焦花蘭
摘 要:短文改錯是每年高考英語試題中平均得分較低的題型,但由于其本身有規(guī)律可循,有必要對其命題特點進行分析研究,從而提高解題技巧。
關(guān)鍵詞:短文改錯;問題錯誤;技巧分析
短文改錯是一道集語法知識和語言技能為一體的綜合性題目,其目的在于考查學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)、判斷、糾正文章錯誤的能力,進而考查學(xué)生的詞法、句法及行文邏輯等方面的水平以及在語篇中綜合運用英語的能力。短文改錯是專門針對學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中特別是寫作訓(xùn)練中常犯錯誤而設(shè)計的。對他們而言,此題是拉開檔次的一道題目,然而很多考生對該題感到束手無策。關(guān)鍵在于找不到錯誤、不會找錯誤,那么,怎樣找錯誤、發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤就成了解這道題目的關(guān)鍵。下面我就短文改錯測試點的分布進行分析,幫助大家尋找規(guī)律,從而提高短文改錯題的解題技巧。
一、冠詞的誤用
1.不定冠詞a和an(a用于輔音音素前,an用于元音音素前,如26個字母中的a、e、f、h、i、l、m、n、o、r、s、x之前用an)。
2.不定冠詞和定冠詞的混用。
3.零冠詞(物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、三餐、星期、月份、季節(jié)、學(xué)科、球類、棋類以及by與交通工具連用等。)
4.在某些習(xí)慣用語和固定搭配中。
(1) Today we had a early breakfast. (a→an)
(2) After a hour we arrived there. (a→an)
(3) A horse is an useful animal. (an→a)
(4) There is a i and a l in the word child.(a→an)
(5) When a child is five in England,his parents must send him to the school. (去掉school, school為上學(xué)時其前不加the)
(6) He often goes to school by a bus. (a去掉)
(7) We usually have the lunch at 10∶00 every day.(the去掉)
(8) The car disappeared in distance. (in后加the)
二、名詞的誤用
1.可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。
2.抽象名詞具體化(如success,failure,pleasure,surprise,beauty,worry,interest,joy,delight,danger,sorrow,trouble,pain 等)。
3.經(jīng)常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞(glasses,trousers,gloves,socks,earnings,savings,surroundings等)。
4.名詞所有格形式。
5.名詞作定語。
(1) It was such a good weather that they all went for a picnic.
(去掉a)
(2) While I was in Beijing I made a lot of friend.
(friend 改為friends)
(3) The meeting held last week was great success.
(great前加a)
(4) My sister wok in a shoes factory.(shoes→shoe)
(5) There are 50 man teachers in our school. (man→men)
(6) This book isnt mine, it must be someone else.
(else→elses)
三、代詞的誤用
1.人稱代詞的主格和賓格。
2.形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。
3.反身代詞。
4.指示代詞。
5.疑問代詞。
6.不定代詞(如each,every,all,both,neither的用法;no one,none,nobody,nothing的用法;other,others,the other,the others,another的用法;one,ones,it,that,those的用法等)。
7.相互代詞(each other,one another的用法)。
8.關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,that,which,whose,why,when,where,as的用法等)。
9.it 用作形式主語和形式賓語。
(1) It is a secret between he and I.(I→me)
(2) It was her that answered the phone. (her→she)
(3) You may express you in other ways. (you→yourself)
(4) -Hello!Who is that speaking?
—Im Mary?。↖m→This is)
(5) —What color do you like?
—White,black or green?(What →Which)
(6) This one in a bit large for me,would you please show me other one?(other→another)
(7) I have bought several new novels .You can read it if you like.(it→them)
(8) Every side of the street is lined with green trees.
(Every→Each)
(9) Smith pointed to a path where he thought would lead to a village.(where→that/which)
(10) That is difficult to learn English well.(That→It)
四、介詞的誤用
1.常用的易混介詞。
2.介詞與形容詞的搭配使用。
3.多用介詞和漏用介詞的情況。
4.這些短語中的 to 是介詞(be/get used to,stick to,object to, lead to,devote to,be sentenced to,pay attention to,look forward to, come to等)。
5.當(dāng)名詞前面有this,that,next,last等詞修飾時不用介詞。
(1) Tom helped the old lady over the road. (over→cross)
(2) He has many other friends except me. (except→besides)
(3) We should serve for the people heart and soul. (去掉for)
(4) Whom do you believe the dictionary belongs?
