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      投資激勵視角下農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈治理結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化

      2015-01-13 00:16浦徐進范旺達
      中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2015年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈合作社

      浦徐進+范旺達

      摘要

      本研究針對“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈面臨的雙邊投資意愿不足的現(xiàn)實困境,論文嘗試在不對稱納什談判博弈和Stacklberg博弈的框架下,分析“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈提升雙邊投資意愿的理論依據(jù),從而為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的治理結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提出政策建議。數(shù)理模型分析顯示:①與“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈相比,“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈中的農(nóng)戶種植投資和公司銷售投資的意愿均能得到提升。②“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈的農(nóng)戶利潤水平與合作社談判力正相關(guān);當合作社具有相對較強的談判力時,即使合作社規(guī)定的資本留存率較高,農(nóng)戶利潤水平依然能夠高于“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈。③當合作社談判力在某一特定范圍內(nèi)時,公司與農(nóng)戶利潤水平均能實現(xiàn)Pareto改進。④當考慮到公司和農(nóng)戶進行長期合作時,“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈中確保農(nóng)戶履約的保證金閾值顯著低于“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈。最后,利用數(shù)值仿真分析了合作社談判能力、資本留存率等因素對公司與農(nóng)戶利潤水平的影響以及農(nóng)戶保證金閾值的變化。論文研究結(jié)果表明,由于農(nóng)戶和公司在“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈中的地位更為平等,合作社能夠形成對于公司的制衡力量,這大大降低了農(nóng)戶進行種植投資后可能面臨的“敲竹杠”風險,農(nóng)戶的種植投資意愿得到提升。當農(nóng)戶加大種植投資后,合格農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量將會提高,這反過來又會激勵公司提升銷售投資意愿來獲得更多的利潤。因此,我國未來農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營模式的制度創(chuàng)新必須以農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的壯大為基礎(chǔ),大力發(fā)展“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈,這不僅有助于更好地保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全;也有助于讓農(nóng)戶平等參與現(xiàn)代化進程,共同分享現(xiàn)代化成果。

      關(guān)鍵詞農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈;雙邊投資;合作社;不對稱納什談判

      中圖分類號F306文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2015)01-0152-06doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2015.01.021

      根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)部對我國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營模式的調(diào)查統(tǒng)計結(jié)果顯示,“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈是目前采用率最高的模式[1]。然而,考慮到雙方現(xiàn)實地位不平等、農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營活動具有的高度不確定性以及由此帶來的機會主義行為等問題,我國“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈的現(xiàn)實運行呈現(xiàn)出典型的不完全契約特征。一方面,處于弱勢地位的農(nóng)戶擔心進行專用性投資后可能會面臨被對方“敲竹杠”(hold-up)的風險,因此在事前就會表現(xiàn)出種植投資不足;另一方面,公司憑借自己的優(yōu)勢地位可以對農(nóng)戶施加影響而獲得超額利潤,因此也缺乏必要的銷售投資意愿,雙方的合作將陷入了“雙輸”的囚徒困境[2]。針對“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈現(xiàn)實運行中存在的問題,本文結(jié)合我國專業(yè)合作社迅猛發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實,嘗試通過數(shù)理模型構(gòu)建和分析,對“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈在提升雙邊投資意愿、增進農(nóng)戶和公司收益等方面具有的優(yōu)越性進行理論證明,從而為我國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營模式的制度創(chuàng)新提出政策建議。

      1文獻綜述

      長期以來,“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈運行中可能出現(xiàn)的契約失效、組織解體等問題是學術(shù)界關(guān)注的研究熱點。Lowe和Precket[3]認為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的管理要比其他類型供應(yīng)鏈的管理更為困難,因為有著更長的提前期、更為不確定的供給和需求。Yu等[4]指出,若在公司和農(nóng)戶間的契約中僅僅含有價格條款,將不能保證雙方交易的公平,也不能保證供應(yīng)鏈長期穩(wěn)定運作。Hirschauer和Musshoff[5]證明,如果公司和農(nóng)戶間的契約機制不能懲罰違約者,那么設(shè)計的契約事實上是無效的。Federico等[6]對英國乳制品供應(yīng)鏈開展的實證研究表明,由于乳制品企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶的市場地位失衡,加之經(jīng)濟全球化所帶來的外部競爭壓力,使得農(nóng)戶的利潤空間縮小。

