陳天瑜

答 1. it和that都可用來(lái)代替物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，而one則不能。這時(shí)it指同一事物，而that只能指同類事物。

①There is air all around us， though we cant see it.

②His attitude to us is that of a comrade.

③Your question is one of great importance.

句①it指代同一air。句②that指代attitude，His attitude與the attitude of a comrade是同一類的。句③one指代可數(shù)名詞question。

2. it， that， one都可用于代替可數(shù)名詞。that和one只是代表上文提到的某一個(gè)名詞，不一定代表同一事物。其中one表示泛指，意為“a/an+可數(shù)名詞”；that表示特指，意為“the+名詞”；it也表示特指，但它代表上文提到的名詞時(shí)，是指同一個(gè)事物。

①—Do you need my pencil ？

—No， thanks. I have got one myself.

② —Where is my book？

—I have lost it.

以上句①one不是上句提到的我的pencil，而是另外一支，表泛指；句②it就是指上句提到的我的那本書(shū)。

3. one前面可有冠詞、代詞、形容詞修飾，后面可有介詞短語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句修飾，而it和that前面則不能。one的復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones.

I dont want a new car. I want a second-hand one.

The book is one about English study.

Our era is one in which a great number of heroes emerge.

—Which book would you like — this one or that one？

—Either one is fine.

Here are two pens. Which one do you prefer ？

—This is very beautiful.

—Yes， at least it is no worse than the one I bought last week.

Modern farms are larger than old-time ones.

In Britain the villages are becoming small towns and the small towns large ones.

4. it和that可用來(lái)代替前面整個(gè)句子的意思，而one則不能。

I would like to give him a hand. It is my duty.

During the next ten years we both worked night and day. That is why you see this old woman before you now.

5. 在比較狀語(yǔ)從句中，一般用that代替不可數(shù)名詞。若是特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，用that one；若是特指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則用those代替。

The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.

No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labour.

We like this computer better than that one.

The people in this place are more hardworking than those in that place.

除常見(jiàn)的使役動(dòng)詞，還有哪些動(dòng)詞也都可以理解為使役動(dòng)詞？

答：1. cause：cause sb. to do sth.；force：force sb. to do sth.； oblige：oblige sb. to do sth.（oblige指法律，條約，合同等必須做某事的意思）；land：land sb. in ... （ Ill land you safe in Liverpool.）

2. lead： lead sb. to do sth. （What led you to think so？ 是什么使你這么想的？）

而lead sb. in doing sth.表示“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)某人/帶領(lǐng)某人做某事”。（The Party leads us in carrying out reform and opening up.）

3. drive

drive sb.+adj. 如：The loud noise have driven us mad.

drive sb. to do sth. （The challenges from nature have driven man to long more to know it. 大自然的挑戰(zhàn)使人類更想了解它。）

drive sb.+介詞短語(yǔ)（The men drove the young man to the wall. 這幾個(gè)人把這青年人逼得走投無(wú)路。）

4. send

send sb. doing sth. （The slightest touch will send us floating away from in the opposite direction in out space.）

send sb.+介詞短語(yǔ)（The failure sent him into discouragement.）

而send sb. to do sth.是“派某人做某事”的意思。

5. set；set sb. to do sth.

set sb. doing sth. （The inspiring words by Mr. Smith set all cheering. 史密斯先生鼓舞人心的話使大家都高興了起來(lái)。）

6. place/put/lay sb. in/into ... 使人處于的……地位（The victory in the contest placed our team in a favourable position.）

7. bring

bring sb./sth+介詞短語(yǔ)（The well-known doctor brought the dying man back to life./The joke brought the class into laughter./We must bring the disorder under control.）

8. cost

cost sb. sth. 使人遭受……損失；使人賠了……本（The failure in the contest cost us the first place held for 10 years.）

此動(dòng)詞后跟雙賓語(yǔ)。

9. interest sb. in ...； excite sb. ...； astonish sb. ...； move sb. ...； amuse sb. ...； surprise sb. ... 等表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞都有使役意義“使人……；令人……”。

no more than 與no more ... than的區(qū)別在哪里？

答：1. no more than或not any more than兩者的意思均為“只有；僅僅；不過(guò)（=only； just）”，前者多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)，后者常用于口語(yǔ)。