(belongs后加to)
(5) Im looking forward to hear from you soon.(hear→hearing)
(6) They had a good time on that day.(去掉on)
五、形容詞和副詞的誤用
1.比較級和最高級的用法。
2.形容詞和副詞的混用。
3.倍數(shù)的表達方法。
4.容易出錯的幾組副詞(deep“深”,deeply“深深地”;high“高高地”highly“高度地”;wide“寬大地”,widely“廣泛地”;close“靠近地”,closely“仔細地,密切地”;late“晚”,lately“最近”;hard“努力”,hardly“幾乎不”)
5.由現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞的混用。如interesting與interested,satisfying與satisfied,disappointing與disappointed等。
6.so...that結(jié)構(gòu)與such...that結(jié)構(gòu)的誤用。
(1) We had a wonderfully time there.(wonderfully →wonderful)
(2) Lucky enough,a lot of neighbors came out and soon firefighters arrived.(lucky→luckily)
(3) This book is much interesting than that one.
(much→more或much后加more)
(4) I was praised high for it,which made my parents happy.
(high→highly)
(5) The boy is interesting in surfing the Internet.
(interesting→interested)
(6) Its so an interesting film that we all like it.(so→such)
六、動詞的誤用
1.及物動詞與不及物動詞。
2.連系動詞的用法。
3.情態(tài)動詞的用法。
4.動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。
5.非真實條件句中謂語動詞的形式。
(1) They greeted to each other politely.(去掉to)
(2) The serious accident was happened in Jinan.(去掉was)
(3) They greeted to such a hurry that he knocks his brother down. (knocks→knocked)
(4) Lily and Linda were seeing near the tall building.
(seeing→seen)
(5) My brother told me that he would going to America.
(going→go)
(6) If you had listened to my advice ,you will be all right now . (will→would)
七、連詞的誤用
1.并列連詞(and,but,or,while,so,for等)。
2.從屬連詞(that,if,whether,before,after,since,because,as soon as等)。
3.熱點句型。
a.祈使句+and/or ? ? ? ? b.It is+一段時間+since...
c.強調(diào)句型 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? d.when作并列連詞的用法
(1) “Your money and your life?” he was frightened. (and→or) (2) Though he is weak,but he does his best to do the work.
(去掉but)
(3) I was watching TV while someone knocked at the door.
(while→when)
(4) I doubt that youll succeed or not.(that→whether)
(5) I walk to school every day except that it rains.(that→when)
(6) It is ten years when we met.(when→since)
八、數(shù)詞和主謂一致
1.語法一致原則。
2.意義一致原則。
3.就近一致原則(or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also,not...but,here,there引導(dǎo)的句子中)。
4.分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法以及它們修飾名詞作主語。
5.當(dāng)主語后跟有with,together with,but,besides,except,like,as well as,more than,rather than,no less than等引起的短語時,謂語動詞仍與前面的主語保持一致。
6.定語從句中的謂語動詞由先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。
(1) About two-third of the teacher in this school are women.
(two-third→two-thirds)
(2) Here come the bus.(come-comes)
(3) Either the students or the teacher are our friends.
(are→is)
(4) Mr Green,together with his children have come to China.
(have→has)
(5) The news that have been published in todays newspaper is not true.(have→has)
九、非謂語動詞
1.非謂語動詞之間的誤用。
2.一感、二聽、三讓、五看,半幫助(feel, hear,listen to,have, let,make,see,notice,observe,watch,look at,help)等詞后接動詞不定式作賓語補足語時要省略to,但當(dāng)這類句子變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時,不定式前面的to要補上去。
3.不定式符號to與介詞to的混用。
(1) Judged from his accent,he must be from Shanghai.
(Judged→Judging)
(2) All the homework was finished, we went out.(去掉was)
(3) I often hear the girl to sing the song. (去掉to)
→The girl is often heard to sing the song.
(4) Im looking forward to you come here again.(come→coming)
(5) Seeing from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful. (seeing→seen)
十、詞義的重疊
(1) Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit to an American family. (去掉time)
(2) When I was a boy,the most exciting thing was when to celebrate the Spring Festival. (去掉when)
(3) Two years later,he returned back home.(去掉back)
(4) It is about 200 miles far away from London.(去掉far,若有數(shù)詞,一般不用far)
十一、從句
引導(dǎo)詞的誤用、多用與漏用。
(1) I also enjoyed the days when we spent together.
(去掉when或when→that/which)
(2) I live in Beijing,where is the capital of China.
(where→which)
(3) I have a good friend whos name is Liu Mei.
(whos→whose)
(4) It has been five years when we graduated.
(when→since)
(5) At the airport where all the baggage must be examined.
(去掉where)
(6) This book is written in such easy English as I can read it. (去掉it)
當(dāng)然,要真正提高短文改錯能力還需要不斷的專項練習(xí),通過強化訓(xùn)練來提高改錯能力,相信學(xué)生也會取得理想成績。