      事實上,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈種植和銷售環(huán)節(jié)往往需要資產(chǎn)專用性很強的投資。例如,種植過程中的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、化肥農(nóng)藥、農(nóng)用機械設(shè)備等投資具有專用性,而銷售過程中的儲藏設(shè)備、保鮮處理等投資同樣也具有專用性。Grossman和Hart[7]、Hart和Moore[8]建立的GHM模型中指出,如果一方在簽約后進行專用性投資,那么將存在被對方“敲竹杠”的風險,進而導致其投資激勵的不足。只有通過有效的產(chǎn)權(quán)或其他恰當?shù)暮贤才牛拍芴岣呓灰资虑昂褪潞蟮男?。葉飛等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),傳統(tǒng)的“保底收購,隨行就市”價格機制并不能很好地協(xié)調(diào)“公司+農(nóng)戶”供應(yīng)鏈,在此基礎(chǔ)上他們設(shè)計了一種能增強供應(yīng)鏈穩(wěn)健性的“B-S期權(quán)定價+生產(chǎn)協(xié)作+保證金”協(xié)調(diào)機制。近年來,隨著農(nóng)戶組織化程度的加深,許多學者通過實證分析研究了合作社在改善農(nóng)戶市場地位、促進農(nóng)戶增收中的作用。Barrett等[10]運用固定效用回歸模型處理了五個發(fā)展中國家訂單農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展情況的面板數(shù)據(jù)后認為,公司傾向于與合作社中的農(nóng)戶合作,而且加入合作社的農(nóng)戶收入往往高于其他農(nóng)戶。羅必良等[11]認為,進行農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的農(nóng)戶,雖然實現(xiàn)了規(guī)?;a(chǎn)但同時也增加了其資產(chǎn)專用性程度,從而面臨更大的市場風險,通過建立合作社提高農(nóng)民的市場地位是解決這一問題的有效途徑之一。

      浦徐進等:投資激勵視角下農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈治理結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化

      中國人口·資源與環(huán)境2015年第1期

      2問題描述與假設(shè)

      種植環(huán)節(jié)投資(例如優(yōu)化種植技術(shù)、購置先進種植設(shè)備等)和銷售環(huán)節(jié)投資(例如改進包裝技術(shù)、購置保鮮容器等)共同決定供應(yīng)鏈的最終產(chǎn)出,我們假設(shè)種植投資將影響合格農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量,而銷售投資將影響銷售價格。參考Xie et al.[12]的研究,當種植投資為ef時,合格農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量為a(1+ef),其中a為基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)量,種植投入成本為12βfe2f,βf為種植成本系數(shù);當銷售投資為er時,市場銷售價格為p=p(1+er),其中p為基礎(chǔ)銷售價格,銷售投入成本為12βre2r,βr為銷售成本系數(shù)。另外假設(shè)cf和cr分別為單位農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的種植成本和銷售成本,并且為保證種植并銷售農(nóng)產(chǎn)品有利可圖,我們有k=p-cf-cr>0。

      下文用下標“f”、“c”、“e”分別代表農(nóng)戶(farmer)、合作社(cooperative)和公司(enterprise),用不同的字母上標代表不同的模式,其中“ef”(enterprise+farmers)表示“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈,“ec”(enterprise+cooperative+farmers)表示“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈。

      3模型構(gòu)建與分析

      3.1“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈(ef模式)

      在傳統(tǒng)的“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈中,處于強勢地位的公司往往對于收購價格w具有主導權(quán)。此時農(nóng)戶和公司的利潤函數(shù)分別為:

