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      利拉魯肽與艾塞那肽治療2型糖尿病降低體質(zhì)量指標(biāo)的meta分析

      2015-02-07 11:24:54張楚辭趙玉巖溫晶
      關(guān)鍵詞:艾塞那利拉魯安慰劑

      張楚辭,趙玉巖,溫晶

      (中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,沈陽 110001)

      ·論著·

      利拉魯肽與艾塞那肽治療2型糖尿病降低體質(zhì)量指標(biāo)的meta分析

      張楚辭,趙玉巖,溫晶

      (中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,沈陽 110001)

      目的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)類胰高血糖素樣肽1類似物利拉魯肽與艾塞那肽治療2型糖尿病降低體質(zhì)量指標(biāo)情況。方法計(jì)算機(jī)檢索Cochrane圖書館、PubMed、EMBASE、CNKI、CBM、中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫、中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫,對(duì)納入的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),并用Stata11.0軟件對(duì)提取的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行meta分析。結(jié)果共納入31個(gè)RCT,共計(jì)7 036例患者,對(duì)其體質(zhì)量降低情況進(jìn)行了meta分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),利拉魯肽與對(duì)照組相比,當(dāng)注射劑量為1.8 mg時(shí),能有效降低體質(zhì)量(WMD=-0.45,95%CI:-0.59,-0.31);與陽性對(duì)照相比,當(dāng)注射劑量為1.2 mg和1.8 mg時(shí),均能有效降低體質(zhì)量(WMD=-0.91,95%CI:-1.07,-0.75;WMD=-0.78,95%CI:-1.02,-0.54)。艾塞那肽與對(duì)照組相比,當(dāng)注射劑量為5 μg和10 μg時(shí),均能有效降低體質(zhì)量(WMD=-0.36,95%CI:-0.64,-0.09;WMD=-0.99,95%CI:-1.27,-0.72);與陽性對(duì)照相比,當(dāng)注射劑量為10 μg時(shí),能有效降低體質(zhì)量(WMD=-1.14,95%CI:-1.46,-0.82)。結(jié)論利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽作為新的腸促胰島激素類似物,均能夠減輕體質(zhì)量,為2型糖尿病患者提供了新的降糖藥選擇。

      糖尿病;類胰高血糖素樣肽1;艾塞那肽;利拉魯肽;meta分析

      類胰高血糖素樣肽1(glucagon like peptide-1,GLP-1)是一種腸促胰島素,由末段空腸、回腸、結(jié)腸的L細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生。體內(nèi)葡萄糖水平的高低對(duì)胰島素分泌和胰高血糖素的產(chǎn)生均起決定性的作用,同時(shí)也可以通過抑制胃排空和增加飽腹感來減少食物的攝入,并對(duì)β細(xì)胞新生的增加和β細(xì)胞的凋亡均有影響。近年來,腸促胰島素與2型糖尿?。╰ype 2 diabe-tes mellitus,T2DM)病理生理機(jī)制間的重要作用已被廣泛認(rèn)識(shí)。研究顯示,腸促胰島素通路在T2DM患者中減弱,故可以此通路為靶點(diǎn)開發(fā)新的降糖藥物[1]。因天然GLP-1易被二肽基肽酶(second dipeptidyl peptidase,DPP)Ⅳ降解并被腎清除,且半衰期很短(<2 min),需要持續(xù)皮下注射才能發(fā)揮藥理效應(yīng)[2],因此,GLP-1的開發(fā)價(jià)值受到明顯的限制。與DPP-Ⅳ抑制劑相比,GLP-1受體激動(dòng)劑或類似物能夠更好地通過促進(jìn)胰島素的分泌來控制血糖,降低體質(zhì)量;而DPP-Ⅳ抑制劑的有益作用有賴于機(jī)體內(nèi)源性GLP-1的水平,因而它的藥理作用較GLP-1類似物的作用弱[3]。綜上所述,GLP-1類似物理論上可能是治療糖尿病的首選藥物。

