吳晨棟 邱齡 劉蓉等
[摘要] 目的 探討活性維生素D在老齡大鼠體內(nèi)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞發(fā)生自噬及相關(guān)因子P62/SQSTM1,VDR表達(dá)的變化。方法 21只18月齡雄性SD大鼠隨機分為三組:對照組;低劑量組[VD,0.025 μg/(kg·d)];高劑量組[VD,0.1 μg/(kg·d)]。對照組給予正常飲食,定時加水;其余兩組也給予正常飲食,并分別用相應(yīng)劑量的VD每日給大鼠灌胃。干預(yù)180 d后,處死大鼠,電鏡觀察肝臟細(xì)胞自噬程度,Western blot檢測P62/SQSTM1、VDR蛋白表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 1.電鏡下可見對照組自噬泡占胞漿面積比小于其余兩組(P < 0.05),低劑量組和高劑量組自噬泡占胞漿面積比無明顯差異(P > 0.05);2.Western blot檢測分析,對照組P62表達(dá)量高于其余兩組(P < 0.05),低和高兩劑量組之間無明顯差異(P > 0.05);3.Western blot檢測分析,高劑量組VDR蛋白表達(dá)稍高于對照組和低劑量組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),同時對照、低和高劑量組三組間VDR表達(dá)量也無明顯差異(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 1.通過電鏡觀察,說明在老齡大鼠肝臟內(nèi)VD可以誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞自噬現(xiàn)象發(fā)生;2.使用VD干預(yù)老齡大鼠,可使P62蛋白量下降;3.VD誘導(dǎo)自噬和VD的受體VDR之間的關(guān)系尚不明確,需進(jìn)一步研究。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 維生素D;細(xì)胞自噬;P62/SQSTM1;VDR
[中圖分類號] R363 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)12-0004-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate cells autophagy and the changes of autophagy related factors P62/SQSTM1, VDR induced by active vitamin D in aging rats. Methods The 21 18-month aged male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group; low dose group[VD, 0.025 μg/(kg·d)]; high dose group[VD, 0.1 μg/(kg·d)]. The control group was given a normal diet. The remaining groups were given normal daily diet also, and were lavaged daily with a dose of 0.025μg/kg, 0.1μg/kg of VD respectively. After 180 days, the rat were executed, observed the liver cell autophagy degree using electron microscope, at the same time, detection of P62/SQSTM1, VDR(VD receptor) protein expression using western blot. Results 1. The proportion of autophagosome to the area of cytoplasm was less than the other groups in control group(P < 0.05). On the contrary, there was no significant differences between low dose group and high dose group(P > 0.05). 2.P62 protein level had been increased(P < 0.05) compared to the rest of the two groups in control group. P62 protein level had no significant differences between low dose group and high dose group(P > 0.05). 3. VDR protein level was slightly higher than the other groups in high dose group, but without statistical significance(P > 0.05), and there were no significant differences between control group, low dose group and high dose group (P > 0.05). Conclusion 1. Cell autophagy can be induced by VD in aging rats liver. 2. The amount of P62 has been decreased by VD intervention in ageing rats. 3. The relationship between VDR and the mechanism of autophagy induced by VD is still not clear, and has yet to be further research.