      πeff=(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f

      πefe=[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r

      公司和農(nóng)戶之間進行的是Stacklberg博弈,公司首先確定對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的收購價格和銷售努力投入;隨后農(nóng)戶根據(jù)公司的決策來選擇自身最優(yōu)的種植努力投入。我們將利用逆推歸納法對公司和農(nóng)戶的決策進行推導:

      Maxw,erπefe=[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r

      s.tMaxefπeff=(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f

      求解上式可以得到:

      eef*f=a2p2+aβrk-βfβr2βfβr-a2p2

      wef*=cf+βf(aβrk+a2p2-βfβr)a(2βfβr-a2p2)

      eef*r=ap(ak+βf)2βfβr-a2p2

      πefe的Hessian矩陣為-βra2pβf

      a2pβf-2a2βf,由于銷售投資肯定為正數(shù)(eef*r>0),故2βfβr-a2p2>0,同時-βr<0,所以πefe的Hessian矩陣負定,可以判定wef*和eef*r為該決策問題的唯一最優(yōu)解。

      另外,由于種植投資也肯定為正數(shù)(eef*f>0),因此可知a2p2+aβrk-βfβr>0。

      將wef*、eef*f、eef*r代入πeff和πefe,可以得到博弈均衡時的農(nóng)戶和公司利潤分別為:

      πeff=[βf(aβrk+βfβr)2-(2βfβr-a2p2)2]2(2βfβr-a2p2)2

      πefe=βr(ak+βf)22(2βfβr-a2p2)

      事實上,公司為了和農(nóng)戶開展長期合作,往往要求農(nóng)戶期初預交一定金額的保證金F。在這個無限次重復博弈中,公司的觸發(fā)策略為:若上一階段農(nóng)戶選擇履約,則下一階段繼續(xù)與農(nóng)戶簽訂農(nóng)產(chǎn)品購銷合約;若上一階段農(nóng)戶選擇違約,則沒收保證金并終止與農(nóng)戶的合作。如果某期農(nóng)戶選擇違約則其可獲得一個高于πeff的超額利潤πhf(πhf>πeff),但之后就一直不能和公司合作,只能自己進行銷售而獲得較低的利潤πl(wèi)f(πl(wèi)f<πeff)。此外,假設(shè)農(nóng)戶貼現(xiàn)因子為δ。

      農(nóng)戶選擇始終履約時的利潤現(xiàn)值為:

      πefkf=πeff+δπeff+δ2πeff+…=πeff1-δ

      而農(nóng)戶選擇違約時的利潤現(xiàn)值為:

      πefbf=πhf-F+δπl(wèi)f+δ2πl(wèi)f+…=πhf-πl(wèi)f+πl(wèi)f1-δ-F

      比較農(nóng)戶選擇始終履約與違約情形時的利潤現(xiàn)值,可以得到:

      πefkf-πefbf=F-(πhf-πl(wèi)f)+(πeff-πl(wèi)f)1-δ

      很顯然,當保證金金額滿足F>Fef=πhf-πl(wèi)f-πeff-πl(wèi)f1-δ時,農(nóng)戶將在“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈中選擇始終履約,F(xiàn)ef為此時保證農(nóng)戶履約的保證金閾值。

      3.2“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈(ec模式)

      由于合作社在財政投入、稅收減免、金融服務(wù)、項目承擔、人才培養(yǎng)等方面享受一定的扶持政策,同時在用地、用電、運輸?shù)确矫嬉灿邢鄳?yīng)的優(yōu)惠,許多公司為了套取國家的相關(guān)政策紅利也在積極組建合作社。因此,這些所謂的“合作社”都是公司所掛的另一塊牌子,屬于 “空殼合作社”。在這些所謂的“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈中,公司依然獨享利潤而農(nóng)戶卻沒有得到實質(zhì)性幫助,本質(zhì)上還是前文分析的“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈。