      首個(gè)獲得食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)的GLP-1類似物藥物為艾塞那肽。它具有多種生理活性,如刺激胰島B細(xì)胞的增殖與分化、降低胃排空速率、促進(jìn)飽食感等;利拉魯肽是長效GLP-1類似物,已開始應(yīng)用于臨床。目前尚無利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽治療T2DM降低體質(zhì)量方面的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),而現(xiàn)有的國內(nèi)外隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trial,RCT)研究對(duì)于利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽在治療T2DM降低體質(zhì)量方面是否存在差異結(jié)果不一。故本研究擬采用meta分析方法,評(píng)價(jià)利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽在治療T2DM降低體質(zhì)量方面的療效,旨在為T2DM患者提供降糖藥選擇的參考。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 檢索策略

      以中文關(guān)鍵詞“利拉魯肽”、“艾塞那肽”、“隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)”、“2型糖尿病”,英文關(guān)鍵詞“Liraglutide”、“Exenatide”、“Random control trial”、“Type 2 Diabetes”檢索1987-2014年P(guān)ubMed、Cochrane Database of Systematic Review、Embase、知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫;與作者和生產(chǎn)廠家聯(lián)系,收集未發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)(灰色文獻(xiàn))。文獻(xiàn)檢索包括4個(gè)步驟:(1)檢索各數(shù)據(jù)庫中相關(guān)的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和meta分析;(2)在各中英文數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢索相關(guān)的演示論文,并對(duì)所獲文獻(xiàn)文題、摘要、所用的關(guān)鍵詞以及主題詞進(jìn)行分析,以進(jìn)一步確定文獻(xiàn)檢索的關(guān)鍵詞;(3)運(yùn)用所有相關(guān)的主題詞和關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)檢索,如果摘要初步符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),則進(jìn)一步查找并閱讀全文;(4)發(fā)表語種不限;(5)通過所獲文獻(xiàn)后附參考文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步檢索。

      1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      (1)利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽治療T2DM的RCT;(2)對(duì)樣本大小有明確規(guī)定;(3)資料有原始數(shù)據(jù)、均數(shù)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差或者可以轉(zhuǎn)化為均數(shù)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;(4)匯總的結(jié)果可以用相應(yīng)的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)表達(dá);(5)年齡18~80歲,以1999年WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確診為T2DM患者,非妊娠,無心、肝、腎功能異常;(6)不包括職業(yè)人群的研究資料;(7)由2名評(píng)價(jià)員采用統(tǒng)一的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)同時(shí)對(duì)所選文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行納入,如遇分歧通過討論由第3位研究者協(xié)助解決;(8)干預(yù)措施:試驗(yàn)組采用利拉魯肽,對(duì)照組使用安慰劑,陽性對(duì)照組采用口服降糖藥物(oral hypoglycemic drugs,OAD),其他治療措施完全相同。

      1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      (1)排除質(zhì)量差、重復(fù)報(bào)告、報(bào)告信息太少以及數(shù)據(jù)描述不詳?shù)奈墨I(xiàn);(2)排除未進(jìn)行比較、未報(bào)道具體臨床結(jié)果的文獻(xiàn)。

      1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理

      按meta分析的要求整理數(shù)據(jù),建立數(shù)據(jù)庫并核對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)。對(duì)入選文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)。若同質(zhì)則采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并分析;否則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(D-L法)進(jìn)行合并分析,然后計(jì)算出其加權(quán)均數(shù)差(weighted mean difference,WMD)及其95% CI,做出森林圖。最后進(jìn)行敏感性分析,做倒漏斗圖評(píng)估發(fā)表偏倚。由2名評(píng)價(jià)員采用統(tǒng)一的數(shù)據(jù)提取表格,同時(shí)獨(dú)立提取資料數(shù)據(jù),如遇分歧通過討論由第3位研究者協(xié)助解決。以上所有過程均采用Stata 11.0軟件進(jìn)行處理。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果

