔旁道的發(fā)生率同年齡無明顯的相關(guān)性。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童患者中房顫的發(fā)生率最小,無論是經(jīng)體表心電圖房顫檢出率還是電生理檢查中房顫誘發(fā)率均低于大于18歲的預(yù)激綜合征患者,同Brembilla-Perrot等[22]研究結(jié)果相似。
多個研究證實,旁道的有效不應(yīng)期隨著年齡的增長而延長[8-13]。但針對預(yù)激綜合征的電生理檢查主要是旁道定位,所以我們沒有對大多數(shù)的患者測定其旁道不應(yīng)期。我們總共對20例患者的旁道有效不應(yīng)期進(jìn)行了檢查,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著年齡的增長旁道的有效不應(yīng)期有所延長但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
在本研究中,有5例兒童預(yù)激綜合征的患者合并特殊類型心臟疾病。這5例患者均為右側(cè)旁道,其中3例為埃勃斯坦畸形,另外2例為擴(kuò)張型心肌病。Delhaas等[23]研究報道兒童預(yù)激綜合征易合并埃勃斯坦畸形。且埃勃斯坦畸形患者出現(xiàn)右側(cè)旁道的比例較高,其可能同右心系統(tǒng)發(fā)育異常相關(guān)。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童預(yù)激綜合征行射頻消融術(shù)的失敗率較高。考慮為在兒童患者中,右側(cè)旁道所占的比例較高。因為右心系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點使導(dǎo)管在消融右側(cè)旁道比左側(cè)旁道是更加難以固定,故造成局部消融溫度較低而導(dǎo)致消融手術(shù)更易失敗或者復(fù)發(fā)。
本研究的局限在于這是一個較為短期的隨訪研究,而且未對大多數(shù)的患者進(jìn)行旁道的不應(yīng)期檢查。因此,我們還需要更大樣本和中長期的隨訪來研究兒童及青年預(yù)激綜合征患者的電生理特性及佐證射頻消融手術(shù)對此類預(yù)激綜合征患者的安全性及有效性。
[1]Keating L,Morris FP,Brady WJ.Electrocardiongraphic features of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome[J].Emerg Med J,2003,20(5): 491-493.
[2]Chen S,姚 焰.陣發(fā)性室上性心動過速的射頻消融治療[J].中華心律失常學(xué)雜志,1998,2(3):234-235.
[3]Jackman WM,Wang XZ,Friday KJ,et al.Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways(Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome)by radiofrequency current[J].N Engl J Med,1991,324: 1605-1611.
[4] Calkins H,Sousa J,El-Atassi R,et al.Diagnosis and cure of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias during a single electrophysiologic test[J].N Engl J Med,1991,324:1612-1618.
[5]Calkins H,Yong P,Miller JM,et al.Catheter ablation of accessory pathways,atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,and the atrioventricular junction:final results of a prospective,multicenter clinical trial.The Atakr Multicenter Investigators Group[J].Circulation, 1999,99:262-270.
[6]Santinelli V,Radinovic A,Manguso F,et al.The natural history of asymptomatic ventricular pre-excitation a long-term prospective follow-up study of 184 asymptomatic children[J].J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009,53:275-280.
[7]Pappone C,Manguso F,Santinelli R,et al.Radiofrequency ablation in children with asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome [J].N Engl J Med,2004,351:1197-205.
[8]Pappone C,Santinelli V,Manguso F,et al.A randomized study of prophylactic catheter ablation in asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome[J].N Engl J Med,2009,349: 1803-1811.
[9]Chiu SN,Wang JK,Wu MH,et al.Cardiac conduction disturbance detected from a large-scale pediatric population electrocardiographic screening:prevalence and implications[J].J Pediatr,2008,152: 85-89.
[10]Magalski A,Mccoy M,Zabel M,et al.Cardiovascular screening with electrocardiography and echocardiography in collegiate athletes[J].Am J Med,2011,124:511-518.
[11]Udink ten cate FE Udink,Kruessell MA,Wagnerk,et al.Dilated cardiomyopathy in children with ventricular preexcitation:the location of the accessory pathway is predictive of this association[J].J Electrocardiol,2010,43:146-154.