      而在真正的“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈中,合作社是農(nóng)戶聯(lián)合行動的產(chǎn)物,農(nóng)戶支付給合作社固定的服務(wù)費用g(g>0),而合作社的交易成本為c,合作社的交易成本包括制度運行的成本,其中包括信息成本、談判成本、起草和實施合約的成本、界定實施產(chǎn)權(quán)的成本、監(jiān)督管理的成本與改變制度安排的成本等。合作社規(guī)定資本留存率為s(0≤s≤1)(也就是農(nóng)戶將自身收益以s比例上交合作社),作為發(fā)展再生產(chǎn)和建設(shè)本地基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的滾動發(fā)展資金。合作社代表農(nóng)戶利益與公司進行批發(fā)價格談判,農(nóng)戶通過集體行動獲得了一定的話語權(quán)和自我選擇權(quán)。此時農(nóng)戶、合作社與公司的利潤函數(shù)分別為:

      πecf=(1-s)(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f-g

      πecc=s(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f+g-c

      πece=[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r

      不對稱納什談判是指考慮博弈參與雙方不同的議價能力并滿足個體合理性、可行性、弱帕累托最優(yōu)性質(zhì)等六個公理時的納什談判,此時決定的唯一談判解被稱為不對稱納什談判解(Asymmetric Nash Bargaining Solution),即:

      u=arg Max(u1,u2)(u1-d1)τ(u2-d2)1-τ,τ∈[0,1]

      其中,u1和u2表示參與者1和參與者2的效用,d1和d2表示參與者1和參與者2的談判破裂點,而τ和1-τ分別表示各自的談判能力。有時出于計算簡便的考慮,也可以用對數(shù)形式來表示不對稱納什談判解,即:

      u=arg Max(u1,u2)τln(u1-d1)+(1-τ)ln(u2-d2),τ∈[0,1]

      在下文中,我們假設(shè)此時合作社相對于公司的談判力為τ(0<τ<1),由于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品具有播種、生長和收獲的季節(jié)性周期以及容易腐爛變質(zhì)的生物屬性,因此農(nóng)戶與公司一旦在事前簽訂合同,事后雙方毀約的成本相當巨大,故不合作的保留收益為0。合作社與公司基于如下不對稱納什談判模型進行批發(fā)價格談判:

      Maxws(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f+g-cτ·

      [(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r1-τ

      求解上式等價于考察規(guī)劃:

      Maxwτlns(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f+g-c

      +(1-τ)ln[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r

      對上式求關(guān)于w的一階導數(shù)并令其等于0,可以得到:

      τsas(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f+g-c-

      (1-τ)a[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r=0

      容易得到達到談判均衡時的批發(fā)價格為:

      wec*={τs[(1+er)p-cf-cr]a(1+ef)-12τsβre2r

      +12(1-τ)sβfe2f-(1-τ)(g-c)}/sa(1+ef)+cf

      將談判確定的批發(fā)價格wec*代入農(nóng)戶與公司的利潤函數(shù),隨后農(nóng)戶和公司之間進行關(guān)于種植投資和銷售投資的Stacklberg博弈,與前文的分析方法類似,我們可以得到:

      eec*f=βrak+a2p2βfβr-a2p2

      eec*r=ap(ak+βf)βfβr-a2p2

      將wec*、eec*f、eec*r代入πecf、πecc和πece,可以得到博弈均衡時的農(nóng)戶、合作社和公司利潤分別為:

      πecf=(1-s)τβf(aβrk+a2p2)+(βrak+βfβr)ak2(βfβr-a2p2)

      -(1-s)(1-τ)(g-c)+sgs

      πece=(1-τ)(aβrk+a2p2)βf+(aβrk+βfβr)ak2(βfβr-a2p2)

      +(1-τ)(g-c)s

      πecc=τsβf(aβrk+a2p2)+βr(ak+βf)ak2(βfβr-a2p2)+τ(g-c)

      分析合作社利潤的表達式可知,當c>sβf(aβrk+a2p2)+βr(ak+βf)ak2(βfβr-a2p2)+g時,合作社的利潤將為負值。這說明,交易成本是制約合作社發(fā)展的主要因素,當交易成本過高時,合作社將面臨組織崩潰的困境。因此,降低交易成本是合作社實現(xiàn)高效運作和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。