      本研究初檢出相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)384篇,其中,英文文獻(xiàn)103篇,中文文獻(xiàn)281篇。根據(jù)以上文獻(xiàn)資料的納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)篩選并納入本次meta分析的文獻(xiàn)共31篇[4~34],其中,英文文獻(xiàn)25篇,中文文獻(xiàn)6篇。

      2.2 納入研究一般特征

      上述文獻(xiàn)均為隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,且民族與職業(yè)不限;對(duì)照組與病例組在同一地區(qū)。文獻(xiàn)的篩選納入?yún)⒄誂MSTAR質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)每篇病例對(duì)照研究進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)分。

      2.3 meta分析結(jié)果

      2.3.1 利拉魯肽vs安慰劑:共納入5個(gè)RCT[14,24,25,27,30]比較了1.8 mg利拉魯肽與安慰劑治療T2DM。采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,meta分析結(jié)果顯示:利拉魯肽治療T2DM在降低體質(zhì)量方面優(yōu)于安慰劑,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.45,95%CI:0.59~-0.31)。

      2.3.2 利拉魯肽vs OAD

      2.3.2.1 1.2 mg利拉魯肽共納入3個(gè)RCT[5,22,28]比較了利拉魯肽與OAD治療T2DM。采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,meta分析結(jié)果顯示:利拉魯肽治療T2DM在降低體質(zhì)量方面優(yōu)于OAD,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.91,95%CI:-1.07~-0.75)。

      2.3.2.2 1.8 mg利拉魯肽共納入4個(gè)RCT[4,22,27,28]比較了利拉魯肽與OAD治療T2DM。采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,meta分析結(jié)果顯示:利拉魯肽治療T2DM在降低體質(zhì)量方面優(yōu)于OAD,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.78,95%CI:-1.02~-0.54)。

      2.3.3 艾塞那肽vs安慰劑

      2.3.3.1 5 μg艾塞那肽共納入4個(gè)RCT[12,20,21,23]比較了艾塞那肽與安慰劑治療T2DM。采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,meta分析結(jié)果顯示:艾塞那肽治療T2DM在降低體質(zhì)量方面優(yōu)于安慰劑,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.36,95%CI:-0.64~-0.09)。

      2.3.3.2 10 μg艾塞那肽共納入20個(gè)RCT比較了艾塞那肽與安慰劑治療T2DM[6,7,9~14,16,17,19~24,29,31~33]。采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,meta分析結(jié)果顯示:艾塞那肽治療T2DM在降低體質(zhì)量方面優(yōu)于安慰劑,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.99,95%CI:-1.27~-0.72)。

      2.3.4 艾塞那肽vs OAD:10 μg艾塞那肽共納入6個(gè) RCT[8,10,14,15,17,18]比較了艾塞那肽與 OAD治療T2DM。采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,meta分析結(jié)果顯示:艾塞那肽治療T2DM在降低體質(zhì)量方面優(yōu)于OAD,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-1.14,95%CI:-1.46~-0.82)。

      2.4 敏感性分析

      對(duì)研究資料采用固定效應(yīng)模型和隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分別計(jì)算,結(jié)果的一致程度可在一定水平上反映其合并結(jié)果的可靠性。本研究采用2種模型估計(jì)合并,2種模型所得結(jié)果WMD值以及95%CI結(jié)果非常接近,說明本研究的合并結(jié)果基本可靠,見表1。

      表1 隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型和固定效應(yīng)模型計(jì)算結(jié)果比較Tab.1 Results of comparison between random effect model and fixed effect model

      3 討論

      利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽均為GLP-1受體激動(dòng)劑,2藥雖為同類藥物,但在來源、分子結(jié)構(gòu)、藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)方面卻存在差異,國內(nèi)外對(duì)其降糖、減重等效應(yīng)也有廣泛研究。本研究通過meta分析的方法量化了利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽對(duì)T2DM患者體質(zhì)量的影響,并通過亞組分析的方法研究了2種藥物在使用不同劑量時(shí)對(duì)患者體質(zhì)量的影響。結(jié)果顯示:與服用安慰劑的患者相比,僅當(dāng)患者使用利拉魯肽1.2 mg時(shí),不降低患者體質(zhì)量,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其余各劑量組利拉魯肽均可顯著降低患者體質(zhì)量;除使用5 μg艾塞那肽治療與OAD比較沒有充分研究外,其余研究通過meta分析證實(shí)艾塞那肽比較其他治療均可顯著降低患者體質(zhì)量。

