付堯 王金成 賈云龍 張漢陽 鐘專 陳高揚(yáng) 劉賀 常非
(吉林大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院骨科,長春13.41)
SandersⅡ~Ⅲ型跟骨骨折術(shù)后完全負(fù)重練習(xí)開始時(shí)間與足部功能關(guān)系
付堯 王金成 賈云龍 張漢陽 鐘專 陳高揚(yáng) 劉賀 常非*
(吉林大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院骨科,長春13.41)
背景:SandersⅡ~Ⅲ型跟骨骨折切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)后患肢完全負(fù)重功能練習(xí)的開始時(shí)間尚存爭議。
目的:探討SandersⅡ~Ⅲ型跟骨骨折切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)后患肢完全負(fù)重功能練習(xí)的開始時(shí)間與足部功能的關(guān)系。
方法:選取2010年1月至2013年10月收治的SandersⅡ~Ⅲ型跟骨骨折患者29例36足,按完全負(fù)重練習(xí)的開始時(shí)間分為:A組16例17足,術(shù)后6~8周開始部分負(fù)重功能鍛煉,3個(gè)月內(nèi)開始完全負(fù)重鍛煉,平均完全負(fù)重時(shí)間2.8個(gè)月;B組13例19足,因個(gè)人因素(復(fù)合傷、工傷、心理因素等),術(shù)后開始完全負(fù)重時(shí)間大于3個(gè)月,平均完全負(fù)重時(shí)間5.5個(gè)月。
結(jié)果:隨訪根據(jù)Maryland足部評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),A組平均為(91.4±3.4)分,B組平均為(86.3±4.5)分,相比較有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05)。A組切口愈合不良3足,經(jīng)換藥2周愈合;B組切口愈合不良1足,經(jīng)換藥2周愈合,骨髓炎1足,經(jīng)抗生素骨水泥填充治療后治愈,兩組無明顯差別(P>0.05)。A組平均B?hler角29.5°±3.3°,平均Gissan角130.1°±5.4°,骨折均已愈合;B組平均B?hler角31.1°±2.1°,平均Gissan角131.5°±3.9°,骨折均已愈合。兩組統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)無明顯差異(P>0.05)。
結(jié)論:SandersⅡ~Ⅲ型跟骨骨折術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)開始完全負(fù)重鍛煉患者的足部功能明顯優(yōu)于開始完全負(fù)重時(shí)間大于3個(gè)月的患者。
跟骨骨折;完全負(fù)重;鍛煉
Background:ound:When to begin fullweight-bearing exercise after open reduction and internal fixation for SandersⅡ-Ⅲcalcaneal fractures is still in dispute.
Objective:tive:To investigate the relationship between joint function recovery and postoperative fullweight-bearing exercise afteropen reduction and internal fixation for treatmentof SandersⅡ-Ⅲcalcaneal fractures.
Methods:hods:A total of 29 patients(36 feet)w ith SandersⅡ-Ⅲcalcaneal fractures treated between January 2010 and October 2013 were enrolled in the retrospective study.According to the beginning time of fullweight-bearing exercise,the patients were divided into two groups.In group A,16 patients(17 feet)began partialweight-bearing exercise at6-8 w eeks postoperatively and fullweight-bearing exercisewithin 3monthspostoperatively(2.8monthson average).In group B,13 patients(19 feet)did fullweight-bearing exercisewith a delay(more than 3months,5.5monthson average)after surgery due to personal reasons,such as combined injury,industrial injury and psychological factors.
Results:ults:The Maryland foot scorewas 91.4±3.4 in group A and 86.3±4.5 in group B,and therewas significantdifference in the Maryland scorebetween groups(P<0.05).Three feet in group A and one foot in group B suffered from a poorhealing of incision and were cured after dressing change 2 weeks later.Osteomyelitis occurred in one foot in group B and were cured by antibiotic bone cement reconstruction.No significant differencewas observed in complications between two groups(P>0.05).A ll fractureswere healed.The average B?hler angle and Gissan angle w as 29.5°±3.3°and 130.1°±5.4°,respectively, in group A.And in group Bwas31.1°±2.1°and 131.5°±3.9°,respectively.Therewasno significantdifference in B?hlerangleorGissan anglebetween two groups(P>0.05).
Conclusions:ions:Foot function in the patientswho perform fullw eight-bearing exercise w ithin 3months postoperatively is superior to thosewith a delaying fullweight-bearing exercise(more than 3monthsaftersurgery).