      與前文進行的重復博弈分析類似,公司為了和入社農(nóng)戶開展長期合作,依然要求入社農(nóng)戶期初預交一定金額的保證金F,其余假設(shè)與前文相同。

      此時農(nóng)戶選擇始終履約時的利潤現(xiàn)值為:

      πeckf=πecf+δπecf+δ2πecf+…=πecf1-δ

      而農(nóng)戶選擇違約時的利潤現(xiàn)值為:

      πecbf=πhf-F+δπl(wèi)f+δ2πl(wèi)f+…=πhf-πl(wèi)f+πl(wèi)f1-δ-F

      比較農(nóng)戶選擇始終履約與違約情形時的利潤現(xiàn)值,可以得到:

      πeckf-πecbf=F-(πhf-πl(wèi)f)+(πecf-πl(wèi)f)1-δ

      因此,當保證金金額滿足F>Fec=πhf-πl(wèi)f-(πecf-πl(wèi)f)1-δ時,農(nóng)戶將在“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈中選擇始終履約,F(xiàn)ec為此時保證農(nóng)戶履約的保證金閾值。

      4結(jié)果比較與數(shù)值仿真

      根據(jù)上述模型分析結(jié)論,我們對“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈和“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈的均衡結(jié)果進行比較分析。

      4.1種植投資意愿和銷售投資意愿的比較分析

      觀察eef*f、eef*f和eec*f、eec*r的表達式,我們?nèi)菀装l(fā)現(xiàn)有:

      eec*f-eef*f=βrag+a2p2βfβr-a2p2-a2p2+aβrg-βfβr2βfβr-a2p2>0

      eec*r-eef*r=ap(ag+βf)βfβr-a2p2-ap(ag+βf)2βfβr-a2p2>0

      因此,相比于“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈,“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈的種植投資意愿和銷售投資意愿均將得到提升。這說明,由于“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈中農(nóng)戶和公司的地位更為平等,合作社能夠形成對于公司的制衡力量,這就大大降低了農(nóng)戶進行種植投資可能面臨的“敲竹杠”風險,農(nóng)戶的種植投資意愿得到提升。當農(nóng)戶加大種植投資后,合格農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量將會提高,這反過來又會激勵公司提升銷售投資意愿來獲得更多的利潤。

      4.2農(nóng)戶利潤水平與資本留存率的關(guān)系分析

      滿足雙邊投資都為正數(shù)的約束條件(a2p2+aβrg-βfβr>0,2βfβr-a2p2>0)我們將基本參數(shù)假設(shè)為:βf=10、βr=90、α=2.5、p=8、cf=0.2、cr=0.1、c=1、g=0.4,在合作社談判力分別為τ=0.2、τ=0.5和τ=0.8時,令資本留存率s在區(qū)間上[0,1]上連續(xù)變化,繪制農(nóng)戶利潤水平與資本留存率之間的關(guān)系見圖1。

      圖1農(nóng)戶利潤水平與資本留存率的關(guān)系

      Fig.1Relationship between the farmers profit with

      the capital preservation rate

      觀察圖1,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈的農(nóng)戶利潤水平與合作社談判力正相關(guān),與資本留存率負相關(guān);當合作社具有相對較強的談判力時,即使合作社規(guī)定的資本留存率較高,農(nóng)戶利潤水平依然能夠高于“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈。這說明,隨著合作社談判力的增強,農(nóng)戶經(jīng)營收入的提升空間將得到進一步擴大,合作社可以收取較高的資本留存用于未來發(fā)展。

      4.3農(nóng)戶、公司利潤水平與合作社談判力的關(guān)系分析

      假設(shè)資本留存率s=0.5,其他基本參數(shù)的假設(shè)與前文一致,令合作社談判力τ在區(qū)間[0,1]上連續(xù)變化,繪制農(nóng)戶、公司利潤水平與合作社談判力的關(guān)系如圖2所示。