[Key words] Vitamin D; Autophagy; P62/SQSTM1; VDR
維生素D[1α,25(OH)2D3,以下簡稱VD]在維持骨質(zhì)新陳代謝方面有重要作用,此外還與心血管病、腫瘤、神經(jīng)退行性病變等存在聯(lián)系[1]。最近一項臨床調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),AIDS患者體內(nèi)VD濃度普遍低于正常人,并且隨著濃度越低,病情越容易惡化。同時還發(fā)現(xiàn),在被HIV和分枝桿菌共同感染的巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi),VD可通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞自噬來對抗HIV病毒的復(fù)制和分枝桿菌的生長[2,3],此外VD和自噬之間的聯(lián)系還存在于先天性免疫、腫瘤等病理生理現(xiàn)象中[5,6]。而VD受體VDR在上述病生理過程的自噬初始階段、延伸階段、溶媒體融合階段均有參與,尤其在起始階段對mTOR的抑制非常重要,以上現(xiàn)象提示VDR可能參與到了以上通路中[4,7]。P62在自噬過程中,作為泛素化的蛋白、受損細(xì)胞器等物質(zhì)“受體”,使其通過P62被自噬降解[8],同時,P62對于自噬泡的形成也非常重要[9]。本實驗在于研究維生素D通過受體VDR在誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞自噬方面的機制以及對自噬相關(guān)因子P62的作用。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗動物
18月齡雄性SD大鼠21只,購自山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)動物中心,體重350~500 g,顆粒飼料購自山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)動物中心。
1.2 主要試劑
VD購自美國SIGMA公司,P62抗體、VDR抗體、β-actin抗體購自Santa Cruz公司,HRP羊抗兔二抗購自博士德公司,BCA蛋白分析盒購自博士德公司,ECL試劑盒購自博士德公司,預(yù)染蛋白Marker購自博士德公司,電鏡及其相關(guān)材料由山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)中心實驗室提供。
1.3 動物分組
21只大鼠經(jīng)過兩周的洗脫期,通過隨機分組分為三組:對照組;低劑量組[VD,0.025 μg/(kg·d)];高劑量組[VD,0.1 μg/(kg·d)],每組7只。
1.4 模型制備
生理鹽水稀釋VD,制備兩種相應(yīng)濃度,4℃保存。對照組給予正常飲食,不限進(jìn)食量,剩余兩組每天按照相應(yīng)VD劑量給予灌胃干預(yù)。
1.5 標(biāo)本采集
大鼠預(yù)麻處死,冰上取肝臟迅速切去一塊,切成1 mm3大小,2%戊二醛固定液中靜置2 h,緩沖液沖洗3次后置于緩沖液中4℃保存,用于電鏡制片。剩余肝臟組織,-80℃保存,用于Western blot檢測。
1.6 電鏡觀察
上述預(yù)處理的小塊肝臟組織用二鉀砷酸鈉緩沖液漂洗2 h,放入1%的鋨酸固定,于4℃保存2 h,從固定液中取出,依次放入30%、50%、70%的乙醇醋酸鈾飽和液中,每種濃度飽和液均為10 min,取出組織再次分別放入80%、90%、100%乙醇中,每種濃度飽和液均為10 min,再放入包埋液中2 h,取出包埋37℃過夜,轉(zhuǎn)入60℃溫箱48 h,做1~2 μm切片,使用美蘭染色光鏡定位,制作超薄切片,染色后電鏡下觀察拍照、記錄。
1.7 Western blot
取出-80℃保存的肝臟組織稱重并剪成碎塊,依照裂解液說明書推薦比例根據(jù)組織重量加入相應(yīng)體積裂解,然后勻漿30 min,冰上孵育1~3 h,冰凍離心機以10 000~14 000 g離心3~5 min,取上清。BCA試劑盒測定蛋白濃度,調(diào)整各樣本的蛋白濃度至相同,-80℃保存。蛋白提取液與上樣緩沖液混勻,在沸水中加熱15 min,蛋白和預(yù)染Marker分別加入各條泳道,電壓80V,大約30 min后,樣品至濃縮膠和分離膠交界處,電壓調(diào)至120 V,繼續(xù)電泳約120~150 min,樣品至膠底部,電泳完畢。轉(zhuǎn)膜電流依據(jù)膜的面積大小而定,時間大約為33~40 min,5%的奶粉封閉液室溫下?lián)u床上敷2 h,TBST稀釋一抗P62、VDR、β-actin,均為1∶500。一抗敷膜搖床上4℃過夜,第2天TBST液洗3次,每次10 min,敷二抗,搖床上2 h,再用TBST洗3次,加顯影劑在掃描儀下觀察,并拍片記錄。
1.8 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件分析處理數(shù)據(jù)。計量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩間比較采用SNK,P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 肝臟細(xì)胞自噬情況