跟骨骨折約占跗骨骨折的65%,全身骨折的2%[1]。對于累及關(guān)節(jié)面的跟骨骨折的治療方法已經(jīng)爭論了近150年[2],隨著近年來對跟骨骨折的深入研究,通過外側(cè)入路的切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)治療跟骨骨折已被廣泛接受[3]。許多患者手術(shù)復(fù)位良好,但由于術(shù)后缺少早期完全負(fù)重鍛煉而未獲得相應(yīng)的良好功能[4]。術(shù)后何時(shí)開始完全負(fù)重鍛煉是個(gè)值得探討的問題,本研究對跟骨骨折術(shù)后完全負(fù)重鍛煉的開始時(shí)間進(jìn)行了分組比較,結(jié)果如下。
1.1 臨床資料
選取2010年1月至2013年10月收治的跟骨骨折患者52例,均由同一醫(yī)療組治療且術(shù)后功能鍛煉方法相同,其中12例開放性骨折和6例SandersⅣ型骨折患者均不納入本研究;除5例失隨訪外,共29例36足納入本研究。將其按開始完全負(fù)重鍛煉的時(shí)間分為A、B兩組:A組遵循醫(yī)囑,術(shù)后6~8周開始部分負(fù)重功能鍛煉(患肢適當(dāng)用力,必要時(shí)需使用助行工具),3個(gè)月內(nèi)開始完全負(fù)重功能鍛煉(患肢完全著力,不借助任何助行工具),平均完全功能鍛煉時(shí)間為2.8個(gè)月;B組因個(gè)人因素(復(fù)合傷、工傷、心理因素等),開始完全負(fù)重功能鍛煉時(shí)間大于3個(gè)月,平均完全功能鍛煉時(shí)間為5.5個(gè)月。
A組16例17足,年齡17~60歲,平均38.8歲,平均BM I為20.1,隨訪時(shí)間7~28個(gè)月,平均15.6個(gè)月;B組13例19足,年齡17~51歲,平均38.8歲,平均BM I為23.3,隨訪時(shí)間7~24個(gè)月,平均14.8個(gè)月,兩組比較均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。按Sanders分型[5]均為Ⅱ~Ⅲ型骨折,其中Ⅱ型8足,Ⅲ型28足(表1)。所有患者術(shù)前均行跟骨軸、側(cè)位X線片,三維重建CT掃描。
1.2 治療方法
本組所有患者入院后要求絕對臥床,抬高患肢,使患肢高于右心室水平[6];直至患肢皮膚腫脹消退,張力水泡消失、出現(xiàn)皺褶后給予手術(shù)治療。
兩組患者均由同一組醫(yī)師進(jìn)行手術(shù),采用連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉,取外側(cè)“L”型切口,直視下恢復(fù)跟骨高度、長度、后關(guān)節(jié)面的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)。選取適合的可塑性鈦合金跟骨接骨板進(jìn)行外固定。兩組患者早期康復(fù)鍛煉方法相同,術(shù)后給予患肢外固定,術(shù)后1周內(nèi)鼓勵(lì)患者行足趾及踝關(guān)節(jié)的主動鍛煉,隨后逐步進(jìn)行簡單功能鍛煉,但兩組患者完全負(fù)重功能鍛煉的開始時(shí)間不同:A組患者遵循醫(yī)囑,于術(shù)后6~8周開始行部分負(fù)重功能鍛煉,3個(gè)月內(nèi)開始完全負(fù)重功能鍛煉;B組患者因個(gè)人因素(復(fù)合傷、工傷、心理因素等),開始完全負(fù)重功能鍛煉時(shí)間大于3個(gè)月。
表1 兩組病例Sanders nders分型情況(足)
1.3 隨訪計(jì)劃及評估指標(biāo)
所有患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月進(jìn)行隨訪,以后每年隨訪一次。術(shù)后隨訪復(fù)查跟骨側(cè)、軸位X線片,由未參加手術(shù)的醫(yī)師按照Maryland足部評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]評價(jià)術(shù)后患足關(guān)節(jié)功能(優(yōu),90~100分;良,75~89分;中,50~74分;差,<50分)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,兩組性別和骨折類型采用Fisher檢驗(yàn),術(shù)后B?hler角、Gissane角、平均隨訪時(shí)間、Maryland足部功能評分采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
按照Maryland足部評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價(jià)術(shù)后患足功能:A組優(yōu)10足,良7足,平均(91.4±3.4)分;B組優(yōu)7足,良11足,中1足,平均(86.3±4.5)分(表2),兩組評分有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05)。A組切口愈合不良3足,經(jīng)換藥2周愈合;B組切口愈合不良1足,經(jīng)換藥2周愈合,骨髓炎1足,經(jīng)含抗生素骨水泥填充治療后愈合,兩組比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差別。A組平均B?hler角29.5°± 3.3°、平均Gissane角130.1°±5.4°,骨折均已愈合;B組平均B?hler角31.1°±2.1°,平均Gissane角131.5°± 3.9°,骨折均已愈合,兩組比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。典型病例見圖1、2。