      觀察圖2,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈的農(nóng)戶利潤水平與合作社談判力正相關(guān),而公司利潤水平與合作社談判力負相關(guān);存在一個合理的合作社談判力區(qū)間τ∈[τ1,τ2],能夠使得農(nóng)戶和公司利潤水平都比“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈時得到Pareto改進。這說明,渠道權(quán)力更為平等的“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈對于農(nóng)戶和公司雙方都是有利的,此時雙方建立的利益聯(lián)結(jié)紐帶將更為鞏固和穩(wěn)定。

      圖2農(nóng)戶、公司利潤水平與合作社談判力的關(guān)系

      Fig.2Relationship between the profit of the farmers and

      the enterprise with the bargaining power of the cooperative

      4.4不同類型供應(yīng)鏈下農(nóng)戶保證金的比較分析

      假設(shè)資本留存率s=0.5,合作社的談判能力為τ=0.5,而πhf=55,πl(wèi)f=10,其他基本參數(shù)的假設(shè)與前文一致,令農(nóng)戶的貼現(xiàn)系數(shù)δ在區(qū)間[0,0.8]上連續(xù)變化,繪制“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈與“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈下保證農(nóng)戶履約的保證金閾值如圖3所示:

      圖3不同類型供應(yīng)鏈下農(nóng)戶保證金的比較分析

      Fig.3Comparative analysis of farmers guarantee fund

      in two different kinds of supply chain

      觀察圖3,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈下確保農(nóng)戶履約而所需繳納的保證金閾值顯著低于“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈。這說明,合作社作為中間組織介入農(nóng)戶和公司的交易后,能夠有助于提高農(nóng)戶違約成本,降低農(nóng)戶違約風險;而農(nóng)戶有了合作社作制度保障,也不用像以前那樣向公司繳納高額保證金。

      5主要結(jié)論與政策含義

      本文通過構(gòu)建數(shù)理模型,對“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈和“公司+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈的運行結(jié)果進行了比較分析,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)“公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶”型供應(yīng)鏈是一種更優(yōu)的治理結(jié)構(gòu),能夠同時提升種植投資意愿和銷售投資意愿,并降低農(nóng)戶繳納的保證金金額,從而實現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶和公司利潤的Pareto改進。因此,我國未來農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營模式的制度創(chuàng)新必須以農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的發(fā)展壯大為基礎(chǔ),這不僅有助于提升供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)的投資意愿,更好地保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全;也有助于讓農(nóng)戶平等參與現(xiàn)代化進程,共同分享現(xiàn)代化成果,并最終實現(xiàn)“三化同步”的戰(zhàn)略目標。

      (編輯:劉呈慶)

      參考文獻(References)

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      [6]Topolansky Barbe F G, Gonzalez Triay M M, Hughes N J. The Challenges of A Consolidated Supply Chain to British Dairy Farmers [J].Social Research,2011, 2(23):90-99.

      [7]Grossman S J, Hart O D. The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration [J].Journal of Political Economy, 1986, 94(4):691-719.

      [8]Hart O, Moore J. Property Rights and Nature of the Firm [J].Journal of Political Economy,1990, 98(6):1119- 1158.

      [9]葉飛,林強,莫瑞君.基于B-S模型的訂單農(nóng)業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)機制研究[J].管理科學學報,2012,15(1):66-76. [Ye Fei, Lin Qiang, Mo Ruijun. Contractfarming Supply Chain Coordination Mechanism Based on BS Model [J].Journal of Management Science in China, 2012,15(1):66-76.]

      [10]Barrett C B, Bachke M E, Bellemare M F, et al. Smallholder Participation in Contract Farming: Comparative Evidence from Five Countries[J].World Development,2012,40(4):715-730.

      [11]羅必良,劉成香,吳小立.資產(chǎn)專用性、專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)與農(nóng)戶的市場風險[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題,2008,(7):10-15. [Luo Biliang, Liu Chengxiang, Wu Xiaoli. Assets Specificity, Specialized Production and the Market Risk of the Peasanthousehold [J].Issues in Agricultural Economy (Monthly), 2008,(7):10-15.]

      [12]Xie G, Yue W, Wang S, et al. Quality Investment and Price Decision in a Riskaverse Supply Chain[J].European Journal of Operational Research, 2011, 214(2): 403-410.