電鏡觀察可見,對照組細(xì)胞水腫,線粒體腫脹,自噬泡較少,低劑量和高劑量組細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)尚完整,自噬泡較多,體積較大,有時可見少量終末期自噬泡。使用Image Pro Plus 6.0軟件分析自噬泡占胞漿面積比例:①對照組面積較低劑量組面積和高劑量組面積小,自噬泡較少,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。②低劑量組和高劑量組自噬泡較多,兩組間自噬泡面積比無明顯不同,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見圖1和表1。
3 討論
自噬(autophagy)即自我吞噬,通過物質(zhì)消化再利用,從而達(dá)到一種微環(huán)境的自我穩(wěn)態(tài),功能包括抗衰老、抑制心肌肥厚等。作為一種多步驟、多成分參與和高度復(fù)雜的過程,自噬必須接受嚴(yán)格的機制調(diào)控,據(jù)研究可知已有超過30種的ATG基因調(diào)控著自噬過程,包括ATG1、ATG5、ATG12、ATG8(哺乳動物L(fēng)C3)等,它們之間相互作用,介導(dǎo)整個自噬過程的發(fā)生[11-13]。
維生素D除了參與鈣的代謝調(diào)控以及心血管病、腫瘤、神經(jīng)退行性病等病理過程[1],近來研究表明,維生素D在抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞和清除巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)的結(jié)核分枝桿菌方面起到了重要的作用。而自噬在其中可能充當(dāng)了中介的作用,即維生素D通過誘導(dǎo)自噬的發(fā)生,從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長和清除病菌[2,6]。維生素D誘導(dǎo)自噬可能通過多種途徑發(fā)生聯(lián)系。包括維生素D可能促使內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中的鈣離子流向胞漿;對mTOR(負(fù)向調(diào)控自噬)通路的抑制;通過改善溶酶體內(nèi)酸性環(huán)境從而增強溶解酶的水解能力等等。其中很重要的一條可能是維生素D通過其受體VDR,實現(xiàn)了對自噬的調(diào)控。VDR作為核受體,在多種組織內(nèi)均有表達(dá),包括腎臟、皮膚、腸、甲狀腺等。VDR調(diào)控著包括從鈣的代謝到抗菌肽(cathelicidin)的表達(dá)等廣泛的病理生理過程,所以其可能參與到了骨質(zhì)代謝、心血管疾病、腫瘤以及自噬等過程中。其中抗菌肽作為受VDR調(diào)控的下游基因,對于自噬泡的形成是必需的,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),如果抗菌肽受到抑制,蛋白Beclin-1的表達(dá)也會被抑制,而Beclin-1負(fù)責(zé)將多種和自噬相關(guān)的蛋白定位于自噬泡上,所以自噬活性也會受到抑制[7]。本實驗使用維生素D干預(yù)老齡大鼠,在電鏡下可見自噬泡的形成,并且比處理組自噬活性增強,說明維生素D誘導(dǎo)了自噬的發(fā)生。而其受體VDR表達(dá)量無變化,所以尚不能判斷其是否參與到了這種通路中去。維生素D和自噬之間的機制較為復(fù)雜,通路多種多樣,目前尚未明確,本實驗證實了他們之間的聯(lián)系,但對其具體機制仍然需要進(jìn)一步研究。
P62/SQSTM1作為一種支架蛋白,在選擇性地清除受損蛋白和細(xì)胞器方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用,其自身主要包括PB1區(qū)域、LIR區(qū)域、UBA綁定區(qū)域等特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)域,這些多樣化的結(jié)合區(qū)域提示P62/SQSTM1在信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路中充當(dāng)著多種角色。例如LIR結(jié)合域可以介導(dǎo)LC3(一種自噬標(biāo)記物)和P62/SQSTM1的結(jié)合,從而使P62/SQSTM1通過LC3和自噬泡結(jié)合實現(xiàn)了P62/SQSTM1蛋白本身以及泛素化蛋白被自噬降解[9,10]。本實驗在使用維生素D干預(yù)后蛋白P62/SQSTM1含量下降,說明蛋白通過自噬被降解,與以上研究結(jié)果吻合,說明維生素D誘導(dǎo)了自噬的發(fā)生,同時維生素D對蛋白P62/SQSTM1含量的影響是通過自噬實現(xiàn)的,為我們認(rèn)識維生素D對自噬的作用提供了新的認(rèn)識。