跟骨的重要性、復(fù)雜性使跟骨骨折一直受到臨床的重視,但仍有許多尚未解決的問題[7]。SandersⅡ~Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的手術(shù)治療中,跟骨解剖復(fù)位及患肢制動外固定對骨折的預(yù)后及功能有較大影響[8],然而由于術(shù)后缺少早期的、正確的完全負(fù)重鍛煉,許多患者雖然得到了良好的手術(shù)復(fù)位,卻未獲得相應(yīng)的良好功能。許多文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為早期負(fù)重功能鍛煉會加大距下關(guān)節(jié)面塌陷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[9,10],而Kienast等[4]通過對136例跟骨骨折患者的隨訪,提出骨折術(shù)后早期完全負(fù)重功能鍛煉是可行的。Hyer等[11]報(bào)導(dǎo)了跟骨骨折內(nèi)固定術(shù)后早期完全負(fù)重功能鍛煉對固定效果以及跟骨形態(tài)無影響。本研究隨訪A、B兩組平均B?hler角分別為29.5°±3.3°和31.1°±2.1°,平均Gissane角分別為130.1°±5.4°和131.5°±3.9°,均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,早期負(fù)重功能鍛煉不會導(dǎo)致骨折移位,亦不影響骨折固定的穩(wěn)定性[12,13]。反之,早期負(fù)重功能鍛煉可以降低骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)生率,并在一定程度上提高足部功能評分[4]。
表2 術(shù)后隨訪Maryland yland足部評分結(jié)果(足)
圖1 患者,男,37歲,高處墜落傷至右跟骨骨折,術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)開始完全負(fù)重鍛煉
圖2 患者,女,24歲,墜落傷致左跟骨骨折,術(shù)后完全負(fù)重鍛煉開始時(shí)間超過3個(gè)月
本研究中A、B組術(shù)后Maryland足部功能評分有顯著差異,證明跟骨骨折不但需要恢復(fù)跟骨解剖結(jié)構(gòu),還需要注意恢復(fù)患肢功能,盡可能提高患者的生活質(zhì)量。正確時(shí)機(jī)的完全負(fù)重鍛煉,有利于加快患肢循環(huán),減少靜脈血栓的形成,有利于關(guān)節(jié)活動與肌肉力量的恢復(fù);增加了患者恢復(fù)患肢功能的信心[14,15]。本研究除完全負(fù)重鍛煉的開始時(shí)間不同,手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)、治療方法、初期功能鍛煉方法均相同,術(shù)后隨訪由未參加手術(shù)的醫(yī)師按照Maryland足部評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評測,降低了出錯(cuò)的可能性并增加了結(jié)果的可信度。但患者受傷至入院治療期間的處置方式、出院后患者自身功能鍛煉正確與否、患者保險(xiǎn)、患者心理等相關(guān)不確定因素,以及隨訪時(shí)間較短等,可能對本研究結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響。
本研究證明SandersⅡ~Ⅲ型跟骨骨折術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)開始完全負(fù)重功能鍛煉在恢復(fù)足部功能與提高患者生活質(zhì)量方面有更好的臨床效果。
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Relationship between fullweight-bearing exerciseand joint function in postoperative Sanders ndersⅡ--Ⅲcalcaneal fractures
FUYao,WANGJincheng,JIAYunlong,ZHANGHanyang,ZHONGZhuan,CHENGaoyang,LIUHe,CHANGFei*
(Departmentof Orthopedics,The Second Hospitalof Jilin University,Changchun 13.41,China)
ords:Calcaneal fracture;Fullweight-bearing;Exercise
2095-9958(2015)02-0 062-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-9958.2015.01-012
*通信作者:常非,E-mail:759273996@qq.com