      Governance Arrangement Optimization of the Agricultural Products Supply Chain

      from the Bilateral Investment Incentive Perspective

      PU Xujin1,2FAN Wangda1

      (1. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China;2. Jiangsu Food Research Base,

      Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China)

      Abstract

      This study focuses on the realistic dilemma of bilateral investments deficiency in the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain and aims to analyze how to optimize governance arrangement of the agricultural products supply chain. In the framework of asymmetric Nash bargaining and Stacklberg game theory, the mathematical model is developed to capture the feasibility to increase the bilateral investments in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain. The results show that:①Compared with the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain, both the investments in the farmers production effort and the enterprise sales effort are increased in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain.②The profit level of farmers is positively correlated to the bargaining power of the cooperative. When the cooperative have a relatively strong bargaining power, the farmers can still have more profits even if the retention rate of capital requirements is high.③When the bargaining power of the cooperative is in a certain degree, the profits of both the enterprise and the farmers will achieve the Pareto improvement.④The farmers guarantee fund will become lower in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain if considering the repeated games between the enterprise and the farmers. Finally, numerical simulations are used to analyze the impact, such as bargaining power and capital retention rate of cooperative, on the enterprise and farmer profit levels and the change of farmers guarantee fund in two different kinds of supply chain. The results highlight an advantage of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain: by making the status of the farmer and the leading firm more equal, the ‘hold up risk ?will decrease when the farmer makes an investment. When the farmers willingness to invest becomes stronger, the leading firm may be encouraged to increase the investment level to make more profits. Thus, the priority should be given to the development of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain in the future based on the cooperatives growing rapidly, which not only can help to protect the safety and quality of agricultural products and also may help make the farmers equally participate in the process of modernization and share with the modern achievements.

      Key wordsagricultural products supply chain; bilateral investment; cooperative; asymmetric Nash bargaining

      [6]Topolansky Barbe F G, Gonzalez Triay M M, Hughes N J. The Challenges of A Consolidated Supply Chain to British Dairy Farmers [J].Social Research,2011, 2(23):90-99.

      [7]Grossman S J, Hart O D. The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration [J].Journal of Political Economy, 1986, 94(4):691-719.

      [8]Hart O, Moore J. Property Rights and Nature of the Firm [J].Journal of Political Economy,1990, 98(6):1119- 1158.

      [9]葉飛,林強,莫瑞君.基于B-S模型的訂單農(nóng)業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)機制研究[J].管理科學學報,2012,15(1):66-76. [Ye Fei, Lin Qiang, Mo Ruijun. Contractfarming Supply Chain Coordination Mechanism Based on BS Model [J].Journal of Management Science in China, 2012,15(1):66-76.]

      [10]Barrett C B, Bachke M E, Bellemare M F, et al. Smallholder Participation in Contract Farming: Comparative Evidence from Five Countries[J].World Development,2012,40(4):715-730.

      [11]羅必良,劉成香,吳小立.資產(chǎn)專用性、專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)與農(nóng)戶的市場風險[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題,2008,(7):10-15. [Luo Biliang, Liu Chengxiang, Wu Xiaoli. Assets Specificity, Specialized Production and the Market Risk of the Peasanthousehold [J].Issues in Agricultural Economy (Monthly), 2008,(7):10-15.]

      [12]Xie G, Yue W, Wang S, et al. Quality Investment and Price Decision in a Riskaverse Supply Chain[J].European Journal of Operational Research, 2011, 214(2): 403-410.