Abraham Lincolns whole school education added up to no more than one year. 亞伯拉罕·林肯所受的全部學(xué)校教育總共不過(guò)一年的時(shí)間。

no less than意為“不少于；不下于……之多；多達(dá)……”。

In that battle， we wiped out no less than twenty thousand enemies. 在那一次戰(zhàn)役中，我們消滅的敵人不下20000人。

2. no more ... than或not ... any more than意思為“和……一樣地不……”，表示兩者都否定，但說(shuō)話人往往著重否定前面的一個(gè)分句，其作用相當(dāng)于“neither ... nor”。

Marry is no more diligent than Tom. = Neither Mary nor Tom is diligent. 瑪麗和湯姆兩個(gè)人都不勤奮。

或者意思為“不……正如……不……一樣”，常用來(lái)加重說(shuō)話者的語(yǔ)氣。

We can no more leave the Party than fish can leave water. 我們不能離開(kāi)黨，正如魚(yú)兒離不開(kāi)水一樣。

no less ... than意為“（至少）和……一樣”。

He is no less active than he used to. 他和以前一樣活躍。

表示“更不用說(shuō)”的短語(yǔ)有哪些？

答：1. much less， still less， far less， let alone等短語(yǔ)常譯作“更不用說(shuō)”，但其含義是“更加不如”，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)另一件事加以強(qiáng)烈的否定，故常用于否定句中。

I am not interested in her， still less in love with her.

We have not seen him， let alone talked with him.

No other country accepted the proposal， much less acted upon it. （更不用說(shuō)執(zhí)行了。）

I do not spoil my books， far less tear them. （更不用說(shuō)撕毀了。）

2. Much more， still more等短語(yǔ)也常譯作“更不用說(shuō)”，但其含義是“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)”，表示的語(yǔ)意程度較前加強(qiáng)，更加肯定另一件事，故常用于肯定句中。

It is difficult to understand his book， much more his lectures.

They are willing to welcome a stranger， still more a friend.

3. to say nothing of， not to speak of， not to mention， without mentioning等短語(yǔ)也譯作“更不用說(shuō)”。但它們用途廣泛，既可以用于肯定句，又可以用于否定句，注意其后應(yīng)接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。

He cannot operate the machine， not to speak of repairing it.

The boy has not learned arithmetic， not to mention algebrac（代數(shù)）.

Unemployment leads to a sense of uselessness（失落）， to say nothing of financial problems. （更不用說(shuō)帶來(lái)財(cái)政困難了。）

語(yǔ)篇連接詞主要有哪些表示類型？

答：常用的連接詞或過(guò)渡詞：

1. 表示遞進(jìn)：and， and then， also， besides， in addition， moreover， one more， once more， and moreover， whats more，even， what was worse ...

2. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折：but， however， yet， and yet， although， in spite of， in the contrary， on the other hand， otherwise ...

3. 表示結(jié)果：so， therefore， thus， as a result， luckily unfortunately， because of， seeing that ...

4. 表示時(shí)間：now， then， afterwards， later， soon， before long， after that， shortly after that， soon after that， up till now， just now， just then， five minutes later， so far， to this day ...

此外，以下幾種也常用作連接詞或過(guò)渡詞：

1. 表示列舉、說(shuō)明：for example，for instance， such as， that is to say， actually， according to this， believe it or not， to tell you the truth， and so on， in addition ...

2. 表示時(shí)間、動(dòng)作過(guò)程或時(shí)間順序：first， firstly， first of all， second， secondly， far， above， below， near， beside， to the right， on one side ...

3. 表示比較、對(duì)比：just like， just as， in the same way， on the contrary， on the other hands， more or less， sooner or later， similarly ...

4. 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：above all， after all， at least， at most， indeed， in fact， surely， certainly， without any delay， of course ...

5. 表示結(jié)論：finally， at last， in the end， in a word， in general， generally speaking， in short， as you know， in conclusion ...