      本研究中共納入8個(gè)研究(n=3 351),全部為RCT。從文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果來看,質(zhì)量等級(jí)多為moderated,大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)均報(bào)告了如何產(chǎn)生隨機(jī)分配序列、隨機(jī)方案如何隱藏、盲法如何實(shí)施,提示納入研究存在選擇性偏倚的可能,但有些研究方法存在一定局限性。由于陰性結(jié)果文章往往無法發(fā)表,可能存在一定發(fā)表偏倚。由于幾乎所有試驗(yàn)的療程都少于30周,因而對(duì)利拉魯肽長期有效性和安全性的評(píng)價(jià)受到限制。從研究人群來看,7個(gè)研究主要為歐美白種人,1個(gè)研究主要為歐洲和亞洲人,6個(gè)研究主要為亞洲人,人種差異可能對(duì)研究結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定的影響。

      利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽均采用皮下注射,部分患者不愿意接受,故在隨機(jī)選擇研究對(duì)象時(shí)可能存在選擇性偏倚。研究將<18歲的青少年和>80歲的老年人、妊娠或哺乳婦女排除在外,故結(jié)論可能不能應(yīng)用于以上人群。因納入研究主要由制藥企業(yè)提供贊助,潛在的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益可能對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定的影響。

      本研究納入的文獻(xiàn)均為多中心研究,文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量高,雖然沒有實(shí)施盲法,但結(jié)局指標(biāo)均為客觀指標(biāo),故盲法的實(shí)施與否對(duì)研究結(jié)果的影響較小。綜上所述,利拉魯肽和艾塞那肽作為新的腸促胰島激素類似物,較對(duì)照組能顯著減輕體質(zhì)量,為T2DM患者提供了新的降糖藥選擇。因納入研究的樣本量較小,隨訪時(shí)間較短,尚需要開展大樣本、高質(zhì)量的研究,進(jìn)一步論證其療效和安全性。

      參考文獻(xiàn):

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      [11]Bergenstal R,Lewin A,Bailey T,et al.Efficacy and safety of biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 versus exenatide in subjects with type 2 diabetes failing to achieve glycemic control with metformin and a sulfonylurea[J].Curr Med Res Opin,2009,25(1):65-75.

      [12]Buse JB,Henry RR,Han J,et al.Effects of exenatide(exendin-4)on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2004,27(11):2628-2635.

      [13]Buse JB,Bergenstal RM,Glass LC,et al.Use of twice-daily exenatide in basal insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes:a randomized,controlled trial[J].Ann Intern Med,2011,15(42):103-112.

      [14]Davies MJ,Donnelly R,Barnett AH,et al.Exenatide compared with long-acting insulin to achieve glycaemic control with minimal weight gain in patients with type 2 diabetes:results of the helping evaluate exenatide in patients with diabetes compared with longacting insulin(HEELA)study[J].Diabetes Obes Metab,2009,11(12):1153-1162.

      [15]DeFronzo RA,Triplitt C,Qu Y,et al.Effects of exenatide plus rosiglitazone on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes on metformin[J].Diabetes Care,2010,33(5):951-957.

      [16]Diamant M,Van Gaal L,Stranks S,et al.Once weekly exenatide compared with insulin glargine titrated to target in patients with type 2 diabetes(DURATION-3):an open-label randomised trial[J].Lancet,2010,375(9733):2234-2243.

      [17]Gallwitz B,Bohmer M,Segiet T,et al.Exenatide twice daily versus premixed insulin aspart 70/30 in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes:a randomized 26-week study on glycemic control and hypoglycemia[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(3):604-606.