綜上所述,VD可以誘導(dǎo)自噬發(fā)生,促進(jìn)蛋白P62的通過自噬降解,VDR在其中的作用尚不明確。VD和自噬之間的聯(lián)系為臨床上某些與自噬相關(guān)的疾病提供了新的認(rèn)識,鑒于VD可以獲得的便利性以及較小的副作用,在與自噬相關(guān)的疾病的預(yù)防、治療等方面可能存在著巨大的利用價值,需要我們進(jìn)一步的研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Shi J,Wong J,Piesik P,et al. Cleavage of sequestosome 1/p62 by an enteroviral protease results in disrupted selective autophagy and impaired NF-κB signaling[J]. Autophagy,2013,139(10):1591-1603.
[2] Campbell GR,Spector SA,Spector SA. Toll-like receptor 8 ligands activate a vitamin D mediated autophagic response that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1[J]. PLoS Pathog,2012,8(11):e1003017.
[3] Campbell GR,Spector SA. Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy[J]. PLoS Pathog,2012,8(5):e1002689.
[4] Campbell GR,Stephen A. Spector autophagy induction by vitamin D inhibits both mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1[J]. Autophagy,2012, 8(10):1523-1525.
[5] Jo EK. Innate immunity to mycobacteria: vitamin D and autophagy[J]. Cell Microbiol,2010,12(8):1026-1035.
[6] Hoyer-Hansen M,Nordbrandt SP,Jaattela M,et al. Autophagy as a basis for the health-promoting effects of vitamin D[J]. Trends Mol Med,2010,16(7):295-302.
[7] Shaoping Wu,Jun Sun. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and macroautophagy in inflammation and infection[J]. Discov Med,2011,11(59):325-335.
[8] Shaid S,Brandts CH,Serve H,et al. Ubiquitination and selective autophagy[J]. Cell Death Differ,2013,20(1):21-30.
[9] Bensaad K,Cheng EC,Vousden KH,et al. Modulation of intracellular ROS levels by TIGA-R controls autophagy[J]. EMBO J,2009,28(19):3015-3026.
[10] Pankiv S,Clausen TH,Lamark T,et al. p62/SQSTM1 binds directly to Atg8/LC3 to facilitate degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates by autophagy[J]. J Biol Chem,2007,282(33):24131-24145.
[11] Félix Moruno,Eva Pérez-Jiménez,Erwin Knecht,et al. Regulation of autophagy by glucose in mammalian cells[J]. Cells,2012,1372-1395.
[12] Vellai T. Autophagy genes and ageing[J]. Cell Death Differ,2009,16(1):94-102.
[13] De Meyer GR,Martinet W. Autophagy in the cardiovascular system[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2009,1793(9):1485-1495.
[14] Komatsu M,Kageyama S,Ichimura Y,et al. p62/SQSTM1/A170: physiology and pathology[J]. Pharmacol Res,2012, 66(6):457-462.
[15] Wang J,Lian H,Zhao Y,et al. Vitamin D3 induces autophagy of human myeloid leukemia cells[J]. J Biol Chem,2008,283(37):25596-25605.