[12]Chiu SN,Chang CW,Lu CW,et al.Restored cardiac function after successful resynchronization by right anterior and anteroseptal accessory pathway ablation in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome associated dilated cardiomyopathy[J].Int J Cardiol,2013,163:19-20.
[13]黃 敏,華仰德,王健怡,等.射頻消融治療兒童室上性心動過速的應(yīng)用體會[J].中國介入心臟病學(xué)雜志,2001,9(1):6-7.
[14]Huttin O,Brembilla-Perrot B.Relationships between age and accessory pathway location in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome[J].Ann CardiolAngeiol(Paris),2008,57:225-230.
[15]Rodriguez LM,de Chillou C,Schl?pfer J,et al.Age at onset and gender of patients with different types of supraventricular tachycardias[J].Am J Cardiol,1992,70:1213-1215.
[16]Wu MH,Chen HC,Lu CW,et al.Prevalence of congenital heart disease at live birth in Taiwan[J].J Pediatr,2010,156:782-785.
[17]Mosaed P,Dalili M,Emkanjoo Z.Interventional electrophysiology in children:a single-center experience[J].Iran J Pediatr,2012,22: 333-338.
[18]Santinelli V,Radinovic A,Pappone C,et al.The natural history of asymptomatic ventricular preexcitation:a long-term prospective follow-up study of 184 asymptomatic children[J].J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009,53:275-280.
[19]Wackel P,Irving C,Webber S,et al.Risk stratification in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome:the correlation between noninvasive and invasive testing in pediatric patients[J].PACE,2012,35: 1451-1457.
[20]Sano S,Komori S,Amano T,et al.Prevalence of ventricular preexcitation in Japanese school children[J].Heart,1998,79:374-378.
[21]Liu S,Yuan S,Hertervig E,et al.Gender and atrioventricular conduction properties of patients with symptomatic atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome [J].J Electrocardiol,2001,34:295-301.
[22]Brembilla-Perrot B,YangniN'da O,Huttin O,et al.Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the elderly:clinical and electrophysiological findings[J].Arch Cardiovasc Dis,2008,101:18-22.
[23]Delhaas T,Sarvaas GJ,Rijlaarsdam ME,et al.A multicenter,long-term study on arrhythmias in children with Ebstein anomaly[J].Pediatr Cardiol,2010,31:229-233.
Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics in children and adolescence with Wolff-Parkinson-White
syndrome.
QIAN Wei-chun1,ZHANG Feng-fu1,DING Jing-jing2,JIA Hai-bo1.
1.Department of Cardiology,NanjingFirst Hospital,Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210006,Jiangsu,CHINA;2.Public Health College of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210000,Jiangsu,CHINA
ObjectiveTo evaluate the characteristics of electrophysiologic studies(EPS)and radiofrequency ablation(RFA)performed in subjects aged less than 30 years with Wolff-Parkinson White(WPW)syndrome,particularly pediatric patients under 18 years of age,based on our experience.MethodsThree hundred consecutive patients with WPW syndrome were recruited and divided to three groups according to age:group A(6~17 years old),group B (18~29 years old),group C(30~75 years old).The clinical,electrophysiological,and therapeutic data for these patients were evaluated by a retrospective medical record review.ResultsA total of 110(36.67%)of these patients were<30 years of age.There were significantly more males than females in group B(male:female,50:13),and there was no significant difference in gender in group A(male:female,24:23).Left accessory pathway was detected less frequently in group A(25.53%,12/47)than in group B(50.79%,32/63)and group C(55.79%,106/190),χ2=14.31, P=0.03.The surgical success rate of radiofrequency ablation was 87.2%(41/47)in group A,92.1%(58/63)in group B,and 94.2%(179/190)in group C,which was significantly lower in group A than group B and group C(χ2=11.6, P=0.02).ConclusionThis study describes several different electrophysiological characteristics in children and adolescents with WPW syndrome.Children have lower incidence of left side accessory pathway,and the surgery successful rate of them are lower.
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome;Accessory pathway;Electrophysiology;Radiofrequency ablation(RFA)
R442.8
A
1003—6350(2014)24—3646—03
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2014.24.1421
2014-07-15)
江蘇省臨床醫(yī)學(xué)科技專項(編號:BL2013001)
賈海波。E-mail:qccdjj12345@aliyun.com