      [18]Gallwitz B,Guzman J,Dotta F,et al.Exenatide twice daily versus glimepiride for prevention of glycaemic deterioration in patients with type 2 diabetes with metformin failure(EUREXA):an openlabel,randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2012,379(9833):2270-2278.

      [19]Heine RJ,Van Gaal LF,Johns D,et al.Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes:a randomized trial[J].Ann Intern Med,2005,14(38):559-569.

      [20]Kadowaki T,Namba M,Yamamura A,et al.Exenatide exhibits dose -dependent effects on glycemic control over 12 weeks in Japanese patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes[J].Endocr J,2009,56(3):415-424.

      [21]Kendall DM,Riddle MC,Rosenstock J,et al.Effects of exenatide(exendin-4)on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea[J].Diabetes Care,2005,28(5):1083-1091.

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      [26]Lee WC,Dekoven M,Bouchard J,et al.Improved real-world glycaemic outcomes with liraglutide versus other incretin-based therapies in type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes Obes Metab,2014,16(9):819-826.

      [27]Russell-Jones D,Vaag A,Schmitz O,et al.Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus(LEAD-5 met+SU):a randomised controlled trial[J].Diabetologia,2009,52(10):2046-2055.

      [28]Yang W,Chen L,Ji Q,et al.Liraglutide provides similar glycaemic control as glimepiride(both in combination with metformin)and reduces body weight and systolic blood pressure in Asian population with type 2 diabetes from China,South Korea and India:a 16-week,randomized,double-blind,active control trial(*)[J].Diabetes Obes Metab,2011,13(1):81-88.

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      [30]Zinman B,Gerich J,Buse JB,et al.Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes(LEAD-4 Met+TZD)[J].Diabetes Care,2009,32(7):1224-1230.

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      [32]Davies M,Heller S,Sreenan S,et al.Once-weekly exenatide versus once-or twice-daily insulin detemir:randomized,open-label,clinical trial of efficacy and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin alone or in combination with sulfonylureas[J]. Diabetes Care,2013,36(5):1368-1376.

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      (編輯 王又冬)

      EffectsofExenatide and Liraglutide on Body Weight:AMeta-analysis

      ZHANGChu-ci,ZHAOYu-yan,WENJing
      (DepartmentofEndocrinology,The FirstHospital,China MedicalUniversity,Shenyang 110001,China)

      ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)analogues exenatide and liraglutide on body weight in patients with type 2 diabetics mellitus.MethodsSuch databases as PubMed,Embase,CNKI and CMFD(1987-2014)were searched for randomized controlled trials.The meta-analysis was performed on the extracted related data using the software STATA 11.ResultsTotally 31 RCTs(7 036 patients)were included.The meta-analysis on body weight in these patients showed the following findings:compared to controls,liraglutide(1.8 mg)effectively decreased body weight(WMD=-0.45,95%CI:-0.59,-0.31);compared to positive controls,liraglutide(1.2 mg and 1.8 mg)also effectively decreased body weight(WMD=-0.91.95%CI:-1.07,-0.75;WMD=-0.78,95%CI:-1.02,-0.54).Compared to controls,exenatide(5 μg and 10 μg)effectively decreased body weight(WMD=-0.36,95%CI:-0.64,-0.09;WMD=-0.99,95%CI:-1.27,-0.72);compared to positive controls,exenatide(10μg)also effectively decreased body weight(WMD=-1.14,95%CI:-1.46,-0.82).ConclusionAs novelintestinal pancreatotropic hormone analogues,exenatide and liraglutide can effectively reduce body weight,providing new alternatives of hypoglycemic agentsforpatients with type 2 diabeticsmellitus.

      diabetes;glucagon-like peptide-1;exenatide;liraglutide;meta-analysis

      R587.1

      A

      0258-4646(2015)07-0591-05

      國家自然科學(xué)基金(81071460,81470998)

      張楚辭(1985-),女,醫(yī)師,碩士.

      趙玉巖,E-mail:g572@sina.com

      2014-10-27

      網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:

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