[16] Xiang W,Kong J,Chen S,et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2005,288(1):E125-E132.
(收稿日期:2014-03-04)
綜上所述,VD可以誘導(dǎo)自噬發(fā)生,促進(jìn)蛋白P62的通過自噬降解,VDR在其中的作用尚不明確。VD和自噬之間的聯(lián)系為臨床上某些與自噬相關(guān)的疾病提供了新的認(rèn)識,鑒于VD可以獲得的便利性以及較小的副作用,在與自噬相關(guān)的疾病的預(yù)防、治療等方面可能存在著巨大的利用價值,需要我們進(jìn)一步的研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Shi J,Wong J,Piesik P,et al. Cleavage of sequestosome 1/p62 by an enteroviral protease results in disrupted selective autophagy and impaired NF-κB signaling[J]. Autophagy,2013,139(10):1591-1603.
[2] Campbell GR,Spector SA,Spector SA. Toll-like receptor 8 ligands activate a vitamin D mediated autophagic response that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1[J]. PLoS Pathog,2012,8(11):e1003017.
[3] Campbell GR,Spector SA. Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy[J]. PLoS Pathog,2012,8(5):e1002689.
[4] Campbell GR,Stephen A. Spector autophagy induction by vitamin D inhibits both mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1[J]. Autophagy,2012, 8(10):1523-1525.
[5] Jo EK. Innate immunity to mycobacteria: vitamin D and autophagy[J]. Cell Microbiol,2010,12(8):1026-1035.
[6] Hoyer-Hansen M,Nordbrandt SP,Jaattela M,et al. Autophagy as a basis for the health-promoting effects of vitamin D[J]. Trends Mol Med,2010,16(7):295-302.
[7] Shaoping Wu,Jun Sun. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and macroautophagy in inflammation and infection[J]. Discov Med,2011,11(59):325-335.
[8] Shaid S,Brandts CH,Serve H,et al. Ubiquitination and selective autophagy[J]. Cell Death Differ,2013,20(1):21-30.
[9] Bensaad K,Cheng EC,Vousden KH,et al. Modulation of intracellular ROS levels by TIGA-R controls autophagy[J]. EMBO J,2009,28(19):3015-3026.
[10] Pankiv S,Clausen TH,Lamark T,et al. p62/SQSTM1 binds directly to Atg8/LC3 to facilitate degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates by autophagy[J]. J Biol Chem,2007,282(33):24131-24145.
[11] Félix Moruno,Eva Pérez-Jiménez,Erwin Knecht,et al. Regulation of autophagy by glucose in mammalian cells[J]. Cells,2012,1372-1395.
[12] Vellai T. Autophagy genes and ageing[J]. Cell Death Differ,2009,16(1):94-102.
[13] De Meyer GR,Martinet W. Autophagy in the cardiovascular system[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2009,1793(9):1485-1495.
[14] Komatsu M,Kageyama S,Ichimura Y,et al. p62/SQSTM1/A170: physiology and pathology[J]. Pharmacol Res,2012, 66(6):457-462.
[15] Wang J,Lian H,Zhao Y,et al. Vitamin D3 induces autophagy of human myeloid leukemia cells[J]. J Biol Chem,2008,283(37):25596-25605.
[16] Xiang W,Kong J,Chen S,et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2005,288(1):E125-E132.
(收稿日期:2014-03-04)
綜上所述,VD可以誘導(dǎo)自噬發(fā)生,促進(jìn)蛋白P62的通過自噬降解,VDR在其中的作用尚不明確。VD和自噬之間的聯(lián)系為臨床上某些與自噬相關(guān)的疾病提供了新的認(rèn)識,鑒于VD可以獲得的便利性以及較小的副作用,在與自噬相關(guān)的疾病的預(yù)防、治療等方面可能存在著巨大的利用價值,需要我們進(jìn)一步的研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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(收稿日期:2014-03-04)