      Governance Arrangement Optimization of the Agricultural Products Supply Chain

      from the Bilateral Investment Incentive Perspective

      PU Xujin1,2FAN Wangda1

      (1. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China;2. Jiangsu Food Research Base,

      Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China)

      Abstract

      This study focuses on the realistic dilemma of bilateral investments deficiency in the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain and aims to analyze how to optimize governance arrangement of the agricultural products supply chain. In the framework of asymmetric Nash bargaining and Stacklberg game theory, the mathematical model is developed to capture the feasibility to increase the bilateral investments in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain. The results show that:①Compared with the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain, both the investments in the farmers production effort and the enterprise sales effort are increased in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain.②The profit level of farmers is positively correlated to the bargaining power of the cooperative. When the cooperative have a relatively strong bargaining power, the farmers can still have more profits even if the retention rate of capital requirements is high.③When the bargaining power of the cooperative is in a certain degree, the profits of both the enterprise and the farmers will achieve the Pareto improvement.④The farmers guarantee fund will become lower in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain if considering the repeated games between the enterprise and the farmers. Finally, numerical simulations are used to analyze the impact, such as bargaining power and capital retention rate of cooperative, on the enterprise and farmer profit levels and the change of farmers guarantee fund in two different kinds of supply chain. The results highlight an advantage of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain: by making the status of the farmer and the leading firm more equal, the ‘hold up risk ?will decrease when the farmer makes an investment. When the farmers willingness to invest becomes stronger, the leading firm may be encouraged to increase the investment level to make more profits. Thus, the priority should be given to the development of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain in the future based on the cooperatives growing rapidly, which not only can help to protect the safety and quality of agricultural products and also may help make the farmers equally participate in the process of modernization and share with the modern achievements.

      Key wordsagricultural products supply chain; bilateral investment; cooperative; asymmetric Nash bargaining

      [6]Topolansky Barbe F G, Gonzalez Triay M M, Hughes N J. The Challenges of A Consolidated Supply Chain to British Dairy Farmers [J].Social Research,2011, 2(23):90-99.

      [7]Grossman S J, Hart O D. The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration [J].Journal of Political Economy, 1986, 94(4):691-719.

      [8]Hart O, Moore J. Property Rights and Nature of the Firm [J].Journal of Political Economy,1990, 98(6):1119- 1158.

      [9]葉飛,林強,莫瑞君.基于B-S模型的訂單農(nóng)業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)機制研究[J].管理科學學報,2012,15(1):66-76. [Ye Fei, Lin Qiang, Mo Ruijun. Contractfarming Supply Chain Coordination Mechanism Based on BS Model [J].Journal of Management Science in China, 2012,15(1):66-76.]

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      Governance Arrangement Optimization of the Agricultural Products Supply Chain

      from the Bilateral Investment Incentive Perspective

      PU Xujin1,2FAN Wangda1

      (1. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China;2. Jiangsu Food Research Base,

      Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China)

      Abstract

      This study focuses on the realistic dilemma of bilateral investments deficiency in the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain and aims to analyze how to optimize governance arrangement of the agricultural products supply chain. In the framework of asymmetric Nash bargaining and Stacklberg game theory, the mathematical model is developed to capture the feasibility to increase the bilateral investments in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain. The results show that:①Compared with the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain, both the investments in the farmers production effort and the enterprise sales effort are increased in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain.②The profit level of farmers is positively correlated to the bargaining power of the cooperative. When the cooperative have a relatively strong bargaining power, the farmers can still have more profits even if the retention rate of capital requirements is high.③When the bargaining power of the cooperative is in a certain degree, the profits of both the enterprise and the farmers will achieve the Pareto improvement.④The farmers guarantee fund will become lower in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain if considering the repeated games between the enterprise and the farmers. Finally, numerical simulations are used to analyze the impact, such as bargaining power and capital retention rate of cooperative, on the enterprise and farmer profit levels and the change of farmers guarantee fund in two different kinds of supply chain. The results highlight an advantage of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain: by making the status of the farmer and the leading firm more equal, the ‘hold up risk ?will decrease when the farmer makes an investment. When the farmers willingness to invest becomes stronger, the leading firm may be encouraged to increase the investment level to make more profits. Thus, the priority should be given to the development of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain in the future based on the cooperatives growing rapidly, which not only can help to protect the safety and quality of agricultural products and also may help make the farmers equally participate in the process of modernization and share with the modern achievements.

      Key wordsagricultural products supply chain; bilateral investment; cooperative; asymmetric Nash bargaining

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